Roman v. Ashcroft

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 2 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2003 FED App. 0283P (6th Cir.) File Name: 03a0283p.06 LITIGATION, CIVIL DIVISION, Washington, D.C., for Appellants. David W. Leopold, DAVID WOLFE LEOPOLD & ASSOCIATES, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS ON BRIEF: Alison R. Drucker, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF J USTICE, IMMIGRATION FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT LITIGATION, CIVIL DIVISION, Washington, D.C., for _________________ Appellants. David W. Leopold, DAVID WOLFE LEOPOLD & ASSOCIATES, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. JULIO E. ROMAN , X Petitioner-Appellee, - MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which - SCHWARZER, D. J., joined. GIBBONS, J. (pp. 28-29), - No. 02-3253 delivered a separate opinion concurring in the result. v. - > _________________ , JOHN ASHCROFT et al., - Respondents-Appellants. - OPINION _________________ N Appeal from the United States District Court KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Respondents- for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland. Appellants United States Attorney General, John Ashcroft; No. 01-01236—Ann Aldrich, District Judge. former Acting Commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”), Kevin Rooney; former Argued: June 10, 2003 Cleveland District Director of the INS, Robert L. Brown; and New Orleans District Director of the INS, Christine G. Davis Decided and Filed: August 13, 2003 (collectively “the government”) appeal the district court’s judgment granting Petitioner-Appellee Julio E. Roman Before: MOORE and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges; (“Roman”) habeas corpus relief. Roman, an Ohio resident, SCHWARZER, Senior District Judge.* was convicted of federal crimes in the Northern District of Ohio and incarcerated in Kentucky. The INS charged Roman _________________ with being removable on three grounds related to his federal convictions, and Roman was transferred from a federal prison COUNSEL in Kentucky to an INS detention facility in the Western District of Louisiana. ARGUED: Alison R. Drucker, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF J USTICE, IMMIGRATION In July 2000, an immigration judge (“IJ”) found Roman removable and statutorily ineligible for discretionary relief from removal pursuant to § 212(h) of the Immigration and * Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h). The Board of The Honorable William W Schwarzer, Senior United States District Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed this decision on Judge for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation. 1 No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 3 4 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 appeal. Roman filed a § 2241 petition for a writ of habeas I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE corpus,1 arguing that § 212(h) violates the Fifth Amendment Equal Protection Clause. Although Roman was being Roman is a 46-year old native and citizen of the Dominican detained in the Western District of Louisiana at the time, he Republic. He has been a lawful permanent resident of the filed the habeas corpus petition in the district where he United States since October 29, 1996, and was last admitted resided prior to his incarceration and where he was convicted to the United States on February 8, 1997. Roman is married of the crimes underlying his removal — the Northern District and has six children who are United States citizens. of Ohio. The government moved to dismiss Roman’s application because the district court lacked personal On September 30, 1999, Roman pleaded guilty in the jurisdiction over the respondents and because § 212(h) does Northern District of Ohio to fraud and misuse of visas, not violate the Equal Protection Clause. The district court permits, and other documents, in violation of 18 U.S.C. concluded that it had personal jurisdiction over the Attorney § 1546(a), and misuse of social security numbers, in violation General, and granted Roman a writ of habeas corpus on of 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(7)(C). Roman was sentenced to 15 grounds that § 212(h) violates the Equal Protection Clause. months of imprisonment for these two felonies and served 13 The district court then ordered the case remanded to the BIA months of the sentence. to allow Roman to pursue § 212(h) relief. The government timely appealed. While Roman was serving his sentence, the INS issued a Notice to Appear and lodged an additional charge against Because Roman’s action must be brought in the district Roman. Pursuant to INA § 237, 8 U.S.C. § 1227, the INS court having jurisdiction over “the person having custody of charged Roman with being removable on three grounds: the person detained,” 28 U.S.C. § 2243, we VACATE the (1) conviction relating to document fraud, see INA district court’s decision to grant Roman habeas corpus relief § 237(a)(3)(B)(iii); (2) conviction of a crime involving moral and REMAND to the district court with instructions to turpitude committed within five years of entry for which a determine whether the Cleveland District Director and the sentence of one year or longer may be imposed, see INA INS Commissioner are proper respondents to Roman’s § 237(a)(2)(A)(i); and (3) conviction of an aggravated felony, petition. In the event that the district court concludes that see INA § 237(a)(2)(A)(iii). these officials are not proper respondents, we instruct the district court to transfer the action to the Western District of Roman was transferred from the Lexington Federal Medical Louisiana. Center in Lexington, Kentucky, to the Oakdale Detention Center in Oakdale, Louisiana, and passed into INS custody. At his removal hearing in Oakdale, Roman admitted to the INS’s factual allegations but denied that he was removable. According to Roman, because he adjusted his status in 1991, he was not deportable for committing a crime involving moral 1 28 U.S.C. § 2241 and 28 U.S.C. § 2243 both use the terms turpitude within five years after his admission to the country. “application” and “applicant” rather than “petition” and “petitioner.” Roman also argued that he was not removable because his Ho wever, many § 224 1 cases refer to petitions and petitioners, as do the document fraud was a first offense undertaken solely to assist parties to this action. Therefore, we will refer to Roman’s § 2241 close family members, which does not constitute an application for a writ of habeas corpus as a petition and to R oman as a aggravated felony. See INA § 101(a)(43)(P), 8 U.S.C. petitioner throughout this opinion. No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 5 6 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 § 1101(a)(43)(P). The IJ did not allow Roman to testify about Roman filed a motion seeking a stay of removal, and the his conviction of document fraud. district court enjoined the INS from executing a final order of removal pending the outcome of judicial proceedings. The On August 11, 2000, the IJ entered a decision rejecting case was briefly held in abeyance while the court awaited the Roman’s arguments that he was not deportable for Supreme Court’s disposition of INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 committing a crime involving