In re G.G. CA1/2

Filed 5/20/14 In re G.G. CA1/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re G.G. et al., Persons Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

SOLANO COUNTY HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT,
Plaintiff and Respondent, A139686
v.
(Solano County
J.T. et al., Super. Ct. No. J40862-3)
Defendants and Respondents.

William G. and Justine T. (the parents) appeal from an order of the juvenile court,
pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code1 section 366.26, terminating their parental
rights with respect to their children, G.G. and D.G. (the children).
On appeal, William asserts that the court erred by: (1) relieving his appointed
counsel and appointing new counsel in a manner contrary to Code of Civil Procedure
section 284; (2) failing to provide him notice of the substitution of counsel; and (3)
denying an oral motion for a continuance of the section 366.26 hearing. Justine joins in
William’s appeal without independent argument.

1
Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to the Welfare and
Institutions Code.

1
 We agree with William that the court relieved his appointed counsel and appointed
new counsel in a manner contrary to Code of Civil Procedure section 284, but the error
was harmless. We find no merit in William’s other arguments and affirm the order of the
court.
BACKGROUND
William and Justine formed a relationship at some point prior to 2006. William
told a social worker in 2011 that he and Justine were “in a relationship.” In 2012, Justine
reported that she was married to William, but a date of marriage was not stated.
In 2006, William was arrested for possession of methamphetamine and was later
placed on probation until January 2012.
William’s and Justine’s children, G.G. and D.G., were born in 2006 and 2007,
respectively. G.G. and D.G have an older half sibling, N.S., Justine’s daughter, who was
14 years old in May 2011.2 Between 2005 and 2011, the Solano County Health and
Human Services Department (department) received six referrals for child neglect and/or
physical abuse, each referral involving one or more of the three children. The first five
referrals were determined to be unfounded or inconclusive.
On May 4, 2011, a social worker interviewed Justine about the fifth referral. The
social worker observed that Justine had red, fresh scab marks on her face, the type of
blemishes “often associated with the use of methamphetamine.” Justine admitted recent
methamphetamine use, but denied its use in the presence of the children. At a second
interview on May 11, 2011, Justine denied recent methamphetamine use, but was unable
to explain her prior admission.
On May 19, 2011, the department received a report from “RP” that the parents
were abusing drugs and would “yell and hit the children all the time.” The police
performed a welfare check, searched the residence and found a bag containing
methamphetamine and a glass pipe. William admitted that the items seized were his and
he was arrested. The police observed that Justine’s speech was rapid, her face was pale,
2
N.S. was not involved in these proceedings and receives little mention in the
record.

2
and she had sores on her face. She also had a dry mouth and dilated pupils. The children
were filthy and Justine seemed to have no control over them. Justine stated that William
had smoked methamphetamine in the house while the children were in their care. The
police placed the children in protective custody. The department then placed the children
in a foster home.
On May 23, 2011, the department filed a juvenile dependency petition, pursuant to
section 300, subdivisions (b) and (g); a detention report recommending that the children
be detained; and copies of police reports from the recent welfare checks. At the detention
hearing on May 24, 2011, the court found that the department had made a prima facie
case for detention and ordered the children detained.
On June 9, 2011, the department filed a jurisdiction report recommending that the
allegations in the petition be sustained and the children continue to be detained. The
report noted that hair follicle tests for both children were positive for methamphetamine.
At a contested jurisdictional hearing, the court sustained two allegations and dismissed
another on the department’s motion. On September 29, 2011, at a later disposition
hearing, the court ordered reunification services for William and Justine, along with
supervised visitation
On November 18, 2011, the department placed G.G. and N.S. in a second foster
home, where they resided throughout the remainder of the proceedings.
Throughout the course of the ensuing proceedings, William and Justine were
responsible for numerous delays. Justine received new counsel following a Marsden
motion, delaying a contested disposition hearing. William received new counsel
following a Marsden motion, causing a special interim review to be taken off calendar.
William’s new counsel was relieved after another Marsden motion, causing a delay in the
six-month review hearing. Justine’s new counsel was relieved after another Marsden
motion, causing a delay in the 12-month status review. William’s third counsel was
relieved after another Marsden motion, causing further delay in the 12-month hearing.
The court appointed Natalie Karas to represent William and warned both parents that “at
some point in time this court is going to find that it’s not a problem of the lawyers, but

