In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-01-00948-CV
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IN RE DANIEL S. CARTWRIGHT, Relator
Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
O P I N I O N
Relator, Daniel S. Cartwright, filed a petition for writ of mandamus challenging the trial court's order appointing an arbitrator other than the one named in the parties' agreement to arbitrate and, in the alternative, challenging the trial court's order appointing an arbitrator who had previously acted as a mediator in the same parties' dispute regarding possession of their child. We deny writ on the first issue and grant writ on the second.
BACKGROUND
Daniel Cartwright and Gwyn Cartwright were divorced in December 1997. In an agreement incident to divorce (AID), they agreed that, if a claim or controversy arose out of the final decree or the AID, it would be mediated as provided in chapter 154 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code with James Patrick Smith and that "[i]f the parties cannot resolve the matter through mediation, then JAMES PATRICK SMITH shall be the arbitrator to arbitrate all disputes." In October 1999, Gwyn filed a lawsuit in the 165th Civil District Court against Daniel and others, asserting property claims. In January 2001, Daniel filed a suit affecting the parent-child relationship (SAPCR) under the original cause number 96-47718 in the 245th District Court, seeking to modify his possession of and access to the parties' child. The 165th District Court concluded that Gwyn's property claims against Daniel were for breach of the AID and transferred that portion of the case to the 245th District Court, where the case was given the number 96-47718-B (the B-case).
Daniel filed a motion to compel arbitration in the B-case in accordance with the AID. At a hearing on March 13, 2001, Gwen agreed to participate in a mediation of the property issues, but objected to arbitration on the basis that the agreement was not for binding arbitration and, therefore, arbitration would be a waste of time. (1) Gwyn also objected to Smith as the arbitrator. On March 22, 2001, the trial court signed an order compelling mediation/arbitration. The court ordered the parties to mediate and, if necessary, to arbitrate all contractual and property issues with Smith "no later than May 15, 2001." The order compelling mediation/arbitration bore the cause number 1996-47718.
On April 17, in a letter to Smith, Daniel's counsel indicated that the mediation was rescheduled to May 3 and the arbitration to May 4. (2) On April 18, Gwyn's counsel wrote Smith, saying that he agreed to mediate on May 3, but that he considered May 4 too soon to arbitrate the case due to some outstanding discovery. He also informed Smith that Daniel's counsel opposed the motion to extend the time of the arbitration. On April 19, Daniel's counsel wrote Smith to say, "I believe we should go forward with the arbitration on May 4th as scheduled." On April 23, Daniel's counsel wrote Smith, defending his client's compliance with discovery matters and again stating that he thought the mediation and arbitration should proceed as previously scheduled. On April 26, in a hearing before Smith, Gwyn's counsel indicated that he had filed a motion asking the trial court to extend the arbitration deadline, but that the court had not given him a hearing on the motion.
On May 2, Daniel's counsel wrote Smith, saying there was confusion regarding the dates for mediation and arbitration, that Gwyn's counsel had complained about the May 4 arbitration, and that Daniel's counsel had learned that Gwyn's counsel had issued a subpoena for the appearance at the arbitration hearing of a witness whom Daniel's counsel had been trying to depose. Daniel's counsel proposed taking the witness's deposition and said the arbitration could be conducted "as soon as reasonably possible" following the deposition. In the letter, he said he had spoken with Gwyn's counsel that same morning to reschedule the mediation "closer to the arbitration" and that Gwyn's counsel said he intended to go forward with the arbitration as scheduled.
On May 3, Gwyn's counsel, at Smith's office with Gwyn and a court reporter, made a certificate of non-appearance in which he stated that he and Gwyn showed up in good faith to mediate; that neither Daniel, his counsel, nor Smith had appeared; that the mediation had apparently been cancelled; and that Gwyn's counsel had received no notice of the cancellation. Gwen's counsel attached, as exhibits, the correspondence from the attorneys to Smith, the order compelling mediation, an unsigned notice of mediation, and one page of the transcript of the April 26 hearing.
Meanwhile, a notice of intent to dismiss had been sent by the district clerk to counsel for both parties on March 22. On April 20, the B-case was dismissed for want of prosecution.
In a telephone conference on August 22, the trial court instructed the parties to complete arbitration by September 7. The trial court issued an order on August 23 ordering mediation on September 4 and arbitration to be completed by September 7, with the arbitrator's rulings delivered to the court by September 10. On August 31, Daniel filed a motion for continuance that stated that Daniel's lead counsel was scheduled for trial in another case on September 4. The continuance was granted.