moral turpitude and that he had (2001). not committed an aggravated felony. The decision implied that the five-year period mentioned in the moral turpitude The government moved to dismiss Roman’s petition in July ground of removal started running from the date of Roman’s 2001. The government challenged personal jurisdiction and last entry, February 8, 1997. Moreover, because the criminal venue, noted Roman’s failure to exhaust administrative plea agreement stated that Roman possessed false documents remedies with respect to § 212(h),2 and argued that § 212(h) for approximately thirty persons, the IJ rejected Roman’s does not violate the Equal Protection Clause. contention that he engaged in document fraud solely to assist close family members. In September 2001, the district court issued an order granting the government’s motion to dismiss for want of The IJ found Roman removable, denied Roman’s request personal jurisdiction as to the New Orleans District Director for cancellation of removal pursuant to INA § 240A(a), 8 and denying the motion as to the Attorney General. Roman U.S.C. § 1229b(a), and ordered Roman removed to the v. Ashcroft, 162 F. Supp. 2d 755, 758, 759 (N.D. Ohio 2001) Dominican Republic. The IJ did not address the possibility [Roman I]. The order did not discuss whether the INS of discretionary relief from removal pursuant to § 212(h). Commissioner and Cleveland District Director were The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and denied Roman’s appropriately named as respondents. Id. at 758. Concluding motion to reopen to apply for cancellation of removal. that it had jurisdiction over the action, the district court directed the government to show cause why Roman’s writ Meanwhile, in May 2001, Roman filed a pro se petition for should not issue. Id. at 765. a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. He named four respondents — In January 2002, the district court granted Roman a writ of the Attorney General, the INS Commissioner, the former INS habeas corpus, holding that § 212(h) violated the Equal District Director in Cleveland, Ohio, and the INS District Protection Clause by differentiating between legal permanent Director in New Orleans, Louisiana. Roman alleged that his residents and other aliens. Roman v. Ashcroft, 181 F. Supp. due process rights were violated by the retroactive application 2d 808, 814 (N.D. Ohio 2002) [Roman II]. The district court of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, also found that the IJ’s failure to give Roman an opportunity Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (Apr. 24, 1996), that his to be heard at his deportation hearing was harmless error. Id. procedural due process rights were violated because the IJ did at 816. The case was remanded to the BIA to allow Roman not allow him a meaningful opportunity to be heard on the to pursue his claim for a discretionary waiver of removal, merits of his requests for § 240A or § 212(h) relief, and that pursuant to § 212(h). Id. his right to equal protection of the laws was violated because these forms of relief “discriminate[] between members of a class based on a distinction that is not rationally related to [their] purpose.” Joint Appendix at 17 (Habeas Pet.). 2 The government has w aived this argum ent on appeal. No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 7 8 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 The government timely appealed the district court’s purposes and that the district court therefore lacked personal September 2001 and January 2002 orders. jurisdiction over the Attorney General. Roman argues that the Attorney General should be deemed his custodian for II. JURISDICTION OVER ROMAN’S HABEAS habeas corpus purposes, and that the alternative decision CORPUS PETITION would effectively deprive Roman of an opportunity to seek habeas corpus review under the circumstances. The district court confined its analysis of the government’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction to the New Because we do not believe that extraordinary circumstances Orleans District Director and the Attorney General. Although justify our classification of the Attorney General as Roman’s the government appeals the district court’s conclusion that the custodian in this case, we conclude that the district court erred Attorney General is a properly named respondent to Roman’s by recognizing the Attorney General as an appropriate petition, Roman did not file a cross-appeal of the district respondent to Roman’s petition. court’s conclusion that it lacked jurisdiction over the New Orleans District Director. Moreover, because the district A. The Immediate Custodian Rule court expressly declined to grant or deny the government’s motion to dismiss as to the Cleveland District Director and A district court shall direct a writ of habeas corpus “to the the INS Commissioner, we decline to consider on appeal person having custody of the person detained.”3 28 U.S.C. whether the district court lacks jurisdiction over these two § 2243; see Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Ct. of Ky., 410 respondents. Therefore, our analysis is confined to the question of whether the district court erred by finding 3 personal jurisdiction over the Attorney General. Pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (“HSA”), Pub. L. No. 107-296 , 116 Stat. 2135 (No v. 25, 2002), the Department of We review de novo a district court’s determinations as to Hom eland Security performs the functions formerly performed by the the existence of personal jurisdiction. Tobin v. Astra Pharm. INS. The Savings Provision of the HSA pro vides that “[r]eferences relating to an agency that is transferred to the Dep artment in statutes, Prods., Inc., 993 F.2d 528, 542 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 Executive orders, rules, regulations, directives, or delegations of authority U.S. 914 (1993). The district court concluded that it had that precede such transfer or the effective date of this Act shall be deemed jurisdiction over Roman’s petition because one of the four to refer, as appropriate, to the Departm ent, to its office rs, emp loyees, or named respondents to the petition — the Attorney General — agents, or to its corresponding organizational units or functions.” HSA was Roman’s custodian and because the district court had § 151 2(d ), 6 U.S.C. 55 2(d). Ho wever, within the context of this civil action, we need not conclud e that the parties’ arguments about the identity personal jurisdiction over the Attorney General. Reasoning of a detained alien’s custodians should be deemed to refer to the that, under the circumstances, it was appropriate for Roman corresponding o fficials under the HSA . The H SA provides, to name someone other than his immediate custodian, the [s]ubject to the authority of the Secretary under this Act, pending district court concluded that the Attorney General should be civil actions shall continue notwithstanding the enactment of this deemed Roman’s custodian. Because the Attorney General Act or the transfer of an agency to the Department, and in such civil actions, proceedings shall be had, and judgm ents rendered was subject to service of process in the Northern District of and enforced in the same manner and with the same effect as if Ohio, the district court concluded that it had jurisdiction over such enactment