TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-00-00215-CV
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Appellant
v.
Charles Waibel, Appellee
NO. 244,572, HONORABLE J. DAVID PHILLIPS, JUDGE PRESIDING
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In August 1997 Waibel sustained personal injuries as a passenger in a car that was struck by a vehicle driven by Marius Pocol. The owner of the vehicle driven by Pocol was insured by Royal & SunAlliance Insurance Company ("Royal"). Pocol's liability was never disputed by Royal. Waibel was insured by State Farm. His insurance policy provided Medical Payment Coverage ("Med-Pay")--contractual no-fault insurance for medical expenses--of up to $5000.
Within days of the collision, Waibel's attorney, Lonnie Roach, notified Royal that he represented Waibel. Waibel had signed a contingency-fee agreement with Roach that provided for payment of one-third of any settlement received by Waibel from any third party responsible for his injuries and "any insurance companies providing coverage to [Waibel]." Royal requested that Roach send verification of medical bills, lost wages, and any other pertinent information regarding Waibel's injuries. Roach did not respond to the request. In November Royal sent a second request to Roach. Roach responded that he would send the medical information when Waibel was "released" from his medical providers.
Meanwhile on September 9, 1997, State Farm notified Waibel, through Roach, of the availability of Med-Pay under Waibel's policy. State Farm's letter stated:
In the event we make a payment to you under your medical payment coverage for bodily injury caused by someone who may be legally liable for your injuries, we may be entitled to reimbursement of our payment. We will not seek reimbursement for the amount we have paid if your recovery from the responsible party plus our payments are not sufficient to pay all of your reasonable and necessary medical expenses. Should we make payment to you, we require that you take no action that might jeopardize our right of reimbursement. We further request you advise us prior to settlement with any person or organization legally responsible for your injury.
Waibel filed a Med-Pay claim with State Farm in March 1998 supported by fifteen pages of medical bills. State Farm paid Waibel $5000 and placed Royal on notice of its subrogation claim. (1)
In May State Farm inquired of Royal as to the status of the subrogation claim. Royal acknowledged receipt of State Farm's claim and requested that State Farm "provide us with supporting documents on your subrogation claim on Charles Waibel for review. Reimbursement of your subrogation claim will be made as soon as the information is received." On the same day, Royal sent a letter to Roach notifying him that it had still not received any information on Waibel's injuries or medical treatment.
On June 30, 1998, State Farm sent Waibel a letter requesting that he not jeopardize State Farm's right to reimbursement of the $5000 and that he notify State Farm prior to any settlement with Royal. At about the same time, State Farm sent Royal copies of the medical records it had received from Roach.
On July 1 Roach sent Royal fifty-seven pages of documentation of Waibel's medical treatment and expenses. A few days later, Royal offered to settle all claims, including State Farm's subrogation claim, for $15,000. Roach then sent Royal seven more pages of medical documents and counteroffered for $28,500. Roach did not mention State Farm's subrogation claim in his counteroffer. Roach, on Waibel's behalf, ultimately agreed to a settlement. The parties dispute the proper characterization of the settlement and its division. Waibel and Roach claim that Roach "settled [Waibel's] entire claim against the third-party tort-feasor [Pocol] for the sum of $22,000." State Farm contends that Royal "agreed to settle State Farm's subrogation claim for $5,000, and Mr. Waibel's claim for $17,000." Royal issued two checks, one for $17,000, payable to Waibel and Roach, and the other for $5000, payable to Waibel, Roach, and State Farm. Waibel and Roach claim that a portion of the $5000 should be paid to Waibel as part of his expenses in successfully pursuing his claim against Pocol.
Waibel filed suit against State Farm requesting a declaratory judgment that State Farm's "recoverable subrogation interest . . . is $5,000.00, less a pro rata share of [Waibel's] expenses incurred in pursuing . . . his personal injury claim against the third-party tort-feasor." Both Waibel and State Farm filed motions for summary judgment. The county court at law granted Waibel's motion for summary judgment, awarding him $1694.46 out of the $5000 as State Farm's pro rata share of the expenses incurred by Waibel in obtaining recovery from Pocol. (2) By four issues, State Farm appeals the county court at law's summary judgment complaining that it is wrong as a matter of law and is not supported by evidence, and further appeals the court's imposition of trial and appellate attorney's fees incurred by Waibel in this suit.