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it’s the problem of the parents.” Justine’s fourth counsel was relieved on her own
motion, causing a delay in a combined 12- and 18-month review.
In November 2012, before the combined 12- and 18-month review actually
occurred, William made his final Marsden motion, which the court denied. The court
told William: “[Y]our conduct has repeatedly interfered with our process. You have
gone through attorney after attorney. Your insistence on pursuing issues, which attorneys
who are very qualified refuse to pursue for you, in the court’s mind [borders] on a waiver
of your right to counsel because you persist in arguments with lawyers who are very
qualified. You’ve gone through either the public defender and/or the conflict defender in
this case. You’ve gone through private counsel in this case. You now have an attorney
who is extremely experienced and is [eminently] qualified, and it is your conduct, sir, that
in the court’s mind, is the issue, not the representation of Ms. Karas.”
The parents’ nonappearance at noticed hearings and the inability of appointed
attorneys to contact the parents also resulted in delay.
William and Justine consistently failed to comply with their case plans, which
included maintaining a stable and suitable residence, drug testing, and substance abuse
assessments. They refused to allow social workers to see their current residence or to
provide their address to the department. Moreover, the children had speech problems and
the parents refused to sign necessary forms, resulting in the need for a court order. The
court later limited the parents’ educational rights. The parents’ visits with the children
initially went well, but their presence at scheduled times became increasingly sporadic.
Of the first eight scheduled visits in 2013, from January through April, the parents
showed up only at one. When the parents failed to appear, the children did not
communicate a desire to see them.3
When the 12- and 18-month hearing actually occurred, on November 13 and 26,
2012, the court found that the parents had obstructed the department from contacting

3
However, in May 2013, the parents had informal contact with the children at
G.G.’s baseball game. After the game, the children were excited to see their parents and
asked the foster mother if the parents could come to the foster home.

4
them, the department had provided reasonable services, the parents failed to comply with
components of their case plan, and it would be detrimental to return the children to the
parents under the circumstances. The court terminated reunification services and set May
7, 2013, for a hearing pursuant to section 366.26.
On April 19, 2013, the department submitted a section 366.26 report
recommending that the court terminate William’s and Justine’s parental rights and order a
permanent plan of adoption for the children.
As noted above, G.G. and D.G. were placed together in a foster home and had
been there ever since November 18, 2011. Both children were in good health, developing
normally, engaged in play therapy, and were “thriving” in foster placement. A later
addendum assessed G.G. and D.G. to be generally adoptable because they were
physically healthy, had no unmet needs, were relatively young, sociable, and showed an
ability to bond with parental figures. The foster parents had expressed willingness to
adopt the children, understood the legal and financial obligations of adoption, were
committed to permanently caring for the children, and had no legal impediment that
would prevent adoption.
At the section 366.26 hearing on May 7, 2013, both Justine and William were
present.4 The court set June 18, 2013, for a contested section 366.26 hearing.
On June 10, 2013, based on an oral ex parte request by Karas and good cause
appearing, the court ordered Karas relieved as the attorney of record for William and
appointed Mindy Geller to represent him. Copies of the order were sent separately to
Justine and William at their mailing address of record, the home of William’s mother.
Both envelopes were returned to the court, marked “Return to sender.” Although the
marked envelopes and their contents are in the record, there is not a formal proof of
service.

4
William’s counsel told the court that William was present, but the clerk’s
transcript indicates that William was not present. The parties agree that he was actually
present at the hearing.

