Reese v. Loew's Madison Hotel Corporation

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CREOLA C. REESE,

Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 13-1331 (BAH)

v. Judge Beryl A. Howell

LOEW’S MADISON HOTEL CORP.,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The plaintiff, Creola C. Reese (the “plaintiff”), is seeking compensation for damages she

sustained allegedly as a result of bed bug bites during her stay in the summer of 2010 at the

Madison Hotel, located at 1177 15th Street, N.W. in Washington, D.C. and operated by

Defendant Loew’s Madison Hotel Corp. (the “defendant”). See Compl. ¶ 2, ECF No. 3. She

asserts two causes of action, for breach of contract and violation of the District of Columbia

Consumer Protection Procedures Act (“DCCPA”), D.C. Code § 28-3905. See Compl. ¶¶ 32–41.

Pending before the Court are the defendant’s motion to dismiss, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6), for failure to state a claim, ECF No. 2, and the plaintiff’s motion for leave to

file an amended complaint, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), ECF No. 13. For

the reasons stated below, the defendant’s motion to dismiss is granted and the plaintiff’s motion

for leave to amend her complaint is denied as futile. 1

1
The defendant has also moved, pursuant to Local Civil Rule 7(f), for a hearing on its pending motion to dismiss,
Def.’s Mot. Hr’g at 1, ECF No. 6, but this request is denied as unnecessary in light of the adequacy of the briefing
and in the interest of judicial economy.

1
I. BACKGROUND

The Complaint and the proposed Amended Complaint, ECF No. 13-2, contain nearly

identical factual allegations, compare Compl. ¶¶ 4–31 with Proposed First Am. Compl.

(“PFAC”) ¶¶ 4–33, but the proposed Amended Complaint asserts four additional claims, see

PFAC ¶¶ 45–61. The proposed Amended Complaint also clarifies the relief sought in this

lawsuit, stating that the plaintiff is seeking “$300,000 for compensatory damages, punitive

damages, treble damages under D.C. Code § 28-3905(k)(1), out of pocket expenses, plus

interests [sic] and costs, including attorney [sic] fees.” PFAC at 11. The factual allegations

made in the operative Complaint, as well as the additions set out in the proposed Amended

Complaint, are summarized below.

The plaintiff’s claims arise from her six-day stay in late July and early August, 2010 at

the defendant’s hotel in Washington, D.C. See generally Compl. On July 31, 2010, the plaintiff

checked into the Madison Hotel and was assigned to Room 817. Id. ¶ 5. The next day, on

August 1, 2010, “the plaintiff began to itch.” Id. ¶ 6. She responded by “throwing the bed

pillows on the floor, taking the wool blanket off the bed, summon[ing] the hotel maid to change

the sheets while the plaintiff was present, and . . . request[ing] that the throw pillows remain off

of the bed.” Id. Despite these steps, the plaintiff alleges that she continued to experience

itching. Id. ¶ 8.

The plaintiff then had the sheets changed a second time and also took the additional steps

of “spreading towels in the bed and over the pillows” before going to sleep on the evening of

August 2. 2 Id. ¶¶ 7–8. The next morning, August 3, the plaintiff found “swelling and multiple

red bumps and welts on her face, neck[,] arms, hands, legs and buttocks.” Id. ¶ 9. The plaintiff

had the sheets on her bed changed a third time. Id. To alleviate the itching, the plaintiff
2
All dates referenced occurred in 2010, unless otherwise noted.

2
purchased and used two over the counter antihistamines. See id. ¶ 10. Despite taking the

antihistamines, the plaintiff awoke on August 4 with “more swelling, welts and lesions on her

buttocks, thighs, legs, hands, face and arms.” Id. ¶ 11. The plaintiff avers that the bumps now

had “white heads” and “some had red rings around them.” Id. The bumps “were very painful as

well as itchy.” Id. The plaintiff continued to use the antihistamines and “realized that she had

become extremely agitated and anxious.” Id.

At 1:00 a.m. on August 5, the plaintiff’s “right hand muscles began to tighten and she

believed she was having a stroke.” Id. ¶ 12. She called the front desk and “requested to see a

doctor,” leading to a telephone conversation with a third-party doctor at 1:15 a.m. See id. The

doctor offered his opinion “that the bites were bed bug bites” and that the plaintiff needed a

steroid injection “as soon as possible.” Id. ¶ 13. The doctor told the plaintiff the steroid

injection would cost $600 if the doctor came to the hotel to treat her. Id. The plaintiff declined

the steroid injection, averring that she “did not have either insurance or that much cash on her at

the time,” which prompted the doctor to advise her to continue taking the antihistamines she had

purchased and to get an “Aveeno bath from CVS.” Id.

Following her conversation with the doctor, the plaintiff “called the front desk to tell

someone in management” that the doctor believed her bites were caused by bed bugs. Id. ¶ 15.

A member of the hotel’s housekeeping staff was sent to change the plaintiff’s sheets again, but

upon seeing “her red bumps, welts and swelling, he told her that changing the sheets would not

be sufficient and that he would move her to another room,” Room 617. Id. ¶ 16.

At approximately 9:30 a.m. on August 5, the plaintiff requested to speak with the

“general manager” at the front desk. Id. ¶ 17. The plaintiff subsequently had a conversation

with the general manager, Larry Beiderman, who allegedly told the plaintiff that “he had never

3
seen bed bugs on the face like that because they are usually on the arms and legs.” Id. The

plaintiff avers that she “had never mentioned bed bugs” prior to Beiderman’s statement. Id.

