UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
AEL ASIA EXPRESS (H.K.) LIMITED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE
COMPANY OF FLORIDA,
No. 99-1697
Defendant-Appellee,
AMERICAN SURETY ASSOCIATION,
Amicus Curiae.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
Paul W. Grimm, Magistrate Judge.
(CA-98-947-L)
Argued: March 1, 2000
Decided: February 28, 2001
Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and WIDENER and
TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Traxler wrote the majority
opinion, in which Chief Judge Wilkinson joined. Judge Widener
wrote a dissenting opinion.
COUNSEL
ARGUED: James Paul Koch, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant.
Kenneth Scott Knuckey, SEMMES, BOWEN & SEMMES, Balti-
2 AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE
more, Maryland, for Appellee. Henry P. Gonzalez, CARLOS
RODRIGUEZ & ASSOCIATES, Washington, D.C., for Amicus
Curiae. ON BRIEF: JoAnne Zawitoski, SEMMES, BOWEN &
SEMMES, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. Helen M. Cousineau,
CARLOS RODRIGUEZ & ASSOCIATES, Washington, D.C., for
Amicus Curiae.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
OPINION
TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:
This case involves a suit on a maritime bond. AEL Asia Express
(H.K.), Ltd. ("AEL") appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judg-
ment for American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida
("American Bankers"). The trial court held (1) that the maritime bond
applied only when Worldwide Transport U.S.A., Inc. ("Worldwide"),
the principal, was acting as a non-vessel-operating common carrier
("NVOCC"), and (2) that Worldwide did not act as an NVOCC
regarding the shipments in question. We affirm.
I.
The facts, viewed in a light most favorable to AEL, see Smith v.
Virginia Commonwealth Univ., 84 F.3d 672, 675 (4th Cir. 1996) (en
banc), are as follows. AEL is a Hong Kong freight forwarder that on
occasion serves as an NVOCC.1 Acting on behalf of Far East Trading
and Orient Express, AEL arranged for the transportation of ceramic
pottery from mainland China to the port of Hong Kong. Following
delivery of the pottery to Hong Kong, AEL contracted for ocean
1
An NVOCC is a common carrier that arranges for ocean transporta-
tion of goods, but does not operate the vessels carrying the goods. See
46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1702(17) (West Supp. 1998).
AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE 3
transport, freight collect, to various ports in the United States. Once
the pottery was loaded onto the vessels in Hong Kong, AEL employ-
ees prepared and sent Worldwide the ocean carrier’s bill of lading and
a Worldwide bill of lading. AEL also prepared and sent Worldwide
a debit note, informing Worldwide of the amount of ocean freight to
collect from the ultimate consignee, the amount to pay the carrier, the
amount of Worldwide’s commission, and the amount due to AEL. For
the various shipments, Worldwide performed all of its assigned tasks
but one—it did not remit the monies due to AEL.
AEL filed suit against Worldwide in Maryland state court. The
state court judge dismissed the complaint on the ground that a forum
selection clause in Worldwide’s bill of lading provided that contro-
versies between the parties would be adjudicated in federal court.
AEL then refiled in the United States District Court for the District
of Maryland, eventually obtaining a default judgment against World-
wide in excess of $30,000. With default judgment in hand, AEL
turned to Worldwide’s surety on a maritime bond,2 American Bank-
ers, for payment. American Bankers denied the claim, and AEL
brought suit against American Bankers in the district court. The dis-
trict court referred the case to a magistrate judge by consent of the
parties for all proceedings. See 28 U.S.C.A. § 636(c) (West 1993 &
Supp. 1998). Hearing cross-motions for summary judgment after
completion of discovery, the magistrate judge denied AEL’s motion,
but granted that of American Bankers. The judge held that the mari-
time bond applied only when Worldwide was acting as an NVOCC,
and that Worldwide did not act as an NVOCC regarding the ship-
ments in question. AEL appeals.
II.