DISCUSSION
Summary Judgment
A traditional motion for summary judgment is properly granted when the movant establishes that there are no genuine issues of material fact to be decided and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d 470, 471 (Tex. 1991). All doubts are resolved against the movant, and the reviewing court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovants. Lear Siegler, 819 S.W.2d at 471. Because the propriety of summary judgment in this case is a question of law, we review the county court at law's decision de novo. See Natividad v. Alexis, Inc., 875 S.W.2d 695, 699 (Tex. 1994).
A. Subrogation Expenses
By its first three issues, State Farm asserts that it is entitled to recover its entire subrogation interest based on contractual and equitable principles, and that Waibel has not satisfied the elements of the common-fund doctrine.
Waibel's policy with State Farm granted State Farm a subrogation interest; however, contracts that give insurers the right to subrogation only confirm, but do not expand, the equitable subrogation rights of insurers. See Esparza v. Scott & White Health Plan, 909 S.W.2d 548, 552 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, writ denied). "To avoid injustice, the equities must still be balanced in deciding what amount, if any, the subrogee is entitled to receive in a given case." Id. We will not disturb a trial court's balancing of the equities unless it would be inequitable to allow the judgment to stand. Id. (citing Kneip v. Unitedbank-Victoria, 734 S.W.2d 130, 133 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1987, no writ); Davis v. Carothers, 335 S.W.2d 631, 641 (Tex. Civ. App.--Waco 1960, writ dism'd by agr.)). (3)
An insurer's right to equitable subrogation is limited. An insurer cannot enforce its subrogation interest until the insured has fully recovered. See Ortiz v. Great S. Fire & Cas. Ins. Co., 597 S.W.2d 342, 343-44 (Tex. 1980). In addition, when an insurer does not assist in the collection of damages from the third-party tortfeasor, it must pay its share of the costs and expenses incurred in obtaining recovery from the third party, including attorney's fees. See id. at 344 (citing State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Elkins, 451 S.W.2d 528, 531-32 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1970, no writ)).
It is undisputed that Waibel has been fully compensated for his injuries. Waibel, however, argues that State Farm's subrogation interest should be reduced by the expenses he incurred in recovering from Royal. Roach sent fifteen pages of medical documents to State Farm in support of Waibel's claim for Med-Pay under his contract of insurance. State Farm forwarded copies of the records to Royal. Roach eventually sent over sixty pages of medical documents directly to Royal. Even though Royal had communicated to State Farm that "[r]eimbursement of [its] subrogation claim [would] be made as soon as the information [was] received," Royal did not do so once State Farm sent the medical information it did possess. Instead, Royal's first settlement offer was made to Roach alone, and it came six days after Roach first sent medical information to Royal. Although correspondence was exchanged between Royal and Roach and between Royal and State Farm, Royal made its initial offer to Roach. Roach's counteroffer was sent directly to Royal.
From the record it is clear that Roach, Waibel's attorney, negotiated the settlement with Royal that made Waibel whole, thus allowing State Farm's subrogation interest to be considered. State Farm urges the contrary. However, State Farm's efforts were solely focused on protection of its subrogation interest and not on securing a settlement for Waibel. Indeed, Waibel had to be fully compensated before State Farm's interest could be satisfied at all. See Ortiz, 597 S.W.2d at 343-44; Esparza, 909 S.W.2d at 552.
Whether Royal paid State Farm's subrogation claim because of State Farm's forwarding of the initial fifteen pages of Waibel's medical records is of no consequence. Royal did not agree to any payment until it had received medical records from Roach. It was Roach's actions that ensured Royal's settlement. An insurer who does not assist in the collection of damages from the third-party tortfeasor must pay its share of the costs and expenses incurred in obtaining recovery from the third party. See Ortiz, 597 S.W.2d at 344 (citing Elkins, 451 S.W.2d at 531-32). The county court at law determined, and we agree, that State Farm did not assist in the recovery as a matter of law. Thus, we hold that State Farm must share in the expenses incurred by Waibel in recovering from Royal.