Beiderman instructed the plaintiff to contact his administrative assistant to “make

arrangements for the plaintiff to see a doctor.” Id. ¶ 18. The plaintiff subsequently received a

call from a dermatologist who, upon hearing a description of the plaintiff’s concerns, “confirmed

that the lesions were caused by bed bugs.” Id. That evening, August 5, Beiderman’s

administrative assistant paid for a cab for the plaintiff to visit the dermatologist, “Dr. Unger,” at

his office, where the plaintiff was told “the bites were serious” and she was given several

medications and a “non-oilated bath.” Id. ¶¶ 19–20. The plaintiff was advised “not to travel for

a few days, to cancel her flight home on Friday [August 6] and to return to see [the

dermatologist] the next day.” Id. ¶ 20. Dr. Unger also called the defendant’s hotel and “told Mr.

Beiderman . . . that the plaintiff needed to be closely monitored over the next 48 hours and he

specifically requested that someone knock on her door or telephone her to check on her” because

the plaintiff’s “condition was very serious.” Id. ¶ 21.

Upon her return to her hotel, the plaintiff states that “the bed bug bites started to become

more painful” when the “Epipen injector” the doctor had given her “wore off.” Id. ¶ 23. The

plaintiff avers that she “became extremely agitated and anxious.” Id. Eventually, the plaintiff

requested a transfer to another hotel and was moved “in the early hours of Friday, August 6.”

Id.¶ 24. The plaintiff avers that no one from the hotel checked on her. See id. ¶ 22.

The plaintiff states that she left “a voice message” for “the Department of Health

Community Hygiene to report the bed bug infestation” at the defendant’s hotel “prior to

departing [for] home.” Id. ¶ 26. She further states that she “made a follow up call” on August 9,

4
and was told by a department employee that the employee “would follow up himself with the

Madison.” Id. ¶ 28.

The plaintiff declined to cancel her flight home after learning it would cost “$1,000 to

reschedule her departure,” and returned home to Louisiana early on the morning of August 6.

See id. ¶ 24–25. In order to avoid the possibility of bringing the bed bugs home with her, the

plaintiff “threw her entire suitcase containing all of her clothes and other items in the trash.” Id.

¶ 25. After returning home, the plaintiff visited an emergency room at a local hospital where she

was prescribed additional medications. Id. ¶ 27. During the evening of August 9 and the

morning of August 10, she “experienced vomiting after taking the medications [and]

sleeplessness from the itching and pain.” Id. ¶ 29. The plaintiff returned to her local hospital on

August 10 where she was prescribed an anti-nausea medication. See id. ¶ 30.

The plaintiff avers that she “suffered weeks of nausea, vomiting, paranoia, sleeplessness,

itching and pain from the bed bug bites;” that she incurred medical and travel related expenses;

that she experienced “mental and emotional distress from paranoia, anxiety and sleeplessness,

and visible scarring on her body;” and that she incurred “months of lost income from her

cancelled consulting contracts, cancelled book appearances and cancelled life coaching

appearances.” Id. ¶ 31.

On August 5, 2013, three years after the plaintiff’s ill-fated stay at the defendant’s hotel

began, the plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia.

See id. at 1 (bearing filing stamp from D.C. Superior Court showing action filed on August 5,

2013). As noted, that Complaint asserts two causes of action: Breach of Contract (Count I) and

Unlawful Trade Practices under the D.C. Consumer Protection and Procedures Act, D.C. Code §

28-3905. Id. ¶¶ 32–41. The defendant subsequently removed the action to this Court and moved

5
to dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim on the same date. See Not. of Removal at 1,

ECF No. 1; Def.’s Mot. Dismiss at 1, ECF No. 2. 3 The plaintiff subsequently moved for leave to

amend the complaint. See Pl.’s Mot. Lv. File Pl.’s Am. Compl. at 1, ECF No. 13.

The proposed First Amended Complaint would add only three allegations to the original

Complaint, namely: (1) that the plaintiff “had come to Washington, D.C. to attend to family

matters while staying at the Madison and to attend a business convention at the Madison as a

consultant/independent contractor,” PFAC ¶ 5; (2) that the plaintiff “reasonably believed that the

room that she was assigned . . . would be free of any and all vermin, thoroughly cleaned, and fit

for her to stay in,” id. ¶ 6; and (3) that when she checked in to the defendant’s hotel, “she was not

told that there had ever been a bed bug infestation in any of the rooms prior to her arrival,” id. ¶

20. At the same time, the proposed Amended Complaint would add four causes of action for

breach of the implied warranty of merchantability pursuant to D.C. Code § 28:2-314, id. ¶¶ 45–

48 (proposed Count III); negligence, id. ¶¶ 49–53 (proposed Count IV); negligent infliction of

emotional distress, id. ¶¶ 54–56 (proposed Count V); and fraud, id. ¶¶ 57–61 (proposed Count

VI). 4

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Motion To Dismiss For Failure To State A Claim

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a plaintiff

need only plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face” and to

“nudge[ ] [his or her] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.

3
This Court has diversity jurisdiction over this matter, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, since the plaintiff is domiciled
in Louisiana, Compl. ¶ 2, the defendant is domiciled in New York, Not. Removal ¶ 6, ECF No. 1, and the amount of
the alleged damages exceeds $75,000, PFAC at 11 (claiming $300,000 in damages).
4
The plaintiff notes in the proposed Amended Complaint that, in relation to Count I for breach of contract, the
plaintiff “was unable to locate either the original or a copy of the Madison contract that she received and executed
upon registering for her room and key in time to attach the contract as an exhibit to the amended complaint,” but the
plaintiff was “endeavor[ing] to obtain the contract and submit it at a later time.” Id. ¶ 37 n.1.