This is essentially a case of statutory construction and is therefore
reviewed de novo. See Hartford Ins. Co. v. American Automatic
Sprinkler Sys., Inc., 201 F.3d 538, 541 (4th Cir. 2000). In the 1990
and 1992 amendments to the Shipping Act of 1984, see 46 U.S.C.A.
app. §§ 1701-21 (West Supp. 1998), Congress mandated that "[a]
2
The bond, in pertinent part, provides that American Bankers will "pay
any judgment for damages against the principal arising from the Princi-
pal’s transportation related activities." J.A. 33.
4 AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE
bond . . . obtained pursuant to this section shall be available to pay
any judgment for damages against a non-vessel-operating common
carrier arising from its transportation-related activities under this
chapter." 46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1721(b).3 To trigger the surety’s liability
to pay a damages award, three elements are required: (1) an NVOCC,
(2) engaging in transportation-related activities, (3) under the Ship-
ping Act of 1984. The present dispute deals exclusively with the first
element.
A.
AEL reads § 1721(b) to require the entity, which sometimes acts
as an NVOCC, to merely engage in transportation-related activities
for the bond to apply. American Bankers, on the other hand, reads
§ 1721(b) to require the entity to serve as an NVOCC in the relevant
transaction for the bond to apply. The principles of statutory construc-
tion that we must follow are well settled. According to the Supreme
Court:
Our first step in interpreting a statute is to determine
whether the language at issue has a plain and unambiguous
meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case.
Our inquiry must cease if the statutory language is unambig-
uous and "the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent."
The plainness or ambiguity of statutory language is deter-
mined by reference to the language itself, the specific con-
text in which that language is used, and the broader context
of the statute as a whole.
Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340-41 (1997) (citations
3
As originally passed in 1990, "under this chapter" was not included
in the statute. See Pub. L. No. 101-595, § 23, 104 Stat. 2979, 2997
(1990). The 1992 amendments added this phrase. See Pub. L. No. 102-
251, § 201, 106 Stat. 60, 61 (1992). Congress recently amended the Ship-
ping Act of 1984 with the Ocean Shipping Reform Act of 1998
("OSRA"), which repealed 46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1721. See Ocean Shipping
Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-258, § 118, 112 Stat. 1902, 1914
(1998). OSRA post-dates this dispute and is not retroactive.
AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE 5
omitted). In considering the pertinent factors, we conclude that the
statute is indeed ambiguous. The bond requirement of § 1721, viewed
as a whole, reveals a concern that NVOCCs act in a responsible man-
ner, and this concern logically fits into the purpose of chapter 46,
which in part endeavors "to provide an efficient and economic trans-
portation system in the ocean commerce of the United States." 46
U.S.C.A. app. § 1701(2). Financial irresponsibility of entities covered
by the Shipping Act—such as failing to remit monies due others—
certainly would have a deleterious effect on the Act’s stated goals.
Moreover, § 1721 is the only portion of chapter 46 which specifically
targets NVOCCs. Other sections of chapter 46 briefly refer to
NVOCCs, or simply include NVOCCs in listings of entities perform-
ing maritime services to which the particular section applies. See 46
U.S.C.A. app. §§ 1702, 1709, 1710a. Unfortunately, the language of
§ 1721 and the broader context of chapter 46 shed little light on the
precise question presented. General assertions of financial responsi-
bility and brief references to NVOCCs provide the court with few
clues. The fact remains that AEL’s and American Bankers’ interpreta-
tions of § 1721(b) are both reasonable and thus we cannot escape the
ambiguity. See Adler v. Commissioner, 86 F.3d 378, 380 (4th Cir.
1996) (holding statute reasonably susceptible to multiple meanings
was ambiguous); United Servs. Auto. Ass’n v. Perry, 102 F.3d 144,
146 (5th Cir. 1996) (same).
Once a court determines a statute is ambiguous, it may use various
tools to facilitate statutory interpretation, including legislative history,
the overall statutory scheme, other relevant statutes, see Brown &
Williamson Tobacco Corp. v. FDA, 153 F.3d 155, 162 (4th Cir.
1998), aff’d, 120 S. Ct. 1291 (2000), and explanations of the appropri-
ate administrative agency, see Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134,
140 (1944). The judiciary, however, "is the final authority on issues
of statutory construction." Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources
Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 843 n.9 (1984).