or transfer had not occurred. Roman’s petition. The government appeals the district HSA § 15 12(c), 6 U.S.C. § 552(c). Thus, we proceed in this civil action court’s September 2001 order, arguing that the Attorney as if the HSA were not yet in effect, with the understanding that our General was not Roman’s custodian for habeas corpus analysis will be applicable in future cases by analogy to the corresponding custodians of detained aliens under the HSA. No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 9 10 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 U.S. 484, 494-95 (1973) (“The writ of habeas corpus does not being detained.4 We conclude that although the warden of act upon the prisoner who seeks relief, but upon the person each detention facility technically has day-to-day control over who holds him in what is alleged to be unlawful custody.”). alien detainees, the INS District Director for the district where Therefore, a court has jurisdiction over a habeas corpus a detention facility is located “has power over” alien habeas petition only if it has personal jurisdiction over the corpus petitioners. Henderson, 157 F.3d at 122. petitioner’s custodian. Braden, 410 U.S. at 495. To evaluate jurisdiction, a court therefore must first identify the District Directors head INS district offices, which are petitioner’s custodian and then determine whether it has considered “the basic operating unit[s] of the [INS].” Charles personal jurisdiction over that custodian. Gordon, Stanley Mailman, and Stephen Yale-Loehr, 1 Immigration Law & Procedure § 3.03[5], at 3-16 (2003). The “Historically, the question of who is ‘the custodian,’ and “district directors have authority and responsibility to grant or therefore the appropriate respondent in a habeas suit, depends deny various applications or petitions submitted to the [INS], primarily on who has power over the petitioner and . . . on the to initiate any authorized proceeding in their district, and . . . convenience of the parties and the court.” Henderson v. INS, to issue notices to appear in removal proceedings.” Id.; see 8 157 F.3d 106, 122 (2d Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1004 C.F.R. § 103.1(g)(2)(ii), amended by 68 Fed. Reg. 10922-01 (1999). As a general rule, a petitioner should name as a (Mar. 6, 2003). As the heads of the basic operating units of respondent to his habeas corpus petition “the individual the INS, District Directors oversee the confinement of aliens having day-to-day control over the facility in which [the in all three kinds of INS detention facilities — “Service alien] is being detained.” Vasquez v. Reno, 233 F.3d 688, 696 Processing Centers,” “Contract Detention Facilities,” and (1st Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 816 (2001). This is “[s]tate or local government facilities used by INS known as the “immediate custodian rule” because it through Intergovernmental Service Agreements (IGSAs) recognizes only the petitioner’s “immediate” or “direct” to hold detainees for more than 72 hours.” custodian as the “person having custody” over him under § 2243. Courts have deemed these immediate custodians 4 proper respondents to habeas corpus petitions as a “practical” For courts treating the warden of the facility where an alien is matter “based on common sense administration of justice.” detained as the alien’s im med iate custo dian, see Yang You Yi v. Maugans, Sanders v. Bennett, 148 F.2d 19, 20 (D.C. Cir. 1945). 24 F.3d 500, 507 (3d Cir. 1994) (“It is the warden of the prison or the facility where the detainee is held that is considered the custodian for purposes of a habeas action . . . . because it is the warden that has day-to- Pursuant to the immediate custodian rule, a prisoner filing day contro l over the priso ner and who can produce the actual body.”); a habeas corpus petition should generally name as a Aphayavong v. INS, 169 F.Supp. 2d 1 194, 119 7 (S.D. Cal. 2001); respondent the warden of the prison where he is confined. Samoeun v. Reno, No. Civ.A. 00-610 L., 2001 WL 21047 2, at *2 (D. R.I. Vasquez, 233 F.3d at 691. Similarly, a detained alien filing Jan. 3 , 200 1); Chukwurah v. United States, 813 F. Supp. 161, 168 (E.D. a habeas corpus petition should generally name as a N.Y. 199 3); Peon v. Thornbu rgh, 765 F. Supp. 155, 156 (S.D. N.Y. 1991). For courts treating the INS D istrict Director of the district where respondent the person exercising daily control over his affairs. the alien is detained as the alien’s immediate custodian, see Henderson v. Courts have said that a detained alien’s immediate custodian INS, 157 F.3d 106, 126 (2d Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1004 is either the warden of the facility where the alien is detained (1999); Santiago v. INS, 134 F. Sup p. 2d 1102, 110 3 (N.D. Cal. 2001 ); or the INS District Director of the district where the alien is Williams v. Reno, No. 00-71241, 2001 WL 85867, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 11, 200 1); Santos-Gonzalez v. Reno, 93 F. Supp. 2d 286, 291 (E.D. N.Y. 2000); Ozoanya v. Reno, 968 F. Sup p. 1, 8 (D. D .C. 19 97); Carva jales- Cepeda v. Meissner, 966 F. Supp. 207 , 208 (S.D. N.Y . 1997). No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 11 12 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 Detention Operations Manual: Admissions and apply the rule in the context of habeas corpus petitions filed Release 1 (Sept. 20, 2000), available at by detained aliens). One court reviewing an alien’s habeas http://www.immigration/gov/graphics/lawsregs/guidance.htm corpus petition concluded that it had personal jurisdiction (last modified Mar. 19, 2003). The wardens of all these over four named respondents — two INS District Directors, facilities act pursuant to INS Detention Standards and are the Commissioner of the INS, and the Attorney General — considered agents of the INS District Director in their district. because they were all custodians of the petitioner and able to It is clear that the INS does not vest power over detained be reached by service of process.5 Mojica v. Reno, 970 F. aliens in the wardens of detention facilities because the INS Supp. 130, 166 (E.D. N.Y. 1997), aff’d in part, 157 F.3d 106 relies on state and local governments to house federal INS (1998). detainees. Whatever daily control state and local governments have over federal INS detainees, they have that We see no reason to apply a different rule for identifying a control solely pursuant to the direction of the INS. See petitioner’s custodian depending on whether the petitioner is Samoeun v. Reno, No. Civ.A. 00-610 L., 2001 WL 210472, an alien or a prisoner. Section 2243 states that a writ of at *2 (D. R.I. Jan. 3, 2001) (“[I]t has been observed that it is habeas corpus “shall be directed to the person having custody the INS District Director who exercises primary control over of the person detained,” which suggests that only one an INS detainee because the warden acts as an agent for the individual can properly be named as the respondent to a District Director.”). Therefore the INS District Director for habeas corpus petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2243 (emphasis added); New Orleans is Roman’s immediate custodian for habeas see Vasquez, 233 F.3d at 693 (suggesting that a petitioner corpus purposes. must name one custodian, and may not “choose from among an array of colorable