6
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); see also FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). “[A] complaint [does not]

suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Instead, the complaint

must plead facts that are more than “‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” but provide

sufficient “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557);

accord Rudder v. Williams, 666 F.3d 790, 794 (D.C. Cir. 2012). The Court “must assume all the

allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact) . . . [and] must give the plaintiff the

benefit of all reasonable inferences derived from the facts alleged.” Aktieselskabet AF 21.

November 2001 v. Fame Jeans Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 17 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

B. Motion For Leave To Amend

“[T]he grant or denial of leave to amend is committed to a district court’s discretion.”

Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996). While leave to amend a complaint

should be freely granted when justice so requires, see FED R. CIV. P. 15(a)(2), the Court may

deny a motion to amend if such amendment would be futile. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182

(1962); Hettinga v. United States, 677 F.3d 471, 480 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citing James Madison

Ltd. By Hecht v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1099 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). Where a plaintiff cannot “allege

additional facts that would cure the deficiencies in her complaint,” a District Court acts within its

discretion in denying leave to amend the complaint as futile. See Rollins v. Wackenhut Servs.,

Inc., 703 F.3d 122, 131 (D.C. Cir. 2012).

7
III. DISCUSSION

The defendant argues that the Complaint should be dismissed and leave to file the

proposed Amended Complaint denied as futile for three reasons. 5 First, the defendant asserts

that the plaintiff’s claims in both the original and proposed Amended Complaint, are barred by

the applicable statutes of limitation. See Def.’s Mem. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss (“Def.’s

Mem.”) at 4, ECF No. 2-1; Def.’s Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Lv. Amend (“Def.’s Opp’n”) at 2, ECF No.

16; Def.’s Reply Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Dismiss (“Def.’s Reply”) at 3, ECF No. 19. Second,

the defendant contends that the plaintiff’s claim for breach of contract is deficient since neither

the Complaint nor the proposed Amended Complaint plead a breach of contract claim with the

requisite specificity. See Def.’s Mem. at 4; Def.’s Reply at 3. Finally, the defendant argues that

the plaintiff’s claim pursuant to the DCCPA must fail because the plaintiff has not pleaded a

“material misrepresentation” as required by the statute and because the plaintiff was not a

“consumer” within the meaning of the DCCPA when the events giving rise to this action

allegedly occurred. See Def.’s Mem. at 5–7; Def.’s Reply at 4. The Court first addresses the

defendant’s motion to dismiss before turning to the plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend the

complaint.

5
The parties do not address the applicable law in their briefing, but each party’s contentions are predicated on the
application of District of Columbia law. See Def.’s Mem. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 4, ECF No.
2-1 (arguing District of Columbia statutes of limitation apply to the plaintiff’s claims); Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot.
Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 2, ECF No. 18 (arguing for application of equitable tolling under District of Columbia
law). Indeed, when exercising diversity jurisdiction, state law provides the applicable substantive rules of law. See
Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). Therefore, the Court will apply District of Columbia law to this
case. Burke v. Air Serv Int’l, Inc., 685 F.3d 1102, 1107 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (“The ‘broad command of Erie,’ of course,
is that ‘federal courts are to apply state substantive law and federal procedural law’ when sitting pursuant to their
diversity jurisdiction.”) (quoting Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 465 (1965)); see also Arias v. DynCorp, 752 F.3d
1011, 1013 (D.C. Cir. 2014); Cordoba Initiative Corp. v. Deak, 900 F. Supp. 2d 42, 46 n.2 (D.D.C. 2012) (applying
District of Columbia law in diversity suit where “[b]oth parties applied District of Columbia law in their motion
papers without engaging in any choice of law analysis”); Piedmont Resolution, L.L.C. v. Johnston, Rivlin & Foley,
999 F.Supp. 34, 39 (D.D.C. 1998) (same).

8
 A. The Plaintiff’s Claims Are Time-Barred

When considering a motion to dismiss, a court must “look only at the complaint,” which

often precludes dismissal based on statutes of limitation. See de Csepel v. Republic of Hungary,

714 F.3d 591, 604 (D.C. Cir. 2013). Since determinations of whether a cause of action is time-

barred “often depend on contested questions of fact, dismissal is appropriate only if the

complaint on its face is conclusively time-barred.” Id. at 603 (quoting Firestone v. Firestone, 76

F.3d 1205, 1209 (D.C. Cir. 1996); see Bregman v. Perles, 747 F.3d 873, 875 (D.C. Cir. 2014)

(same). Thus, if the claims asserted in the Complaint and the proposed Amended Complaint are,

as the defendant argues, “conclusively time-barred,” making all reasonable inferences in favor of

the plaintiff, the defendant’s motion to dismiss should be granted. See Bregman, 747 F.3d at

875. If the claims are only arguably time-barred, the motion to dismiss must be denied. See de

Csepel, 714 F.3d at 604 (noting that arguably time-barred claim could be dismissed at summary

judgment stage after further factual development).

Both the Complaint and proposed Amended Complaint state that “the events described . .

. arose[] from Saturday, July 31, 2010 through Thursday, August 5, 2010.” Compl. ¶ 2; PFAC¶

2. The Complaint was filed in District of Columbia Superior Court on August 5, 2013. See

Compl. at 1 (bearing filing stamp dated August 5, 2013 from the Superior Court of the District of

Columbia). The two claims alleged in the Complaint, breach of contract and unlawful trade

practices in violation of the DCCPA, are governed by a three-year statute of limitations. See

D.C. Code §§ 12-301(7) (stating three-year statute of limitations “on a simple contract, express

or implied”); 12-301(8) (stating three-year statute of limitations for all actions “for which a

limitation is not otherwise specially prescribed”); Murray v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., 953

A.2d 308, 323 (D.C. 2008) (“the three year residual statute of limitations applies to claims

brought under the Consumer Protections Procedure Act”). Since this action was filed on August
9
5, 2013, the plaintiff’s claims would be conclusively time barred if they accrued before August 5,

2010, absent any tolling of the statutes of limitation. See id. Thus, the time of accrual of the

breach of contract and DCCPA claims must be examined to determine whether they are barred

by the applicable statutes of limitation before examining the availability of any equitable tolling.