Turning to the legislative history, we note that Congress enacted
the bonding requirement of § 1721 because the Federal Maritime
Commission ("FMC") received a plethora of complaints about
NVOCC practices. The grievances included "failure to deliver cargo,
failure to honor loss and damage claims, and abandonment of cargo
at ports throughout the world." H.R. Rep. No. 101-785, at 2 (1990),
6 AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE
1990 WL 200505, at *2. Congress reasoned that the bond "would be
available to pay any judgment for damages arising out of an
NVOCC’s activities as a common carrier providing ocean transporta-
tion services." H.R. Rep. No. 101-785, at 3 (1990), 1990 WL 200505,
at *2 (emphasis added). This reference to "common carrier" appears
to relate directly to the statutory definition of NVOCC. Hence, the
legislative history points us to the definitional section of chapter 46
and advises close scrutiny of the relevant definitions.
A common carrier is an entity providing waterborne transportation
"of passengers or cargo between the United States and a foreign coun-
try for compensation that assumes . . . responsibility for the transpor-
tation" and operates a vessel on "the high seas or the Great Lakes."
46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1702(6). NVOCC is defined as "a common carrier
that does not operate the vessels by which the ocean transportation is
provided, and is a shipper in its relationship with an ocean common
carrier." 46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1702(17) (emphasis added). Courts fre-
quently describe NVOCCs as "intermediar[ies] between a shipper of
goods and an operator of a vessel that carries the goods." Acess Int’l,
Ltd. v. Intercargo Ins. Co., 183 F.3d 935, 937 (9th Cir. 1999).
Because entities that act as NVOCCs perform duties (e.g., warehouse-
man and packing agent) unrelated to their roles as common carriers,
the House Report apparently took pains to emphasize the bond’s
applicability to common carriage, which is the core of NVOCC status.
Furthermore, this same concern that drove the House of Represen-
tatives is also evident in the FMC’s interpretation of § 1721. See
Bonding of Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carriers, 56 Fed. Reg.
51987, 51991 (1991) (noting that concern was expressed by sureties
that entities with multifaceted businesses would fall under the bond’s
requirement even when the entities were not engaged in ocean com-
mon carriage). The explanations of the FMC, the agency entrusted by
Congress with the interpretation and application of the Shipping Act,
"constitute a body of experience and informed judgment to which
courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance." Skidmore, 323
U.S. at 140. The FMC has concluded that "[t]he bond covers the
transportation-related activities of an NVOCC when acting as an
NVOCC. . . . To the extent that someone who operates as an NVOCC
also provides non-NVOCC services, those services would not be cov-
ered by the bond." Bonding of Non-Vessel-Operating Common Carri-
AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE 7
ers, 56 Fed. Reg. at 51991. In reaching its conclusion, the FMC
delved into much of the same legislative history we have examined
as well as the pertinent definitions.
Based on the precise statutory definition of NVOCC, the effort in
the legislative history to follow the language of the definition, and the
FMC’s informed judgment, we conclude that the entity must serve as
the NVOCC in the relevant transaction for the bond to apply. Only
then does the entity act as a shipper in relation to an ocean common
carrier, see 46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1702(17), and assume the responsibil-
ity, see 46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1702(6)(A), of "arrang[ing] for transporta-
tion of goods from port to port." NLRB v. International
Longshoremen’s Assoc., AFL-CIO, 447 U.S. 490, 496 n.8 (1980). To
hold otherwise would transform the bond into a general insurance pol-
icy. Congress could have commanded entities that sometimes act as
NVOCCs to purchase general liability policies, but it did not.
Whereas we believe that Congress sought to ensure that the statutory
patch was commensurate with the hole, AEL insists that the patch was
intended to cover the entire garment. This we cannot glean with the
relevant tools of construction.
B.