custodians”). Although Congress may Because the Northern District of Ohio concluded that it did not have “intended the article, ‘the,’ to have . . . dispositive not have personal jurisdiction over the New Orleans District significance,” see Chavez-Rivas v. Olsen, 194 F. Supp. 2d Director, however, we must decide whether persons other 368, 374 (D. N.J. 2002) (“‘[T]he’ could mean ‘a’ or ‘any’ as than Roman’s immediate custodian — such as the Attorney easily as it could mean ‘that.’”), we agree with the First General — also have custody of him for § 2243 purposes. At oral argument, Roman suggested that the immediate custodian rule should not apply in the context of habeas corpus petitions 5 of aliens. See, e.g., Vasquez, 233 F.3d at 691 (observing that “In cases where the . . . petitioner has filed in the district of confinement . . . the government has raised no objection to the Attorney “the case law concerning the identity of the proper respondent General, the INS, or the INS Com missioner being named.” Rachel E. to habeas petitions brought by detained aliens is much more Rosenbloom, Is the Attorney General the Custodian of an INS Detainee? sparse and far less coherent” than the case law about the Personal Jurisdiction and the “Immediate Custodian” Rule in proper respondent to prisoner habeas corpus petitions); Immigration-Related Habeas Actions, 27 N.Y.U . Rev. L. & Soc. Change Rachel E. Rosenbloom, Is the Attorney General the Custodian 543, 577 (2001-200 2). In Mojica v. Reno, 970 F. Supp. 130 (E.D. N.Y. 1997), aff’d in part, 157 F.3d 106 (1998), the Eastern District of New of an INS Detainee? Personal Jurisdiction and the York reasoned that four respondents should be deemed custodians under “Immediate Custodian” Rule in Immigration-Related Habeas § 2243 because “[t]he habeas statute does not specify who the person Actions, 27 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 543, 546 (2001- having custody will be, nor does it state that there may only be one 2002) (maintaining that the immediate custodian rule “has no custodian. Nowhere does the statute speak of an immediate custo dian.” place in the adjudication of immigration-related habeas Id. at 166 (quotations omitted). We note that this logic would counsel against an immediate custodian rule in the context of prisoner habeas actions” and that the Supreme Court has been reluctant to corp us petitions as well. No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 13 14 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 Circuit that “[t]he immediate custodian rule effectuates habeas corpus petitions caused dockets to become backlogged section 2243's plain meaning and gives a natural, in the 1940s, Congress gave federal prisoners the ability to commonsense construction to the statute.” Vasquez, 233 F.3d attack collaterally their convictions in the court where they at 693. were sentenced rather than in the jurisdiction of their confinement. 28 U.S.C. § 2255; see Vasquez, 233 F.3d at Moreover, as a practical matter, “the [immediate custodian] 694. Requiring alien habeas corpus petitioners to name their rule is clear and easily administered.” Id. The adjudication immediate custodians as respondents may contribute to the of habeas corpus petitions filed by detained aliens would problem of overcrowded dockets in particular districts. become considerably more difficult to administer if we were However, given that our recognition of a broader definition of to adopt a broader definition of “custodian” in this context. “custodian” might delay the adjudication of alien habeas In other words, interpreting the word “custodian” in § 2243 to petitions in other ways, we feel confident that we should not refer to not only an alien’s immediate custodian, but also attempt to construct a judicial solution to this problem. other officials with control over the alien’s detention and release — such as the Commissioner of the INS or the For all the reasons discussed above, we conclude that a Attorney General — would establish a regime in which detained alien generally must designate his immediate several courts would have personal jurisdiction over an custodian — the INS District Director for the district where alien’s “custodians.” Aliens could then engage in forum he is being detained — as the respondent to his habeas corpus shopping, choosing among several different districts as long petition. as personal jurisdiction existed over at least one of the various custodians and venue requirements were satisfied. Although B. Beyond the Immediate Custodian Rule venue considerations would ensure that a petitioner could not file in every jurisdiction, courts would nevertheless be forced Although we conclude that the immediate custodian rule “in many cases to undertake fact-intensive analyses of venue generally applies to alien habeas corpus petitioners, we note and forum non conveniens issues.” Vasquez, 233 F.3d at 694. the possibility of exceptions to this rule. “[T]he rules treating Thus, in this respect, adopting a broader definition of the immediate custodian as the only proper respondent . . . “custodian” would complicate and extend the duration of have not been applied consistently or in a rigid fashion.” habeas corpus proceedings. Henderson, 157 F.3d at 124. In fact, most courts adopting the immediate custodian rule for alien habeas corpus petitioners Roman points out that even if a broader definition of have explicitly noted the possibility of exceptions even as “custodian” might delay courts in their evaluation of a single they adopt the rule. See, e.g., Vasquez, 233 F.3d at 696 habeas corpus petition, it would not slow the adjudication of (“[W]e can envision that there may be extraordinary habeas corpus petitions any more than it is already slowed by circumstances in which the Attorney General appropriately the backlog of such petitions in jurisdictions housing INS might be named as the respondent to an alien habeas detention facilities. In essence, Roman suggests that the petition.”); Chavez-Rivas, 194 F. Supp. 2d at 375; Nwankwo regime he proposes would not cause any problems greater v. Reno, 828 F. Supp. 171, 174 (E.D. N.Y. 1993) (“While the than those under the existing regime. However, we see no general rule may be sound as a matter of policy, the language reason to solve one problem by creating another. This is of the habeas corpus statute does not compel rigid adherence particularly true because Congress is in a better position to to it in every case.”). Arguably, as a jurisdictional matter, “it solve the problem of overloaded dockets. When prisoner is, or should be, enough that the respondent named has the No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 15 16 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 power or ability to produce the body when so directed by the Vasquez, 233 F.3d at 696; Carvajales-Cepeda v. Meissner, court pursuant to process lawfully issued and served upon 966 F. Supp. 207, 209 (S.D. N.Y. 1997) (“It is well settled . . . him.” Ahrens v. Clark, 335 U.S. 188, 199 (1948) (Rutledge, that the Attorney General is not the custodian of I.N.S. J., dissenting). In this case, Roman urges this court to make detainees.”). In the context of prisoners, courts have rejected an exception to the immediate custodian rule by concluding the notion of the Attorney General as respondent because that the Attorney General can be