1. Count I: Breach Of Contract

The plaintiff’s breach of contract claim in Count I is supported by the factual allegation

that “[t]he plaintiff and the [defendant] entered into a binding contract when the plaintiff made

reservations to stay there from July 30 through August 5 [sic] and paid money as consideration

for their bargain.” Compl. ¶ 33. The plaintiff claims the defendant “breached their contract

when it placed the plaintiff in a room that was infested with bed bugs which is not what the

plaintiff had bargained for at the time she entered into their contract.” Id. ¶ 35. This “cause of

action for breach of contract accrues, and the statute of limitations begins to run, at the time of

the breach.” Murray, 953 A.2d at 319–20 (quoting Eastbanc, Inc. v. Georgetown Park Assocs.

II, L.P., 940 A.2d 996, 1004 (D.C. 2008)).

Under District of Columbia law, a claim accrues “from the moment a party has either

‘actual notice of her cause of action,’ or is deemed to be on ‘inquiry notice’ by failing to ‘act

reasonably under the circumstances in investigating matters affecting her affairs,’ where ‘such an

investigation, if conducted, would have led to actual notice.’” Medhin v. Hailu, 26 A.3d 307,

310 (D.C. 2011) (quoting Harris v. Ladner, 828 A.2d 203, 205–06 (D.C. 2003)). Moreover, a

statute of limitations “running is not delayed simply because the claimant does not know (or

cannot be charged with knowledge of) the full ‘breadth or nature’ of the defendant’s

wrongdoing.” Id. (quoting Brin v. S.E.W. Investors, 902 A.2d 784, 792 (D.C. 2006)). If “the

relationship between the fact of injury and conduct is obscure, the so-called ‘discovery rule’ will

apply, such that the claim does not accrue until the claimant knows or by the exercise of
10
reasonable diligence should know of (1) the injury, (2) its cause in fact, and (3) some evidence of

wrongdoing.” Id. (citing Bussineau v. President and Dirs. of Georgetown Coll., 518 A.2d 423,

435 (D.C. 1986)). In this case, even assuming, without deciding, that “the relationship between

the fact of [the plaintiff’s claimed] injury and [the defendant’s] conduct is obscure,” such that the

“discovery rule” applies to this matter, id., the plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is time-barred.

The basis of the plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is that the defendant “placed the

plaintiff in a room that was infested with bed bugs,” Compl. ¶ 35, after she checked into the hotel

on July 31, 2010, id. ¶ 5. She sustained sufficient discomfort from itching her very first night to

take steps to have her bedding changed and, by the night of August 3, 2010, the plaintiff was

allegedly “in agony and distress from the itching” brought on by “multiple red bumps and welts

on her face, neck[,] arms, hands, legs and buttocks,” id. ¶¶ 9–10. Indeed, between the time she

checked into her room on July 31, 2010, and the time she called a doctor in the early morning

hours of August 5, the plaintiff asked the defendant’s staff to change the bedding in her room at

least three times, id. ¶¶ 6, 7, 9, and purchased medication to treat her symptoms, id. ¶ 10.

The plaintiff argues that she did not learn the cause of her injury until advised by a

physician on August 5, 2010 that the cause was bed bugs and this revelation tolls the accrual of

the statute of limitations until that date. Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 2,

ECF No. 18 (“the plaintiff didn’t become aware of the cause of her physical condition or of any

possible wrongdoing by the defendant until Thursday, August 5, 2010 . . . . Thus, all of her

injuries and suffering from the beginning of her ordeal at the defendant’s hotel up to and

including August 5, 2010 and thereafter, would be within the three year statute of limitations for

purposes of this lawsuit.”). The Court disagrees.

11
 The plaintiff took steps after her each of her first three nights at the hotel to have the bed

linens changed, on August 1, 2, and 3, see Compl. ¶¶ 6, 7, 9, indicating from these efforts that

she was cognizant as early as August 1, 2010 that the source of her condition was the hotel room.

Moreover, a person exercising reasonable diligence, accepting all facts in the Complaint as true,

would have certainly known she was injured by the evening of August 3, when she describes her

condition as “agony and distress from the itching,” prompting her to purchase a “large bottle of

liquid Benadryl and Benadryl itch cream, which she administered to herself . . . .” Id. ¶ 10. The

plaintiff was also certainly aware, at the latest, by 6:00 a.m. on August 4, 2010, when she states

she was “horrified to see more swelling, welts and lesions on her buttocks, thighs, legs, hands,

face and arms,” id. ¶ 11, that she had been sustaining injury from the condition of her hotel room.

A person exercising reasonable diligence would have called a doctor by this point, particularly

since the plaintiff avers that she had already purchased antihistamines and applied them without

relief. See id. ¶¶ 10–11. Had she exercised such reasonable diligence, she would have learned

the cause of her injury—bed bugs—and have had some evidence of the wrongdoing alleged, i.e.,

that the defendant placed her in a room infested with bed bugs, the conduct on which her breach

of contract claim is predicated. See id. ¶ 35.

In a case involving similar facts to the instant matter, Duarte v. Cal. Hotel & Casino, No.