Next, we must decide whether Worldwide was serving as an
NVOCC for the shipments of pottery. As discussed above, an
NVOCC is a middleman and "a common carrier that does not operate
the vessels by which the ocean transportation is provided, and is a
shipper in its relationship with an ocean common carrier." 46
U.S.C.A. app. § 1702(17). The record indicates that Worldwide’s
functions in the questioned transactions were (1) to collect the ocean
freight from the ultimate consignee, (2) to pay the carrier, (3) to
deduct its commission, and (4) to remit the remainder to AEL. AEL’s
director and general manager admitted in her deposition that World-
wide’s role was limited to collection and distribution of funds, see
J.A. 286, and in its complaint in the default proceeding AEL
described Worldwide as a "consignee." J.A. 65. When questioned at
oral argument, counsel for AEL was unable to attribute additional
duties to Worldwide. In addition, the vessel-operating common carri-
er’s ("VOCC") bill of lading listed Worldwide as consignee, and
listed AEL as the shipper. See J.A. 71. This is consistent with AEL’s
8 AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE
acknowledgment in its brief that it "arranged for ocean carriage from
Hong Kong to various ports in the United States." Brief of Appellant
at 8. These facts unequivocally indicate that AEL, not Worldwide,
was the "shipper in its relationship with an ocean common carrier,"
46 U.S.C.A. app. § 1702(17), and thus AEL was the NVOCC regard-
ing the shipments of pottery. At most, Worldwide acted as AEL’s col-
lection agency and did not know of the shipments until they had been
loaded onto vessels in Hong Kong. In light of Worldwide’s limited
knowledge and functions, it could not have served as the NVOCC in
the present case.
Notwithstanding this evidence, AEL points to the FMC’s new reg-
ulations which give examples of NVOCC services. These new regula-
tions, effective May 1999, post-date the dispute between the parties
and AEL does not argue that the regulations are retroactive. In
essence, AEL appeals to the regulations as persuasive authority.
According to 46 C.F.R. § 515.2(l) (1999), the following are examples
of NVOCC services:
(1) Purchasing transportation services from a VOCC and
offering such services for resale to other persons;
(2) Payment of port-to-port or multimodal transportation
charges;
(3) Entering into affreightment agreements with underlying
shippers;
(4) Issuing bills of lading or equivalent documents;
(5) Arranging for inland transportation and paying for inland
freight charges on through transportation movements;
(6) Paying lawful compensation to ocean freight forwarders;
(7) Leasing containers; or
(8) Entering into arrangements with origin or destination
agents.
AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE 9
AEL suggests that Worldwide’s payment of transportation charges
and the issuance of a Worldwide bill of lading demonstrate that
Worldwide was acting as an NVOCC. However, an examination of
§ 515.2(l) buttresses our conclusion that AEL was the real NVOCC
in this case. AEL contracted with the VOCC, issued Worldwide’s bill
of lading, and arranged for the inland transportation in China. As the
crux of NVOCC status is acting as "an intermediary between a ship-
per of goods and an operator of a vessel that carries the goods," Acess
Int’l, Ltd., 183 F.3d at 937, the new regulations do not alter our origi-
nal conclusion that one must be operating as an NVOCC for the bond
to apply, and that AEL, not Worldwide, was the NVOCC in the pres-
ent case.
AEL also adduces the affidavit of Worldwide’s president submitted
in the state court suit that was dismissed. The affidavit states that
"Worldwide Transport agreed to provide services as an NVOCC to
[AEL] in consideration for a small commission." J.A. 58. The magis-
trate judge dismissed the affidavit as "conclusory." J.A. 556. We
agree. See Evans v. Technologies Applications & Serv. Co., 80 F.3d
954, 962 (4th Cir. 1996) (stating that conclusory affidavit cannot
defeat summary judgment). As the FMC has observed, when dealing
with NVOCCs, "an intermediary’s conduct, and not what it labels
itself, will be determinative of its status." Bonding of Non-Vessel-
Operating Common Carriers, 56 Fed. Reg. at 51991. And World-
wide’s conduct was that of a collection agency.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the magistrate judge’s grant
of summary judgment. The bond mandated by § 1721 applies only
when the principal acts as an NVOCC, and Worldwide did not act as
an NVOCC regarding the shipments in question.
AFFIRMED
WIDENER, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
The decision of the magistrate judge appealed from contains, in my
opinion, so many errors as to the admissibility and consideration of
10 AEL ASIA EXPRESS v. AMERICAN BANKERS INSURANCE
evidence in the case, that I think that fact, at least, requires the vaca-
tion of the order appealed from and the remand of the case for further
fact finding. This is not to say that I agree with the result, for I do not.