Both State Farm and Waibel draw attention to a line of cases analyzing and applying the common-fund doctrine. (4) See Trustees v. Greenough, 105 U.S. 527 (1881); Knebel v. Capital Nat'l Bank, 518 S.W.2d 795 (Tex. 1974); City of Dallas v. Arnett, 762 S.W.2d 942 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1988, writ denied). The common-fund doctrine is an equitable principle that seeks to avoid unjust enrichment. Knebel, 518 S.W.2d at 799-800. Application of this doctrine results in "charging a common fund with expenses, including attorney's fees," to distribute the burdens of such expenses among those benefitting from the actions of one who preserves, protects, or increases that common fund. Id. at 799.
State Farm argues that Waibel cannot satisfy the elements that must be proved for a party to recover under the common-fund doctrine; therefore, Waibel cannot recover under the doctrine. Waibel argues that he has satisfied those elements. We are aware that other courts of appeals have applied the common-fund doctrine to subrogation interests. See Valle v. State Farm Auto. Ins. Co., 5 S.W.3d 745, 746-47 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1999, no pet.); Texas Farmers Ins. Co. v. Seals, 948 S.W.2d 532, 534 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1997, no writ); Lancer Corp. v. Murillo, 909 S.W.2d 122, 126-27 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1995, no writ). Because we have determined that Waibel is entitled to recover under other principles of equity, we will not address the applicability of the common-fund doctrine to the facts of this case. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
We overrule State Farm's first three issues.
B. Reasonableness of Attorney's Fees
By its fourth issue, State Farm objects to the amount of the attorney's fees awarded to Waibel as his expenses in recovering from Royal. (5) State Farm contends that "there is no evidence that the Attorney's fees charged by [Waibel's] counsel to his client--and indirectly to State Farm via reduction of its subrogation claim--were reasonable or necessary or equitable." Thus, according to State Farm, even if Waibel is entitled to his expenses, he has not proved that his attorney's fees expenses were reasonable.
In support of its contention, State Farm relies on Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equipment Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812 (Tex. 1997), and Woollett v. Matyastik, 23 S.W.3d 48 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, pet. denied). In Arthur Andersen, the supreme court held that evidence of the reasonableness of attorney's fees must be present to support a trial court's award under a fee-shifting statute. Arthur Andersen, 945 S.W.2d at 819. "A party's contingent fee agreement should be considered by the fact finder, and is therefore admissible in evidence, but that agreement cannot alone support an award of attorney's fees under [the DTPA]." Id. at 818 (citations omitted). In addition to the existence of a contingency-fee agreement, other factors that should be considered by a fact-finder in determining the reasonableness of a fee include:
(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill required to perform the legal service properly;
(2) the likelihood . . . that the acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer;
(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;
(4) the amount involved and the results obtained;
(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances;
(6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client;
(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and
(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent on results obtained or uncertainty or collection before the legal services have been rendered.
Id. (citations omitted).
Similarly, this Court has held that a guardian seeking attorney's fees under a statute allowing reimbursement of reasonable and necessary expenses must conform to the statute's proof requirements. Woollett, 23 S.W.3d at 53. "Determining a reasonable attorney's fee is a question of fact and the fee award must be supported by competent evidence." Id. at 52. In Woollett, the application for expenses was deficient because not only did it fail to conform to the statutory requirements, it failed under "general principles" regarding attorney's fee awards--the application was "not based on expert testimony" and did not "detail the work completed, state the attorney's hourly rates or the hours expended on the material relating to the guardianship, or state that the rates are reasonable and customary in [the] county." Id. at 53. This Court concluded that the lower court could not adjudicate the reasonableness of attorney's fees without the benefit of evidence. Id.
State Farm's subrogation claim is not grounded in statutory law; it is based on contract and governed by equity. However, the basis of the claim does not relieve Waibel of his burden to prove that the fees were reasonable. The reasoning in Arthur Andersen and Woollett is persuasive. (6) Just as the fee-shifting statutes at issue in those cases limited recovery to reasonable attorney's fees, Waibel is permitted only his reasonable expenses. See Ortiz, 597 S.W.2d at 343 ("An insured should not be required to account for more than the surplus which remained in his hands after satisfying his own excess of loss in full and his reasonable expenses incurred in its recovery." (emphasis added) (citation omitted)).