08-185, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69991, at *9–11 (D. Haw. Sept. 5, 2008), a court similarly found

the plaintiffs’ claims were time-barred, despite the plaintiffs’ allegations of fraudulent

concealment. In Duarte, the plaintiffs filed suit outside the presumably applicable statute of

limitations under Hawaii law for injuries they allegedly suffered from bed bug bites at the

defendant’s hotel. See id. The court found that one plaintiff had notice, as a matter of law, on

12
the first day she experienced symptoms from the bed bug bites. Id. at *9–10. 6 Specifically, the

Duarte court found that the presence of “very itchy” welts that “increased in number and size”

on one of the plaintiffs’ bodies was sufficient to “at the very least [provide] notice that (1) the

Hotel had provided Plaintiff a room with insects in it, (2) Plaintiff contracted a rash from these

insects, and (3) the Hotel room had caused her injuries.” Id. at 10. As in Duarte, the plaintiff’s

claim in this action could be deemed to accrue on August 1, 2010, the first day on which the

plaintiff alleges she experienced symptoms from the bed bug bites and, through her requests for

linen changes, the plaintiff indicated her recognition of the source but, even if not then, her claim

accrued over the next three days, when her symptoms continued and worsened. See Compl. ¶ 6–

10.

Nevertheless, the plaintiff argues that the applicable statutes of limitation should be tolled

and not begin running until August 5, 2010. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 2 (“[T]he plaintiff didn’t become

aware of the cause of her physical condition or of any possible wrongdoing by the defendant

until Thursday, August 5, 2010.”). In support of this contention, the plaintiff relies on two cases,

Richards v. Mileski, 662 F.2d 65 (D.C. Cir. 1981), and Friedman v. Manfuso, 620 F. Supp. 109

(D.D.C. 1985), for the proposition that when misrepresentation is pleaded, the applicable statutes

of limitation are tolled “unless the facts show that the plaintiff ‘should have known’ of the

wrongdoing by the defendant.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 2. In essence, the plaintiff contends that, under

the discovery rule, she cannot be imputed with constructive notice until she was told by a doctor

that she had been bitten by bed bugs. See id. The facts and holdings of the cases relied upon by

6
The Duarte court also found that, under Hawai’i law, tolling of the applicable statute of limitations for fraudulent
concealment did not apply where the plaintiff had “a known cause of action” since “[i]f there is a known cause of
action there can be no fraudulent concealment.” Duarte, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69991, at *11 (quoting Au v. Au,
626 P.2d 173, 178 (Haw. 1981)).

13
the plaintiff bolster the conclusion that the applicable statutes of limitation should not be tolled in

the instant matter.

In the first case relied on by the plaintiff, Richards, the D.C. Circuit found the applicable

statutes of limitations for a “variety of tort injuries” were potentially tolled for a government

employee who had resigned under duress after being falsely accused of homosexual activity. See

Richards, 662 F.2d at 67–68. Critically, the plaintiff “remained unaware” of a memorandum

filed five days after his resignation in which the government investigator assigned to the

plaintiff’s case “explicitly stated that the informant [on whom the investigator relied] was

unpredictable and unreliable, and that his charges against [the plaintiff] had no substance.” Id. at

68. The plaintiff did not learn of the investigator’s misrepresentation regarding the accusation

that prompted the plaintiff’s resignation until the filing of a Freedom of Information Act

(“FOIA”) request twenty-three years later. Id. The plaintiff filed suit less than one year after

learning of the memorandum’s existence. Id.

The D.C. Circuit in Richards noted that “the tortious conduct about which [the plaintiff]

complains is the defendants’ knowing and malicious use of false information to obtain [the

plaintiff’s] resignation under duress.” Id. at 69. Since the plaintiff averred that “he did not know

of that conduct because it was fraudulently concealed from him until he received the FOIA

documents,” the D.C. Circuit held that the applicable three-year statute of limitations was tolled.

Id.

Richards, however, does not stand for the proposition, as the plaintiff contends, that any

evidence of fraud or misrepresentation is sufficient to toll an otherwise applicable statute of

limitations. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 2. Rather, in Richards, the D.C. Circuit held that the District of

Columbia’s tolling principles applied in cases of “fraudulent concealment” or

14
“misrepresentation” when “the defendant commit[ed] some positive act tending to conceal the

cause of action from the plaintiff, although any word or act tending to suppress the truth is

enough.” Richards, 662 F. 2d at 70. In misrepresentation cases, “the local statutes of limitation

are tolled . . . until such time as the misrepresentation should have been discovered.” Id. The

D.C. Circuit in Richards tolled the statute of limitations because the defendants “affirmatively

suppressed the truth . . . by misrepresenting to [the plaintiff] that they had testimony they

considered reliable indicating that he was a homosexual, when in fact they had no such

evidence,” and took “affirmative acts” to prevent the plaintiff “from realizing that he had a cause

of action against them.” Id. The D.C. Circuit made clear that even when fraudulent concealment

or misrepresentation is present, the statute of limitations may still apply if “the plaintiff failed to

exercise due diligence in discovering the material facts underlying his cause of action,” but that

the plaintiff in Richards had not uncovered the basis for his claim due to the defendants’

conduct. Id. at 71. Specifically, the Richards defendants had “failed to present any facts

showing that [the plaintiff] could have discovered earlier their knowing use of false charges

against him,” nor shown “any circumstances that should have given [the plaintiff] special reason

to make a FOIA request,” which eventually uncovered the memorandum revealing the

defendants’ wrongdoing. Id. Since the plaintiff “had no reason to suspect that such a request

would reveal the startling possibility that the officials with whom he had worked had conspired

against him,” the plaintiff could not be found to have failed to exercise due diligence by waiting

more than two decades to file his FOIA request. Id.