considered Roman’s although he has supervisory and regulatory custody of all custodian and thus a proper respondent to Roman’s petition. federal prisoners, “it is apparent that . . . he does not have actual physical custody of a prisoner who is confined in a The district court below declined to apply the immediate federal prison or other federal institution.” Jones v. Biddle, custodian rule, instead concluding that the Attorney General 131 F.2d 853, 854 (8th Cir. 1942), cert. denied, 318 U.S. 784 was an appropriate respondent to Roman’s habeas corpus (1943). As with prisoners, the Attorney General does not petition. On appeal, the government maintains that the have actual physical custody of aliens detained by the INS. district court erred by departing from the immediate custodian rule and basing personal jurisdiction on the Attorney General. Although we agree with those courts that have concluded Roman counters that the district court properly made an that the Attorney General is not generally a proper respondent exception to the immediate custodian rule because the to any habeas corpus petition, nonetheless we recognize that exception was necessary to preserve Roman’s right to seek the Attorney General’s relationship to prisoners differs habeas corpus relief. Specifically, Roman asks this court “to significantly from his relationship to detained aliens. The allow jurisdiction over an indirect custodian in circumstances Attorney General’s role as the ultimate overseer of federal where a detainee would otherwise be deprived of his right to prisoners, see 18 U.S.C. § 4001(b)(2), is not equivalent to his habeas review.” Roman Br. at 15. We must consider, first, designation as the legal custodian of aliens because he plays whether the Attorney General may ever be properly named as a much larger role in the immigration context, see Chavez- an alien’s custodian and, second, whether the circumstances Rivas, 194 F. Supp. 2d at 374 (“Congress has consistently of this case require our recognition of the Attorney General as designated the Attorney General as the legal custodian of a proper respondent to Roman’s habeas corpus petition. immigration habeas petitioners.”). 1. The Attorney General as Custodian The Second Circuit has described the Attorney General’s unique role in the immigration context as follows: A corollary of the immediate custodian rule is that generally the Attorney General is considered neither the There is . . . no question that the Attorney General has custodian of a detained alien for purposes of § 2243 nor a the power to produce the petitioners, remains the ultimate proper respondent to an alien’s habeas corpus petition.6 See decisionmaker as to matters concerning the INS, see 8 6 Although few circuits have specifically rejected the po ssibility that 1986); Jon es v. Biddle, 131 F.2d 853, 854 (8th Cir. 1942 ), cert. denied, the Attorney Genera l may be a custodian in the co ntext of alien habeas 318 U.S. 784 (19 43). According to the First Circuit, “[t]hese courts corpus petitions, several circuits have said that the Attorney General is not reason that while the Attorney G enera l is the ultimate overseer of all a prisoner’s custodian under § 22 43. See, e.g., Sande rs v. Benne tt, 148 federal prisoners, see 18 U.S.C. § 4001[(b)](2), she is not responsible for F.2d 19, 2 0 (D .C. Cir. 194 5); Blango v. Th ornburgh, 942 F.2d 1487, day-to-day prison operations and does not hold prisoners in actual 1491-92 (10th Cir. 1991 ); Guerra v. Meese, 786 F.2d 414, 41 6 (D.C. Cir. physical custody.” Vasquez, 233 F.3d at 691. No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 17 18 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 U.S.C. § 1103(a)(1),7 and is commonly designated a that the Attorney General may be “an appropriate respondent respondent in these cases, even when personal in a habeas corpus proceeding because she has the power to jurisdiction over the immediate custodian clearly lies. In direct her subordinates to carry out any order directed to her this respect, the extraordinary and pervasive role that the to produce or release the petitioner”).9 Attorney General plays in immigration matters is virtually unique. Thus, the Attorney General continues In light of the degree of control which the Attorney General to be in complete charge of the proceedings leading up to has over an alien’s immediate custodian, we believe that it the order directing the[] removal [of aliens] from the may be appropriate to recognize the Attorney General as a country and has complete discretion to decide whether or proper respondent to an alien’s habeas corpus petition under not removal shall be directed. certain circumstances. The nature and scope of those circumstances remains to be determined. Henderson, 157 F.3d at 126 (quotations and footnote omitted). Congress gives the Attorney General authority to 2. Extraordinary Circumstances “take into custody any alien” whose criminal convictions render him deportable or inadmissible, INA § 236(e)(1), Roman concedes that the district court’s finding of personal 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1),8 and has designated him as the proper jurisdiction over the Attorney General was somewhat respondent in most actions reviewing the legality of removal unusual, but argues that under the circumstances it was orders, INA § 242(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(3)(A). justified by the importance of preserving Roman’s right to Arguably, “in immigration cases, the warden or district seek habeas corpus relief. The district court reasoned that director who has ‘day-to-day control’ [over a petitioner] is because Roman was incarcerated in a facility in the Western merely an agent of the Attorney General, who has the District of Louisiana with a known backlog of habeas corpus statutorily authorized power over aliens’ custody and petitions, Emejulu v. INS, 989 F.2d 771, 772 (5th Cir. 1993), release.” See Arias-Agramonte v. Comm’r of INS, No. 00 there was a risk that “Roman might be removed from the Civ. 2412(RWS), 2000 WL 1617999, at *7 (S.D. N.Y. United States before his petition could be heard on the Oct. 30, 2000); see Nwankwo, 828 F. Supp. at 174 (explaining merits.” Roman I, 162 F. Supp. 2d at 763. The district court found “prima facie reason to believe that removal of Roman to the Dominican Republic prior to adjudication of the merits of his petition would, for practical purposes, deny him the 7 benefit of the writ,” and concluded that the Attorney General Section 1103(a)(1) has been amended by the HSA, 116 Stat. 2135 (2002). was a proper respondent to Roman’s petition. Id. In other words, the district court concluded that Roman would be 8 The government contends that the reference to the “Attorney General” in the ma ndatory de tention statute is a mere placeholder for all immigration officers because more than one entity is empowered to take an alien into custod y. See 8 C.F.R. § 287 .7(d) (2001), amended by 68 9 Fed. Reg. 35273-01 (June 13, 2003). As Roman notes, however, other The Eastern District of New York has rejected the imm ediate provisions of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant custodian rule and regularly recognizes the Attorney General as a proper Respo nsibility Act of 1996 delegate specific responsibilities to other respondent to an alien’s habeas corpus petition. See, e.g., Pena -Ro sario immigration officials without naming the A ttorney G enera l as a pro xy. v. Reno, 83 F. Supp. 2d 349, 362 (E.D. N.Y . 