5
 At the contested section 366.26 hearing on June 18, 2013, William and Justine
apparently were not present.5 The court stated that Karas had been replaced because a
significant family medical emergency had necessitated shutting down her law practice.
Geller requested a continuance because she was not yet prepared to proceed and the court
continued the matter to August 1, 2013.
William and Justine were present on August 1, 2013. Geller made an oral request
for a continuance because she had not been able to meet with William until that day. The
court denied the request and noted that the start of the hearing had been delayed by an
hour and a half and that the court assumed that Geller had conferred with William during
that time. Geller confirmed that she had. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court
terminated William’s and Justine’s parental rights, finding that the children were both
generally and specifically adoptable and there were no exceptions that prevented
termination of parental rights.
On August 30, 2013 and September 10, 2013, Justine and William, respectively,
filed timely notices of appeal. Justine joined in William’s brief, but did not file her own.
DISCUSSION
William contends that the trial court first erred because the appointment of Geller
as his counsel in place of Karas was: “1) not completed by way of a hearing following a
noticed motion, where William could have exercised his right to be present; and 2)
because William was not provided notice of the substitution.” 6 He further argues that

5
The reporter’s transcript and clerk’s transcript disagree whether William and
Justine were present. Because Geller was present on June 18, 2013, and later stated that
she had not been able to meet with William prior to August 1, 2013, we conclude that
William was not present on June 18, 2013.
6
The department argues that William has waived the issue of error concerning the
substitution of Geller for Karas because argument concerning that error is not presented
under a separate heading in William’s opening brief, as required by California Rules of
Court, rule 8.928. Because the substitution of Geller for Karas affects whether there was
good cause for the motion to continue on August 1, 2013, we do not deem the issue
waived.

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“the court exacerbated this error, by denying Attorney Geller’s motion for a continuance
of the August 1, 2013 section 366.26 hearing.”
I. The Substitution of Karas with Geller
It is undisputed that William had a statutory right to appointed representation in
this case. (§ 317, subd. (b).) Substitution of counsel is governed by Code of Civil
Procedure section 284, which provides: “The attorney in an action or special proceeding
may be changed at any time before or after judgment or final determination, as follows:
[¶] 1. Upon the consent of both client and attorney, filed with the clerk, or entered upon
the minutes; [¶] 2. Upon the order of the court, upon the application of either client or
attorney, after notice from one to the other.” California Rules of Court, rule 3.1362(a)
provides that “A notice of motion and motion to be relieved as counsel under Code of
Civil Procedure section 284(2) must be directed to the client and must be made on the
Notice of Motion and Motion to Be Relieved as Counsel—Civil (form MC-051).” When
Karas applied to the court to be relieved as counsel for William, it does not appear that
the court’s order granting Karas’s application was preceded by notice from Karas to
William. Accordingly, Karas’s application did not comply with California Rules of
Court, rule 3.1362(a) and the court’s order appointing Geller in place of Karas was not
made in compliance with Code of Civil Procedure section 284. (See In re Andrew S.
(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 541, 546-547 [applying Code of Civil Procedure section 284 in a
dependency case].)
However, because the right to counsel in dependency cases is a statutory and not a
constitutional right, a failure in compliance with Code of Civil Procedure section 284 is
reversible error only if it is shown to be prejudicial. (In re Andrew S., supra, 27
Cal.App.4th at p. 549.) None has been shown here.
William does not note any valid objection he might have raised in opposition to
Karas’s application to withdraw as his counsel, had he received notice of the application
to withdraw. Indeed, William had sought to have Karas replaced by making a Marsden
motion in November, 2012. Even if William had raised a valid objection, we have no
reason to believe that the court would not have granted Karas’s application when the