The basis for tolling the limitations period for the plaintiff’s claims in Richards stands in

stark contrast to the facts in the instant matter. Here, the plaintiff does not plead any affirmative

misrepresentations made to the plaintiff or, indeed, any representations at all regarding the

15
presence or absence of bed bugs in her room. See generally Compl. The only two statements the

plaintiff attributes to any employees of the defendant regarding the presence of bed bugs in her

room are found in paragraphs 15 through 17 of the Complaint. In paragraphs 15 and 16, the

plaintiff alleges that after she called the hotel front desk in the early morning hours of August 5

“to tell someone in management what the doctor had told her about the bites . . . being caused by

bed bugs,” the hotel sent a housekeeping staff member to her room to change her sheets. See

Compl. ¶¶ 15–16. Upon arrival in her room, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant’s employee

“told [the plaintiff] that changing the sheets would not be sufficient and that he would move her

to another room immediately.” Id. ¶ 16. Later that morning, when the plaintiff went to complain

to the hotel’s general manager, the plaintiff alleges that the manager told her “that he had never

seen bed bugs on the face like that because they are usually on the arms and legs.” 7 Id. ¶ 17. By

contrast to the affirmative misrepresentations made by the Richards defendants about having

reliable information of the plaintiff’s activities when, in fact, the defendants had no such

information, the statements attributed here to the defendant’s employees contain no

representation whatsoever about the presence or absence of bed bugs in the plaintiff’s room at

any point during her stay, which began on July 31, 2010. Compl. ¶ 5.

The other case the plaintiff relies on for her equitable tolling argument, Friedman,

militates strongly against applying equitable tolling in this matter. In Friedman, the plaintiff

7
The plaintiff notes that she “had never mentioned bed bugs” to the general manager prior to his statement to her
about not previously having seen bed bug bites on a person’s face. Compl. ¶ 17. This is immaterial for at least two
reasons. First, the plaintiff had already informed hotel staff that she had been diagnosed with bed bug bites and been
transferred to a different room for that reason prior to the plaintiff asking to speak to the general manager. See id. ¶¶
15–16. Thus, it is not a reasonable inference to attribute the general manager’s comment to some preexisting
knowledge of a bedbug infestation in Room 817 separate and apart from the plaintiff’s own calls to “someone in
management” regarding the source of her malady. See id. Second, the plaintiff admits that the general manager
made the comment “[w]hen the plaintiff showed [him] her bite marks.” Id. ¶ 17. The general manager’s alleged
spontaneous comment after seeing the bite marks cannot support a reasonable inference that the general manager
knew of bed bugs in the plaintiff’s room. If anything, such a comment is merely “consistent with [the] defendant’s
liability,” which is insufficient factual content on which to allow a complaint to move past a motion to dismiss under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557

16
alleged that the defendant had “fraudulently withheld material facts concerning the change in

computation of [the plaintiff’s] royalties” for a license the plaintiff issued for the manufacture of

a patented product. 620 F. Supp. at 113. The plaintiff contended that even though his claim

would ordinarily be time-barred, “the fraudulent concealment of material facts tolled the running

of the statute until plaintiff’s discovery of the breach.” Id. at 114.

The Friedman court made two observations directly relevant to the instant case. First, it

noted that, in the District of Columbia, “the tolling of the statute of limitations requires . . . some

affirmative act tending to conceal the cause of action or a misrepresentation, even if the

misrepresentation does not hide the cause of action itself.” Id. (citing Richards, 662 F.2d at 70).

Second, the Friedman court noted that “‘[c]oncealment by mere silence is not enough. There

must be some trick or connivance intended to exclude suspicion and to prevent discovery of the

cause of action by the use of ordinary diligence.’” Id. (quoting Poole v. Terminix Co. of Md. and

Wash., Inc., 84 A.2d 699, 702 (D.C. 1951)). The Friedman court clarified this rule by stating

“[a]ny statement, word, or act, however, which tends to suppress the truth may constitute

fraudulent concealment.” Id. (citing William J. Davis, Inc. v. Young, 412 A.2d 1187, 1192 (D.C.

1980)).

The plaintiff’s Complaint does not allege an “affirmative act tending to conceal the cause

of action or a misrepresentation.” Id. at 114. Rather, the Complaint notes that the defendant’s

employees responded promptly to every request the plaintiff made, be it changing the sheets

while the plaintiff was present, providing access to a doctor, or moving her to another hotel. See

PFAC ¶¶ 7, 8, 10, 13, 26. The Complaint also indicates the defendant’s employees took several

actions the plaintiff did not request in an effort to alleviate her concerns. See PFAC ¶ 17

(moving the plaintiff to a different room instead of merely changing the sheets in her room

17
again); id. ¶ 19 (making arrangements for plaintiff to see a dermatologist after plaintiff alerted

defendant of the bed bug bites); id. ¶ 21 (procuring transportation for plaintiff to dermatologist).

At best, the plaintiff has alleged “concealment by silence,” which is insufficient to toll

any applicable statutes of limitations. See Friedman, 620 F. Supp. at 114. Absent any allegation

of misrepresentation or any affirmative act by the defendant, the plaintiff’s complaint fails to

provide any grounds to toll the applicable statutes of limitation.

Thus, even applying the “discovery rule” to the plaintiff’s claim for breach of contract,

her claim accrued as early as August 1 and no later than August 4, 2010, when a person

exercising reasonable diligence would have learned of her injury, its cause in fact, and some

evidence of wrongdoing. See Medhin, 26 A.3d at 310. Since she filed suit more than three years

after that date, on August 5, 2013, the plaintiff’s breach of contract claim is time-barred.