Waibel did not present legally sufficient evidence of the reasonableness or necessity of the attorney's fees paid by him for Roach's work in settling with Royal. (7) Although evidence of Roach's actions was presented in establishing Waibel's right to reimbursement for his expenses, there was not sufficient evidence of the reasonableness of the amount that was awarded. Waibel did not present summary-judgment proof addressing the factors that a fact-finder should consider in determining the reasonableness of attorney's fees. (8) See Arthur Andersen, 945 S.W.2d at 819. A court cannot adjudicate the reasonableness of attorney's fees without evidence. See Woollett, 23 S.W.3d at 53. Considering the entire summary-judgment record, Waibel has not proven that his expenses were reasonable. Waibel is entitled to his expenses, but because those expenses are attorney's fees, they must be reasonable and necessary. We sustain State Farm's fourth issue.
Trial and Appellate Attorney's Fees
By its final issue, State Farm argues that the county court at law abused his discretion in awarding trial and appellate attorney's fees in pursuing this declaratory-judgment action because "there is no evidence that such fees were reasonable and necessary, and because the attorney's fees award was neither equitable nor just." (9) State Farm continues, in the alternative, that there are fact issues concerning the sufficiency of the evidence to support such an award.
Because we have reversed in part the county court at law's summary judgment, we also reverse that portion of the judgment awarding trial and appellate attorney's fees without prejudice to the right of Waibel to reurge his request.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the part of the summary judgment awarding attorney's fees to Waibel for his expenses in recovering from Royal and for pursuing this declaratory-judgment action. We remand that portion of the cause to the county court at law for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We affirm the summary judgment in all other respects.
Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Yeakel and Powers*
Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part
Filed: March 14, 2001
Do Not Publish
* Before John E. Powers, Senior Justice (retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).
1. Subrogation is an equitable right that arises from an insurer paying the whole or partial debt
of another under indemnity insurance. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Elkins, 451 S.W.2d
528, 530 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1970, no writ).
2. Waibel's summary-judgment evidence reflects that he incurred $7333.33 in attorney's fees
and $122.29 in other expenses, for a total of $7455.62. The trial court assessed $1694.46, or
5/22 of Waibel's total expenses--the ratio that State Farm's subrogated interest of $5000 bears to
the overall $22,000 settlement--against State Farm.
3. The issues before us do not involve questions regarding whether State Farm has a right to
subrogation, but only how much it should receive. See Esparza v. Scott & White Health Plan,
909 S.W.2d 548, 551 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, writ denied).
4. Waibel argues that he has satisfied the elements of a common fund, including the
requirement that his attorney assisted in the collection of the common-fund claim. State Farm
asserts that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence of at least one element of the common-fund doctrine. State Farm's arguments involving factual and legal sufficiency focus solely on the
elements of the common-fund doctrine.
5. Waibel initially responds that State Farm has waived this argument by not objecting to the
amount of attorney's fees sought by Waibel in its response to his motion for summary judgment.
Waibel contends that State Farm first objected to the reasonableness of those fees in its motion
for new trial. We disagree; State Farm's response addresses the amount of fees sought by Waibel.
6. Indeed, Arthur Andersen has been extended to require factual evidence of the reasonableness
of attorney's fees in other contexts. See, e.g., Oram v. State Farm Lloyds, 977 S.W.2d 163, 168
(Tex. App.--Austin 1998, no pet.) (unfair insurance practices); O'Farrill Avila v. Gonzalez, 974
S.W.2d 237, 248-49 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1998, pet. denied) (breach of contract); Lubbock
County v. Strube, 953 S.W.2d 847, 857-58 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, pet. denied) (Whistleblower
Act). And Woollett involved the recovery of attorney's fees as a component of expenses allowed
a guardian. Woollett v. Matyastik, 23 S.W.3d 48, 52-53 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, pet. denied).
7. The summary-judgment record did include a detailed affidavit by Roach concerning the
attorney's fees he charged to Waibel in this suit.
8.
9. Attorney's fees are recoverable under the Declaratory Judgments Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.009 (West 1997).
tory-judgment action. We remand that portion of the cause to the county court at law for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We affirm the summary judgment in all other respects.
Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Yeakel and Powers*
Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part
Filed: March 14, 2001
Do Not Publish
* Before John E. Powers, Senior Justice (retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).
1. Subrogation is an equitable right that arises from an insurer paying the whole or partial debt
of another under indemnity insurance. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Elkins, 451 S.W.2d
528, 530 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1970, no writ).
2. Waibel's summary-judgment evidence reflects that he incurred $7333.33 in attorney's fees
and $122.29 in other expenses, for a total of $7455.62. The trial court assessed $1694.46, or
5/22 of Waibel's total expenses--the ratio that State Farm's subrogated interest of $5000 bears to
the overall $22,000 settlement--against State Farm.
3. The issues before us do not involve questions regarding whether State Farm has a right to
subrogation, but only how much it should receive. See Esparza v. Scott & White Health Plan,
909 S.W.2d 548, 551 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, writ denied).
4. Waibel argues that he has satisfied the elements of a common fund, including the
requirement that his attorney assisted in the collection of the common-fund claim. State Farm
asserts that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence of at least one element of the common-fund doctrine. State Farm's arguments involving factual and legal sufficiency focus solely on the
elements of the common-fund doctrine.
5. Waibel initially responds that State Farm has waived this argument by not objecting to the
amount of attorney's fees sought by Waibel in its response to his motion for summary judgment.
Waibel contends that State Farm first objected to the reasonableness of those fees in its motion
for new trial. We disagree; State Farm's response addresses the amount of fees sought by Waibel.
6. Indeed, Arthur Andersen has been extended to require factual evidence of the reasonableness
of attorney's fees in other contexts. See, e.g., Oram v. State Farm Lloyds, 977 S.W.2d 163, 168
(Tex. App.--Austin 1998, no pet.) (unfair insurance practices); O'Farrill Avila v. Gonzalez, 974
S.W.2d 237, 248-49 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1998, pet. denied) (breach of contract); Lubbock
County v. Strube, 953 S.W.2d 847, 857-58 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, pet. denied) (Whistleblower
Act). And Woollett involved the recovery of attorney's fees as a component of expenses allowed
a guardian. Woollett v. Matyastik, 23 S.W.3d 48, 52-53 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, pet. denied).
7. The summary-judgment record did include a detailed affidavit by Roach concerning the
attorney's fees he charged to Waibel in this suit.
8.
9. Attorney's fees are recoverable under the Declaratory Judgments Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.009 (West 1997).
tory-judgment action. We remand that portion of the cause to the county court at law for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We affirm the summary judgment in all other respects.
Lee Yeakel, Justice
Before Justices Kidd, Yeakel and Powers*
Affirmed in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part
Filed: March 14, 2001
Do Not Publish
* Before John E. Powers, Senior Justice (retired), Third Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).
1. Subrogation is an equitable right that arises from an insurer paying the whole or partial debt
of another under indemnity insurance. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Elkins, 451 S.W.2d
528, 530 (Tex. Civ. App.--Tyler 1970, no writ).
2. Waibel's summary-judgment evidence reflects that he incurred $7333.33 in attorney's fees
and $122.29 in other expenses, for a total of $7455.62. The trial court assessed $1694.46, or
5/22 of Waibel's total expenses--the ratio that State Farm's subrogated interest of $5000 bears to
the overall $22,000 settlement--against State Farm.
3. The issues before us do not involve questions regarding whether State Farm has a right to
subrogation, but only how much it should receive. See Esparza v. Scott & White Health Plan,
909 S.W.2d 548, 551 (Tex. App.--Austin 1995, writ denied).
4. Waibel argues that he has satisfied the elements of a common fund, including the
requirement that his attorney assisted in the collection of the common-fund claim. State Farm
asserts that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence of at least one element of the common-fund doctrine. State Farm's arguments involving factual and legal sufficiency focus solely on the
elements of the common-fund doctrine.
5. Waibel initially responds that State Farm has waived this argument by not objecting to the
amount of attorney's fees sought by Waibel in its response to his motion for summary judgment.
Waibel contends that State Farm first objected to the reasonableness of those fees in its motion
for new trial. We