200 0); Pottinger v. Reno, 51 See Arias-Agramonte v. Comm’r of INS, No. 00 Civ. 2412(RWS), 2000 F. Supp. 2d 3 49, 3 57 (E.D . N.Y . 199 9), aff’d on other grounds, 20 00 W L W L 1617 999, at *6 (S.D. N.Y. Oc t. 30, 2000). 18644 77 (2d C ir. Dec. 18, 2000) (unpublished opinion). No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 19 20 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 deprived of habeas corpus relief if he were not permitted to necessary to preserve Demjanjuk’s right to petition for habeas name the Attorney General as a respondent. corpus relief, the court specified that jurisdiction would terminate if Demjanjuk’s presence in another jurisdiction Under certain extraordinary circumstances it may be became known. necessary to depart from the immediate custodian rule in order to preserve a petitioner’s access to habeas corpus relief. Some courts are also willing to make an exception to the In spite of “[t]he general rule . . . that a circuit judge has immediate custodian rule in other extraordinary jurisdiction to grant a writ of habeas corpus only if the circumstances. For example, courts have noted the INS’s petitioner’s immediate custodian is located within the circuit,” ability, as a practical matter, to deny aliens any meaningful Demjanjuk v. Meese, 784 F.2d 1114, 1115 (D.C. Cir. 1986) opportunity to seek habeas corpus relief simply by (Bork, J.), we believe that “it is appropriate, in . . . very transferring aliens to another district any time they filed a limited and special circumstances, to treat the Attorney habeas corpus petition. Chavez-Rivas, 194 F. Supp. 2d at General of the United States as the custodian,” id. at 1116. 374. Aliens remaining in detention for extended periods are Such circumstances may arise where a detainee does not have often transferred several times during their detention. See Lee a realistic opportunity for judicial review of his executive v. Ashcroft, 216 F. Supp. 2d 51, 55 (E.D. N.Y. 2002) (“[T]he detention. The Constitution safeguards the right to petition location of custody, and the identity of the day-to-day for a writ of habeas corpus, U.S. Const. art. I § 9, cl. 2, and custodian, frequently change when detainees are transferred this right should not be lightly abrogated, see, e.g., Felker v. among INS facilities, all of which are under the control of the Turpin, 518 U.S. 651, 661-62 (1996) (suggesting that courts Attorney General.”); Rosenbloom, supra, at 549. In light of will enforce only very clear statutory language repealing these transfers, one court reasoned that an alien may properly habeas corpus jurisdiction). Therefore, under extraordinary name a respondent other than his immediate custodian circumstances where it is necessary to preserve a person’s because a petition naming a higher level official, such as the access to habeas corpus relief, we may recognize the Attorney Attorney General, could be adjudicated without interruption General as a respondent to an alien’s habeas corpus petition. in the event of a transfer. Arias-Agramonte, 2000 WL 1617999, at *8 (explaining that a petition naming only one’s One example of extraordinary circumstances is Demjanjuk immediate custodian would be dismissed when the alien was v. Meese. In Demjanjuk, a petitioner’s counsel named the transferred to another local district). Attorney General as the respondent to the habeas corpus petition because the government was holding the petitioner in Although we do not believe that the mere possibility of custody at an undisclosed location while he awaited successive transfers would justify an exception to the extradition to Israel. Demjanjuk, 784 F.2d at 1116. Because immediate custodian rule, we do believe that an exception the petitioner’s attorneys were unaware of Demjanjuk’s might be appropriate if the INS were to exercise its transfer location, they would have had “to file in every jurisdiction” power in a clear effort to evade an alien’s habeas petitions. In if the court rigidly enforced the immediate custodian rule. Id. this case, however, Roman has not alleged facts suggesting Judge Bork reasoned that the Attorney General was a proper either that the government improperly manipulated its respondent under the circumstances because an exception was authority in an attempt to deny Roman a meaningful necessary to ensure “that petitioner not be denied the right to opportunity for relief or that Roman faced difficulties akin to petition for a writ of habeas corpus.” Id. However, not Demjanjuk’s inability to identify his immediate custodian. wanting to extend the exception any further than was Therefore, this court need not decide the appropriate scope of No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 21 22 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 the extraordinary circumstances exception to the immediate The circumstances of Roman’s petition are not such that custodian rule as a general matter. Rather, the facts of this our refusal to recognize the Attorney General as a respondent case require this court to determine only whether the alleged will effectively deny Roman even the possibility of habeas crowding of a docket in the district of an alien’s confinement corpus relief. As an initial matter, there is no reason that justifies permitting the alien to name the Attorney General as Roman could not have filed his habeas corpus petition in the a respondent to his habeas corpus petition filed in the district Western District of Louisiana; in fact, he can still do so in where he formerly resided and was convicted. light of our conclusion that we lack jurisdiction to consider his petition. Furthermore, Roman cites only the Fifth The District Court below concluded that the circumstances Circuit’s suggestion in a 1993 opinion that the Western justified recognizing the Attorney General as a respondent to District of Louisiana has a very overloaded docket as Roman’s petition because Roman would effectively be denied evidence of the backlog. See Emejulu, 989 F.2d at 772. an opportunity to seek habeas corpus relief if he named his Roman cites no recent evidence of a vast discrepancy between immediate custodian and filed his petition in the district the habeas corpus filings per judge in that court and any other where he was being detained. Roman’s entire argument district court, and we have been unable to find any clear hinges on the claim that he should not be required to name his evidence of such a discrepancy. immediate custodian at the Oakdale facility as the respondent because only the Western District of Louisiana would have Regardless of whether either Roman or the government can jurisdiction over Roman’s petition seeking a writ against his provide convincing statistics about the caseload of the immediate custodian. According to Roman, because he Western District of Louisiana, we do not believe that the would have to file his petition in the Western District of possibility of an alien’s removal prior to the adjudication of Louisiana, he would effectively be denied an opportunity to his habeas corpus petition amounts to an effective denial of seek habeas relief because “the torrent of petitions flowing the petitioner’s opportunity to seek meaningful habeas corpus from the Oakdale facility” into that district would all but