2. Count II: Violation Of The DCCPA

The plaintiff claims that the defendant violated the DCCPA’s prohibition on “unlawful

trade practices” when it “conceal[ed] and misrepresent[ed] the existence of a bed bug infestation

in some of the rooms of the Madison.” Compl. ¶ 40. As previously noted, the DCCPA is subject

to a three-year statute of limitations. See D.C. Code § 28-3905; id. § 12-301(8). The statute

specifically provides for a tolling of the statute of limitations upon the “filing of a complaint with

the Department [of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs] . . . until the complaint has been resolved

through an administrative order, consent decree, or dismissal . . . .” Id. § 28-3905(a). Although

the plaintiff alleges that she made a complaint to the District of Columbia’s Department of

Health Community Hygiene, Compl. ¶¶ 26, 28, the plaintiff does not allege that she made a

complaint to the District of Columbia’s Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, which

resides in a separate District of Columbia agency from the Department of Health, and the

plaintiff does not assert any tolling is applicable under D.C. Code § 28-3905(a). See generally
18
Pl.’s Opp’n (arguing for equitable tolling based on discovery rule but not under DCCPA

statutory tolling mechanism).

Under District of Columbia law, a DCCPA “claim accrues for purposes of the statute of

limitations at the time the injury actually occurs.” Murray, 953 A.2d at 324 (quoting Colbert v.

Georgetown Univ., 641 A.2d 469, 472 (D.C. 1994) (en banc)). Here, the plaintiff alleges that the

violation of the DCCPA occurred when the defendant allegedly “conceal[ed] and

misrepresent[ed] the existence of a bed bug infestation in some of the rooms of the Madison.”

Compl. ¶ 40. Considering the fact that the plaintiff alleges that she was bitten by bed bugs

during her first night in Room 817, July 31, 2010, this alleged concealment or misrepresentation

had to have occurred when she checked into the hotel and was assigned that room. See id. ¶¶ 5–

6 (stating the plaintiff “began to itch” on August 1, 2010). The plaintiff does not allege that the

defendant made any other representations to her until after she was admittedly aware of the bed

bug infestation on August 5, 2010, when she had her first conversation with the hotel’s general

manager. See id. ¶ 17. Thus, the plaintiff has alleged that this cause of action accrued on July

31, 2010, unless the discovery rule tolls the statute of limitations.

As previously noted, a plaintiff exercising reasonable diligence would have discovered

the bedbug infestation and the cause of her alleged injuries as early as August 1 and no later than

August 4, 2013. See Part III.A.1, supra. Consequently, the plaintiff’s claim for violation of the

DCCPA, Count II, is time-barred.

* * *

The Complaint, as pleaded, does not state a claim upon which relief can be granted

because both claims raised in the Complaint are time-barred. 8 Consequently, the defendants’

8
The proposed Amended Complaint adds several factual allegations to the plaintiff’s breach of contract and
DCCPA claims, see PFAC ¶¶ 36, 37 n.1, 40, 44, but none of these minor amendments correct the deficiencies in the

19
alternative grounds for dismissal need not be reached. The Court next considers the plaintiff’s

motion to amend her Complaint to determine whether the three additional factual allegations and

four claims in the proposed Amended Complaint are timely filed and otherwise state a claim or

whether, as the defendant contends, this motion should be denied as futile.

B. The Proposed Amended Complaint

As previously noted, the proposed Amended Complaint adds the following four causes of

action: Count III for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability pursuant to D.C. Code §

28:2-314, PFAC ¶¶ 45–48; Count IV for “negligence (premises liability),” id. ¶¶ 49–53; Count V

for negligent infliction of emotional distress, id. ¶¶ 54–56; and Count VI for fraud, id. ¶¶ 57–61.

Each new claim is evaluated below.

1. Proposed Count III: Breach Of The Implied Warranty Of
Merchantability Pursuant to D.C. Code § 28:2-314

The defendant argues that the plaintiff’s proposed claim for breach of the implied

warranty of merchantability, under D.C. Code § 28:2-314, is time-barred and therefore should

not be allowed as futile. See Def.’s Opp’n at 2. Unlike the plaintiff’s other claims, however,

claims for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability are subject to a four-year statute of

limitations. See D.C. Code § 28:2-725; see also Long v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 877 F. Supp. 8,

13–14 (D.D.C. 1995) (“the statute of limitations that applies to the claims for breach of express

and implied warranties is four years in . . . the District of Columbia.”). Consequently, this claim

Complaint, namely, that the claims are time-barred and not subject to tolling. See Part III.A.1–2, supra.
Specifically, whether the plaintiff believed there would be “vermin” in her room prior to her arrival and whether the
defendant’s hotel is a “five-star luxury hotel,” see PFAC ¶¶ 6, 36, is immaterial to whether she exercised reasonable
diligence in discovering the source of her injury, see Part III.A.1–2, supra. The plaintiff’s assertion that she was
never told there was a bed bug infestation at the defendant’s hotel during her stay, PFAC ¶ 20, is, at best,
“‘[c]oncealment by mere silence,’” which is insufficient to trigger equitable tolling of the applicable statutes of
limitation. See Friedman, 620 F. Supp. at 114. Whether the plaintiff was a “consumer” for DCCPA purposes, see
id. ¶ 40, and whether she suffered “actual physical and emotional injuries,” id. ¶ 44, as a result of the defendant’s
allegedly unlawful trade practices is similarly immaterial. The proposed amendments to these claims are therefore
futile.

20
is not time-barred, since the events allegedly giving rise to the claim occurred after August 5,

2009 (four years prior to the filing of the Complaint). See id.

Nonetheless the plaintiff’s claim for breach of the implied warranty of merchantability

fails to state a claim for relief. D.C. Code § 28:2-314 is part of the Uniform Commercial Code –

Sales, which has been adopted by the District of Columbia. See D.C. Code § 28:2-101 et seq.