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family medical emergency that she faced was so severe that she had to close her law
practice. William fails to establish that the replacement of Karas by Geller was
prejudicial to him, under any standard of prejudice. Accordingly, we will not reverse
because Karas and the court did not comply with the requirements of Code of Civil
Procedure section 284.
We next consider the issue of notice of the substitution of counsel. The minute
order of the court that made the substitution of counsel indicates that copies of the order
were sent to the parties, including William and Justine, and their counsel. Copies of the
envelopes addressed to William and Justine, marked “return to sender,” are in the record
before us. Copies of the court’s minute order follow each of these envelopes in the
record, indicating that the minute order was contained in each envelope. The envelopes
were addressed to the residence of William’s mother, the address that William and
Justine had provided to the court multiple times as their permanent mailing address.
Despite this, William observes that “there is no proof of service attached to the order”
and claims that he “was not provided notice of the substitution.”
Section 316.1, subdivision (a), provides: “Upon his or her appearance before the
court, each parent or guardian shall designate for the court his or her permanent mailing
address. The court shall advise each parent or guardian that the designated mailing
address will be used by the court and the social services agency for notice purposes
unless and until the parent or guardian notifies the court or the social services agency of a
new mailing address in writing.” William designated his mother’s address as his
permanent mailing address for the court on June 22, 2011, and September 23, 2011.
Justine also designated the address of William’s mother as her permanent mailing address
on June 22, 2011, and August 29, 2011. No other designations of a permanent mailing
address for William or Justine are found in the record. Accordingly, notice of the
substitution of counsel for William was properly served by the court. If William was no
longer able to receive mail at his mother’s address it was his responsibility to update his
mailing address with the court. The court had already noted, on January 7, 2013, that

8
William was the “author of his own misfortune” if difficulties resulted from problems
receiving mail sent to his mother’s address.
William is correct that the record does not contain a formal proof of service that
notice of the substitution of counsel was provided to him. However, generally, a proof of
service is required only when a statute or rule invokes a requirement to “serve and file” a
document (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 1.21(b)) or if the statute or rule explicitly calls for
proof of service (e.g., Code Civ. Proc., § 664.5; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 2.1100).
California Rules of Court, rule 3.1362(e) provides that “a copy of the signed order
[granting a motion to be relieved as counsel] must be served on the client and on all
parties that have appeared in the case.” Because this rule does not impose a “serve and
file” requirement, the filing of a proof of service was not required, unless otherwise
specified by rule or statute. William does not identify a rule or statute requiring proof of
service, nor have we found one.
Further, the record contains evidence that the order substituting counsel was
properly served on William, and no evidence to the contrary. If William did not receive
actual notice until a later time, he was the author of his own misfortune. We find no error
concerning the notice provided to William.
II. The Denial of William’s Request for a Continuance
Section 352, subdivision (a), provides: “Upon request of counsel for the parent,
guardian, minor, or petitioner, the court may continue any hearing under this chapter
beyond the time limit within which the hearing is otherwise required to be held, provided
that no continuance shall be granted that is contrary to the interest of the minor. In
considering the minor’s interests, the court shall give substantial weight to a minor’s need
for prompt resolution of his or her custody status, the need to provide children with stable
environments, and the damage to a minor of prolonged temporary placements.
“Continuances shall be granted only upon a showing of good cause and only for
that period of time shown to be necessary by the evidence presented at the hearing on the
motion for the continuance. Neither a stipulation between counsel nor the convenience of
the parties is in and of itself a good cause. Further, neither a pending criminal

9
prosecution nor family law matter shall be considered in and of itself as good cause.
Whenever any continuance is granted, the facts proven which require the continuance
shall be entered upon the minutes of the court.
“In order to obtain a motion for a continuance of the hearing, written notice shall
be filed at least two court days prior to the date set for hearing, together with affidavits or
declarations detailing specific facts showing that a continuance is necessary, unless the
court for good cause entertains an oral motion for continuance.”
We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for a continuance for abuse of
discretion. (In re V.V. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 392, 399.) In determining whether the
court abused its discretion, we also consider that “[a]fter reunification efforts have failed,
it is not only important to seek an appropriate permanent solution—usually adoption
when possible—it is also important to implement that solution reasonably promptly to
minimize the time during which the child is in legal limbo. A child has a compelling
right to a stable, permanent placement that allows a caretaker to make a full emotional
commitment to the child.” (In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 59.)
After Geller was substituted as William’s counsel, Geller appeared for William on
June 18, 2013, the date set for the contested section 366.26 hearing. William and Justine
were not present. Because Geller had been appointed only eight days before and was not
yet prepared to proceed, the court granted a continuance to August 1, 2013.
With no indication to the contrary in the record, we must assume that Geller
received files from Karas and performed his duty by familiarizing himself with the
record, including the reports and recommendations filed by the department. We must
also assume that Geller made reasonable attempts to contact William in order to consult
with him prior to the August 1, 2013 hearing (William does not argue otherwise). Geller
apparently had difficulty contacting William, as had prior counsel who had represented
him, because Geller informed the court on August 1, 2013, that she had been unable to
meet with William before that day. Geller confirmed to the court that she had been able
to consult with William during the hour and a half delay in the start of the hearing.