relief. Several circuits have concluded that a petitioner meets ensure that the district court would never consider Roman’s the jurisdictional custody requirement of § 2241 even after he petition prior to his deportation. See Emejulu, 989 F.2d at has been removed “so long as he was in custody when the 772. Although at least one court has equated filing a habeas habeas petition was filed” and that a case or controversy petition in the Western District of Louisiana to being denied continues to exist as long as the petitioner “continues to suffer “any meaningful habeas corpus relief,” Nwankwo, 828 F. actual collateral consequences of his removal.” Zegarra- Supp. at 174, we do not believe that a crowded docket can — Gomez v. INS, 314 F.3d 1124, 1127 (9th Cir. 2003); see without more — constitute extraordinary circumstances Leitao v. Reno, 311 F.3d 453, 456 (1st Cir. 2002) (noting that justifying a departure from the immediate custodian rule. Cf. “the bar on readmission of a removed alien is a legally Alcaide-Zelaya v. McElroy, Nos. 99Civ.5102(DC), cognizable collateral consequence that preserves a live 99Civ.9999(DC), 2000 WL 1616981, at *4 (S.D. N.Y. Oct. controversy even after deportation of the petitioner”); Smith 27, 2000) (expressing “concern that the government can v. Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 425, 428 (4th Cir. 2002); Lee Moi ‘seriously undermine the remedy of habeas corpus’ by Chong v. INS, 264 F.3d 378, 382-83 (3d Cir. 2001). Because detaining so large a number of aliens in one facility that the the INA provides that an alien ordered removed “who again local district court is overwhelmed by a flood of habeas seeks admission within 5 years of the date of such removal petitions”). . . . is inadmissible,” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(A)(ii), an order of removal creates sufficient collateral consequences to render No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 23 24 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 a removed alien’s petition a live case or controversy, see Lee court from which it is transferred.” Id. A court may decide Moi Chong, 264 F.3d at 385. Roman will not be deprived of to dismiss an action rather than transferring it under § 1631 his opportunity to seek habeas corpus relief even if he is either because (1) no permissible federal court would have removed prior to a court’s resolution of his petition. jurisdiction over the action, or because (2) “transfer would not be in the interest of justice.” See Jeffrey W. Tayon, The Therefore, the circumstances of Roman’s habeas corpus Federal Transfer Statute: 28 U.S.C. § 1631, 29 S. Tex. L. petition are not such that a departure from the immediate Rev. 189, 214 (1987). custodian rule is justified at this time, and the Attorney General is not a proper respondent to Roman’s petition. The We note that circuits have split on the question of whether Northern District of Ohio erred by relying on its finding of § 1631 provides for transfers only in the event that a federal personal jurisdiction over the Attorney General as a basis for court lacks subject matter jurisdiction or also in the event that jurisdiction here. the court lacks personal jurisdiction. See, e.g., SongByrd, Inc. v. Estate of Grossman, 206 F.3d 172, 179 n.9 (2d Cir.) We decline to finally determine whether the district court (noting that “the legislative history of section 1631 provides had jurisdiction over Roman’s habeas corpus petition on other some reason to believe that this section authorizes transfers grounds because the district court below did not decide only to cure lack of subject matter jurisdiction”), cert. denied, whether either the Cleveland District Director or the INS 531 U.S. 824 (2000); Renner v. Lanard Toys Ltd., 33 F.3d Commissioner was a properly named respondent and because 277, 284 (3d Cir. 1994) (explaining that a court lacking neither party briefed the matter before this court. We direct personal jurisdiction may consider transferring the action the district court on remand to determine, consistent with the pursuant to § 1631); Ross v. Colo. Outward Bound Sch., Inc., views expressed in our opinion, whether either of these 822 F.2d 1524, 1526-27 (10th Cir. 1987) (same). Through officials is properly a respondent in this action. § 1631, Congress “gave broad authority to permit the transfer of an action between any two federal courts,” Ross, 822 F.2d III. TRANSFERRING ROMAN’S PETITION at 1526, and courts have effectuated Congress’s intent by broadly construing the statute, id. at 1527. The language of Assuming that the district court for the Northern District of § 1631 does not refer to any specific type of jurisdiction, only Ohio decides on remand that none of the named respondents referring broadly to “jurisdiction.” See Tayon, supra, at 224 were properly before it, we now consider whether the district (“The literal language of the statute . . . is broad enough to court erred by dismissing the New Orleans District Director encompass either [lack of subject matter or personal from the action rather than transferring the entire action jurisdiction].”). Moreover, a broad construction of the statute pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631. Section 1631 provides that if is consistent with Congress’s intent to “protect a plaintiff a civil action or appeal is filed in a court lacking jurisdiction, against either additional expense or the expiration of a “the court shall, if it is in the interest of justice, transfer such relevant statute of limitations in the event that the plaintiff action or appeal to any other such court in which the action or makes an error in trying to select the proper court within the appeal could have been brought at the time it was filed or complex federal court system.” 17 Charles Alan Wright, noticed.” 28 U.S.C. § 1631 (emphasis added). Upon such Arthur R. Miller, & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and transfer, “the action or appeal shall proceed as if it had been Procedure: Jurisdiction 2d § 4104, at 406 (2d ed. 1986) filed in or noticed for the court to which it is transferred on (citing S. Rep. No. 97-275 (1982)). In light of the language the date upon which it was actually filed in or noticed for the of § 1631 and its purpose, we therefore conclude that the No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 25 26 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 statute applies to federal courts identifying any jurisdictional transfer the case under § 1631 on grounds that no federal defect, regardless of whether it involves personal or subject court would have jurisdiction. Therefore, the appropriateness matter jurisdiction. of a § 1631 transfer turns on whether such a transfer would be in the interest of justice. We believe that it would be in the In light of our conclusion that the Attorney General was not interest of justice to transfer the action because a dismissal of a proper respondent and in light of the district court’s the action would only cause Roman to incur the additional conclusion that it lacked personal jurisdiction over the New expense of filing the same habeas corpus petition in the Orleans District Director, we believe that § 1631 would apply Western District of Louisiana. See 17 Wright, Miller, & in this case. It would have been appropriate for Roman to file Cooper, supra, § 4104, at 406 (noting