By its terms, the section is limited to “transactions in goods.” D.C. Code § 28:2-102. “Goods”

are defined in the statute as “all things (including specially manufactured goods) which are

movable at the time of identification to the contract for sale other than the money in which the

prices is to be paid, investment securities (Article 8) and things in action.” D.C. Code § 28:2-

105(1). A hotel room is not a “good” within the meaning of the Uniform Commercial Code and

that Code section. See D.C Code § 28:2-105 cmt. 1 (“The definition of goods is based on the

concept of movability . . . . [i]t is not intended to deal with things which are not fairly identifiable

as movables before the contract is performed.”). Consequently, the plaintiff may not claim a

breach of the implied warrant of merchantability, as set forth in D.C. Code § 28:2-314. See

Margarito v. Life Prods. Corp., No. 97CV95, 1998 WL 171332, at *3 (E.D. Va. Apr. 1, 1998)

(holding that “hotel room is real property” and finding “UCC warranty provisions do not extend

to” situation involving injury in hotel room); Ely v. Blevins, 706 F.2d 479, 481 (4th Cir. 1983)

(“[W]hile an innkeeper is often held to a specially high duty of care, the general rule, nationally,

falls short of warranty” of merchantability); see also Kennedy v. Vacation Internationale, Ltd.,

841 F. Supp. 986, 991 (D. Haw. 1994) (finding no warranty of fitness for use applied to time-

share management company’s condominiums and dismissing implied warranty of

merchantability claim); Clancy v. Oak Park Village Athletic Ctr., 364 N.W.2d 312, 315 (Mich.

Ct. App. 1985) (holding that “leased chattels real or premises” do not “carry a general implied

21
warranty of fitness”). Thus, permitting amendment of the Complaint with the proposed claim for

breach of the implied warranty of merchantability under D.C. Code § 28:2-314 would be futile.

2. Proposed Counts IV and V: Negligence (Premises Liability) and
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress

The plaintiff alleges, “upon information and belief,” that the defendant “had actual or

constructive notice of the existence of a bed bug infestation in room numbered 817 or in other

rooms in the hotel when the plaintiff was assigned room number 817.” PFAC ¶ 52.

Nevertheless, the defendant assigned her to room 817 on July 31, 2010. PFAC ¶ 5. By doing so,

according to the plaintiff, the defendant “breached its duty to the plaintiff when it assigned her to

a room that was infested with bed bugs and as a result of this breach, the plaintiff suffered actual

physical and emotional injuries and financial losses in her business ventures.” Id. ¶ 53.

Similarly, the plaintiff’s claim for negligent infliction of emotion distress is based on the

defendant’s “breach of the implied warranty that the plaintiff would be given a room for normal

usage and its breach of its duty to provide a reasonably safe room to the plaintiff.” Id. ¶ 55.

Under District of Columbia law, a negligence cause of action accrues “at the time the

injury actually occurs.” Perry v. Scholar, 696 F. Supp. 2d 91, 96 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Knight

v. Furlow, 553 A.2d 1232, 1234 (D.C. 1989)). The plaintiff pleads that the “injury” in question

was, for the negligence claim, the defendant’s assigning the plaintiff “to a room that was infested

with bed bugs,” PFAC ¶ 53, and for the negligent infliction of emotional distress claim, when

the plaintiff was given a room that was allegedly not “reasonably safe,” id. ¶ 55. The room

assignment occurred on July 31, 2010. Id. ¶ 5. As previously noted, a reasonable plaintiff

exercising reasonable diligence would have discovered the bed bug infestation and the cause of

her alleged injuries as early as August 1, 2, or 3, but certainly no later than August 4, 2013. See

Part III.A.1–2, supra. Thus, these claims are time-barred.

22
 3. Proposed Count VI: Fraud

The plaintiff alleges that the defendant committed fraud when the plaintiff was not

informed “on July 31, nor during her stay . . . that the Madison had been experiencing a bed bug

infestation in some of its rooms prior to her arrival.” PFAC ¶ 58. A claim for fraud accrues

“when the plaintiff has knowledge of (or by exercise of reasonable diligence should have

knowledge of) (1) the existence of the injury, (2) its cause in fact, and (3) some evidence of

wrongdoing.” Richards v. Duke Univ., 480 F. Supp. 2d. 222, 235 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting

Knight, 553 A. 2d at 1234). As previously discussed, a person exercising reasonable diligence

would have discovered that her room was infested with bed bugs as early as August 1, 2, or 3,

but certainly no later than no later than August 4, 2010. See Part III.A.1–2, supra. Thus, this

claim is time-barred.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, of the six claims in the proposed Amended Complaint, five are

time-barred conclusively, since a person exercising reasonable diligence would have known of

her injury, its cause in fact, and had some evidence of wrongdoing as early as August 1, 2, or 3,

but certainly no later than August 4, 2010. See Knight, 553 A.2d at 1234. The final claim, for

breach of the warranty of merchantability pursuant to D.C. Code § 28:2-314, fails to state a claim

upon which relief can be granted. Thus, the defendant’s motion to dismiss the Complaint is

granted and the plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend is denied, since the proposed Amended

Complaint would not survive a motion to dismiss, making the proposed amendments futile.

An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Digitally signed by Beryl A. Howell
DN: cn=Beryl A. Howell, o=District Court
for the District of Columbia, ou=District
Date: August 28, 2014 Court Judge,
email=howell_chambers@dcd.uscourts.g
ov, c=US
__________________________
Date: 2014.08.28 17:18:58 -04'00'

BERYL A. HOWELL
United States District Judge

23