On September 26, the date on which mediation was to begin, Smith conducted a hearing on the record. At this hearing, Smith learned, apparently for the first time, that the B-case had been dismissed for want of prosecution in April. Daniel's counsel argued that, because of the dismissal, there were no property claims before the court. Gwyn's counsel stated that he had only recently learned of the dismissal from Daniel's counsel. Various accusations of unprofessional behavior were exchanged between counsel. Smith concluded that, in light of the dismissal of the property suit--the B-case--there was doubt about his jurisdiction to proceed with the arbitration, as well as doubt about the validity of any orders he had issued in the previous months. As a result, the mediation did not go forward. Neither counsel informed Smith that, on September 18, Gwyn had filed an amended petition containing Gwyn's claims in both the SAPCR and property suit.
On October 11, the trial court issued an order for the parties to arbitrate their claims before the Honorable Mary Sean O'Reilly beginning on October 20 and continuing October 21 and 22 until conclusion. Daniel objected that the trial court could not appoint any arbitrator other that one named in the AID and that, if the court could name another arbitrator, it could not be Judge O'Reilly because she had mediated the parties' dispute over possession of their child in the SAPCR and, as a mediator, she had had access to privileged information.
At a hearing on October 18 on Daniel's objections, the trial court stated that another arbitrator had been appointed because of the delays in arbitrating with Smith and, because Smith was at that time out of the country, he would not be available to arbitrate the property issues before October 25, the date set for trial and the ultimate arbitration deadline set by the court. The court reminded the parties that they had agreed to each of the dates set for arbitration and said that both sides were guilty of dragging out the arbitration process. Regarding the objection to Judge O'Reilly, the court said,
The arbitrator mediated the child custody issues, nothing dealing with property. As far as the Court is concerned, as far as this Court knows, unless there is some proof otherwise, no property issues have been before this mediator. So this Court's order to mediate with that arbitrator on those dates will stand.
Following this ruling, Daniel filed this petition for writ of mandamus and an interlocutory appeal. (3)
DISCUSSION
Mandamus issues only to correct a clear abuse of discretion or the violation of a duty imposed by law when there is no other adequate remedy at law. Johnson v. Fourth Court of Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916, 917 (Tex. 1985) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion only when its decision is so arbitrary and unreasonable that the decision amounts to a clear and prejudicial error of law. Cent. Nat'l Ins. Co. of Omaha v. Lerner, 856 S.W.2d 492, 494 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, orig. proceeding).
Appointment of Arbitrator Other Than Smith
In his first issue, Daniel contends that the trial court abused its discretion in appointing a binding arbitrator other than the individual expressly agreed to in the parties' agreement to arbitrate. Daniel argues that the trial court may not appoint a different arbitrator unless the appointment complies with section 171.041(b) of the Texas Arbitration Act (TAA). (4) Section 171.041(b) provides:
The court, on application of a party stating the nature of the issues to be arbitrated and the qualifications of the proposed arbitrators, shall appoint one or more qualified arbitrators if:
. . .
(3) an appointed arbitrator fails or is unable to act and a successor has not been appointed.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 171.041(b) (Vernon Supp. 2002). Daniel complains that no party made the required application stating the nature of the issues to be arbitrated and the qualifications of the proposed arbitrator and, in addition, the named arbitrator was not unable to act. Daniel also contends that it was improper for the trial court to impose a timetable for the arbitration.
The Texas Family Code authorizes arbitration, upon the agreement of the parties, on the issues involved in the dissolution of the marriage and issues concerning the parent-child relationship. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 6.601 (dissolution of the marriage), § 153.0071(a) (SAPCR) (Vernon 1998 & Supp. 2002). Under the Family Code, an arbitration agreement must state whether the arbitration is binding or non-binding. Id., §§ 6.601, 153.0071(a). However, the Family Code does not make provisions for the judge to act if the appointed arbitrator fails or is unable to act.
We have found only one case involving arbitration under the Family Code. In Cooper v. Bushong, 10 S.W.3d 20 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, pet. denied), the parties agreed to submit a paternity dispute and termination of parental rights to binding arbitration. Id. at 22-23. After the arbitrator made an award, one of the parties challenged the validity of the award. Id. at 23. The court of appeals cited the TAA for the requirements for setting aside an arbitration award, modifying an award, and confirming an award. (5) Id. at 24-26. We agree with the Cooper court that if, in a family law case, an arbitration is binding, as it was in Cooper, it is appropriate to follow the TAA.
The TAA does not exclude family law claims from its coverage. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 171.002(a) (Vernon Supp. 2002). Therefore, the TAA applies to Family Code arbitration if the arbitration agreement specifies that the arbitration is binding. However, the TAA, by its own terms, cannot apply to non-binding Family Code arbitration. See, e.g., Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 171.053-.054, 171.081, 171.087-.092 (Vernon Supp. 2002) (pertaining to the award and its modification or correction, vacation, confirmation, and enforcement). The TAA necessarily contemplates that the arbitration award be binding and makes no provision for a non-binding arbitration procedure. Porter & Clements, L.L.P. v. Stone, 935 S.W.2d 217, 221 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ). At most, those provisions in the TAA that may be applied to non-binding arbitration should be used as guidelines for the arbitration, not as controlling law.