10
 When Geller made an oral motion for a continuance, the court stated: “[T]his is
the date and time that has been set, and we set this hearing for your appearance on June
10th. Or, you were appointed on June 10th because Ms. Karas had the emergency that
actually caused her to shut down her practice. [¶] So I don’t see a written motion to
continue, and I’m not going to grant that request.”
Pursuant to section 352, subdivision (a), Geller should have filed a written notice
of the request for a continuance at least two days before, although the court had the
discretion to entertain an oral motion on a showing of good cause. The fact that Geller
had not been able to consult with William was not a new fact that demonstrated good
cause for the court to entertain an oral motion for a continuance. Geller knew two days
beforehand that she had not consulted with William and had reason, on that basis, to file
written notice of the request for a continuance at that point.
Moreover, the court was well aware of the history of the case and delays that had
already occurred, due primarily to the actions and inactions of the parents themselves.
The effect of William’s and Justine’s tactics of delay resulted in the section 366.26
hearing being held more than 26 months after the children were initially detained. The
court had already granted a continuance for Geller to prepare herself to proceed with the
case and the record amply demonstrates that further delay would have been contrary to
the interests of G.G. and D.G. We find no abuse of discretion by the juvenile court.
Even assuming that the court erred, the parents were not prejudiced by the denial
of the continuance. Section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1) provides that if it is likely the
child will be adopted, based on clear and convincing evidence, “the court shall terminate
parental rights and order the child placed for adoption” unless one of several exceptions
applies. William and Justine do not dispute that G.G. and D.G. are adoptable and the
record amply demonstrates that they are—and that their foster parents are willing to
adopt them. None of the exceptions to the mandate of section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)
applies in this case. In particular, the exception contained in section 366.26, subdivision
(c)(1)(B)(i) (“The parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with the child

11
and the child would benefit from continuing the relationship”) does not apply because
William and Justine had not maintained regular visitation and contact with G.G. and D.G.
William argues that “over the course of the entire dependency he had regularly
visited his children and that they were bonded to him such that the termination of parental
rights would have been detrimental to them. Indeed, in May 2013, when he had informal
contact with the minors at G.G.’s baseball game, the children were excited to see him and
asked the foster parents if William and mother could return to the foster home to visit.”
William forgets that prior to contacting the children in May 2013, he and Justine had
missed seven of eight scheduled visits. He also forgets that he had ample opportunity in
the hour and a half before the section 366.26 hearing to remind Geller about seeing the
children at G.G.’s baseball game. William does not appreciate that the children asked the
foster parents for permission, demonstrating that they were aware that the foster parents
were in a position of parental authority. Moreover, the children wanted to go to the foster
parents’ home, demonstrating that the children felt safe and comfortable in the foster
home.
Even had William and Justine maintained regular contact with the children, there
was no evidence that the children would benefit from continuing a relationship with
them. Throughout the dependency proceedings, the parents demonstrated insensitivity to
their children’s needs, by failing to approve appropriate educational testing and by
consistent noncompliance with the requirements of their case plans. They failed to
demonstrate maintenance of a stable and suitable residence, failed to submit negative
drug test results, and failed to undergo substance abuse assessments. We have no reason
to believe that with a continuance, any argument could have been made that would have
resulted in a different outcome. Accordingly, the parents were not prejudiced by the
denial of a continuance.

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 DISPOSITION
The order of the trial court terminating William’s and Justine’s parental rights is
affirmed.

_________________________
Brick, J.*

We concur:

_________________________
Kline, P.J.

_________________________
Richman, J.

* Judge of the Alameda County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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