that § 1631 is intended his habeas petition in the Western District of Louisiana in part to protect petitioners from incurring additional expense because it is the jurisdiction of Roman’s confinement. See if they erroneously file in the wrong court). Martin v. Perez, 319 F.3d 799, 802 (6th Cir. 2003) (stating that a § 2241 petition “must be filed in the district court that For these reasons, we conclude that, if the district court on has jurisdiction over a prisoner’s place of confinement”). remand finds that the Cleveland District Director and the INS Roman named his immediate custodian, the New Orleans Commissioner are not proper respondents, the district court District Director, as a respondent to the habeas corpus petition erred by dismissing the New Orleans District Director from that he filed in the Northern District of Ohio. Although the the action. The district court should now transfer the action district court found that the Northern District of Ohio does not to the Western District of Louisiana pursuant to § 1631.11 have personal jurisdiction over the New Orleans District Director, the Western District of Louisiana would have the IV. CONCLUSION requisite personal jurisdiction. “A federal court has general jurisdiction when the defendant’s contacts with the forum For the reasons explained above, we VACATE the district state are ‘substantial’ and ‘continuous and systematic,’ so that court’s judgment granting habeas corpus relief to Roman the state may exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant because the Attorney General was not properly named as the even if the action does not relate to the defendant’s contacts respondent in Roman’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus. with the state.” Youn v. Track, Inc., 324 F.3d 409, 417-18 We REMAND the case to the district court with instructions (6th Cir. 2003). The New Orleans District Director works in to decide whether the Cleveland District Director or the INS the Western District of Louisiana and is subject to the Commissioner is a proper respondent consistent with this personal jurisdiction of that court.10 opinion. In the event that the district court finds that these Because the Western District of Louisiana would have jurisdiction over the New Orleans District Director, the 11 Northern District of Ohio district court cannot decline to Even if § 1631 did not permit transfers for lack of personal jurisdiction, the action should be transferred pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). Section 1406(a) states that where venue is improper, the district court where the action was filed “shall . . . if it be in the interest of 10 justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which [the action] The New Orleans District Director oversees immigration-related could have been brought,” id., regardless of whether the transferring court services for the state of Louisiana and for So uthern Mississippi. See lacks personal jurisdiction over the defendant, Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/fieldoffices/newo rleans/index.htm 369 U.S. 463, 466 (1962); Martin v. Stokes, 623 F.2d 46 9, 474 (6th Cir. (last modified Feb. 28, 200 3). 1980). No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 27 28 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. No. 02-3253 officials are not proper respondents, we instruct the district ____________________ court to transfer the petition to the Western District of Louisiana pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631. CONCURRENCE ____________________ JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring. I concur in the result in this case and agree with much of the majority opinion’s reasoning. I write separately to note two points. First, whether the petitioner is a detained alien or a federal prisoner, the weight of authority supports a determination that the Attorney General is not a proper respondent in petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Vasquez v. Reno, 233 F.3d 688, 691 (1st Cir. 2000) (finding that normally the Attorney General is not the proper respondent in alien habeas cases and noting that a number of courts have held that the Attorney General is not a proper custodian for purposes of a prisoner’s habeas petition); Yi v. Maugans, 24 F.3d 500, 507 (3d Cir.1994) (summarily dismissing the idea that the Attorney General might be a proper respondent in an alien habeas case); Blango v. Thornburgh, 942 F.2d 1487, 1491-92 (10th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (affirming district court’s dismissal of Attorney General because the prison warden, not the Attorney General, was the proper respondent for the prisoner’s habeas action); Sanders v. Bennett, 148 F.2d 19, 20 (D.C. Cir. 1945) (holding that warden, not Attorney General, was proper respondent in prisoner’s habeas petition); Jones v. Biddle, 131 F.2d 853, 854 (8th Cir. 1942) (same); Santiago v. INS, 134 F.Supp.2d 1102, 1104 (N.D. Cal. 2001) (finding that Attorney General was not a proper respondent in a habeas action brought by an alien); Pearce v. Ashcroft, No. 301CV1160CFD, 2003 WL 1145468, at *1 (D. Conn. Mar. 12, 2003) (concluding that the Attorney General is not a proper respondent to an alien’s habeas action filed pursuant to § 2241);Carvajales-Cepeda v. Meissner, 966 F. Supp. 207, 208 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (“It is well settled . . . that the Attorney General is not the custodian of INS detainees”); Wang v. Reno, 862 F. Supp. 801, 812-13 (E.D.N.Y. 1994) (finding that Attorney General was not No. 02-3253 Roman v. Ashcroft et al. 29 alien’s custodian for habeas purposes); Peon v. Thornburgh, 765 F. Supp. 155, 156 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (rejecting argument that Attorney General was alien’s custodian for purpose of alien’s habeas petition). The majority states that the “Attorney General’s relationship to prisoners differs significantly from his relationship to detained aliens” and suggests that the Attorney General has a unique role in immigration matters that makes him more likely to be a proper respondent in a petition brought by a detained alien than a federal prisoner. I am not prepared to reach this conclusion, which seems unnecessary to the result. As the First Circuit stated in Vasquez: The Attorney General’s role with regard to aliens is not materially different from her role with regard to prisoners at least not different enough to justify a rule that she is the custodian of aliens, but not prisoners, for habeas purposes. After all, the Attorney General is the designated custodian of prisoners to much the same extent as she is the designated custodian of aliens. Compare 18 U.S.C. § 4001(2) with 8 U.S.C. § 1226(c)(1). And just as she has the ultimate authority to produce the body of an alien, she has the ultimate authority to produce the body of a prisoner. 233 F.3d at 696. Second, in its discussion of extraordinary circumstances which may justify departure from the immediate custodian rule, the majority addresses hypothetical situations that are not present here. I would limit our holding on this point to the conclusion that a crowded docket alone cannot constitute extraordinary circumstances, noting of course that as a factual matter, Roman points to no evidence from which one could find the existence of a crowded docket in the Western District of Louisiana.