Because the arbitration agreement in this case did not state that the arbitration would be binding, we hold that, as a matter of law, the agreement was for non-binding arbitration. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 6.601. (6) Therefore the TAA does not apply.
The trial court has the inherent authority to control the disposition of cases on its docket. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 240 (Tex. 2001). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in setting a reasonable deadline, requiring the parties to complete arbitration before the date of their trial setting. Furthermore, when the parties failed to proceed with the arbitration after a delay of approximately seven months, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in appointing a different arbitrator.
We overrule Daniel's first issue.
The Appointment of O'Reilly as Arbitrator
In his second issue, Daniel contends that the trial court abused its discretion in appointing Judge O'Reilly as arbitrator after she had served as the parties' mediator in the SAPCR. Daniel argues that O'Reilly is disqualified to act as an impartial arbitrator because of privileged information to which she was privy in her role as mediator.
Section 154.073(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code provides that all communications made to a mediator are confidential, are not subject to disclosure, and may not be used as evidence against the participant in any judicial or administrative proceeding. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 154.073(a) (Vernon Supp. 2002). In addition, all matters concerning a mediation are confidential and may not be disclosed even to the appointing court. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 154.053(c) (Vernon Supp. 2002). Thus, a mediator is in the position of receiving confidential information from the parties that, by statute, may not be revealed to the court or to any other person. If the mediator is later appointed to be the arbitrator between the same parties, as an arbitrator, he or she is likely to be in the possession of information that either or both of those parties would not have chosen to reveal to an arbitrator.
Gwyn argues that (1) Daniel's complaint is too general and the trial court has not seen or ruled on the supposed confidential information; (2) as a former judge, O'Reilly is capable of disregarding any information that is confidential; and (3) O'Reilly's service as both mediator and arbitrator is no different from the proposed service of Smith in both capacities.
First, requiring Daniel to present prejudicial, confidential information to the trial court in chambers for a ruling on his objection to O'Reilly would defeat the purpose of section 154.053. The mediation process encourages candid disclosures, including confidential information, to a mediator. It is the potential for the use of that confidential information that creates the problem when the mediator, over the objection of one of the parties, becomes the arbitrator of the same or a related dispute. It would be improper for a mediator to disclose any confidential information to another arbitrator of the parties' dispute. Therefore, it is improper for the mediator to act as the arbitrator in the same or a related dispute without the express consent of the parties.
Second, we know of no basis for assuming that judges "routinely see confidential, prejudicial information during pre-trial proceedings," as asserted by Gwyn, but if the parties reveal such information to the trial court, they do so at their peril and with the knowledge that the judge will be deciding the merits of their dispute. That argument cannot justify appointing a mediator to function as an arbitrator in the same or a related dispute.
Finally, the parties selected Smith to serve as mediator and, if the issues were not resolved, to serve as arbitrator. Therefore, the parties would have known, when they disclosed information to Smith in private sessions, that the information could be used by him in making his award as arbitrator. The parties then could have made informed decisions about what to disclose to the mediator. (7) Because they did not know, when O'Reilly mediated the SAPCR, that she would also later be their arbitrator, the parties had no opportunity to make such an informed decision during the mediation.
For these reasons, the trial court, in appointing O'Reilly, the parties' mediator, to serve as arbitrator, abused its discretion.
CONCLUSION
We deny the petition for writ of mandamus as it relates to the appointment of an arbitrator other that James Patrick Smith. However, in light of the parties' agreement to mediate, and, if necessary, to arbitrate their property dispute with James Patrick Smith, our ruling is not to be understood as a basis for appointing a substitute mediator/arbitrator unless James Patrick Smith is unable to act as the parties' mediator/arbitrator prior to any new trial setting.
We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus only as it relates to the appointment of the Honorable Mary Sean O'Reilly as arbitrator of the parties' property and contractual disputes. We direct the trial court to vacate its October 11, 2001 order appointing the Honorable Mary Sean O'Reilly as arbitrator. We are confident that the trial court will promptly comply with our opinion. The writ will issue only if it does not.
Sam Nuchia
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Cohen, Wilson, and Nuchia.
Publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
[W]here an impasse has been declared at the conclusion of a mediation, the mediator if requested and agreed to by all parties, may serve as the arbitrator in a binding arbitration of the dispute . . . .
Ethical Guidelines for Mediators, Alternative Dispute Resolution Section of the Texas State Bar.