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______________________________________________________________________
________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________
________
ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Du Page County.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 04--MR--625
)
DANIEL KOVAR, THE ESTATE )
OF CHRISTOPHER B. KOVAR, )
and ANTONIO G. ESTEPHAN, ) Honorable
) Bonnie M. Wheaton,
Defendants-Appellants. ) Judge, Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________________
_____
JUSTICE McLAREN delivered the opinion of the court:
In American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d 378 (2000), the Illinois
Supreme Court held that a conviction of first degree murder estopped parties to a subsequent civil
suit from claiming that the shooting underlying the conviction was unintentional. The questions
before us are whether Savickas applies when (1) there is no factual basis on which to conclude that
the issue presented in the civil suit is identical to the issue decided in the criminal case; and, in any
event, (2) there was no incentive to fully litigate the issue in the criminal case. The trial court found
that it did, and accordingly it granted summary judgment to plaintiff, Allstate Insurance Company.
Defendants--Antonio G. Estephan, Daniel Kovar, and the Estate of Christopher B. Kovar--appeal
that decision. We reverse and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
The evidence before the trial court was as follows. Estephan filed a complaint against,
among others, William A. Eckert, Daniel Kovar, and the estate of Christopher Kovar, alleging that
one of them had negligently waved a sharp object near Estephan, cutting him. 1 Alternatively,
Estephan alleged that either Eckert or Daniel had negligently pushed Christopher into Estephan and
that, as a result, Estephan was cut by a sharp object that Christopher was holding.
All of the parties to Estephan's suit were teenagers at the time of the incident. According to
the complaint, Eckert and the Kovars were standing in front of the home of Eckert's stepfather when
Estephan drove by. Eckert called out and Estephan stopped. Eckert and the Kovars, all of whom
were intoxicated, approached Estephan's car. They were loud and argumentative. Soon, Estephan,
Eckert, and the Kovars were pushing and shoving. Estephan claimed that Eckert and the Kovars
initiated the pushing and shoving; then one of them produced a sharp object. Because of negligence,
Estephan was cut.
The Kovars are covered by a homeowner's policy issued by Allstate. Pursuant to the policy,
Allstate appointed counsel to represent the Kovars in Estephan's suit against them. However,
Allstate later filed a complaint for declaratory judgment, arguing that an exclusion that it had written
into the policy relieved Allstate of its obligation to defend and indemnify the Kovars. That
exclusion states that injuries "intended by, or which may reasonably be expected to result from the
intentional or criminal acts or omissions of, any insured person" are not covered by the policy.
1
Before Estephan filed his complaint, Christopher Kovar was hit by a train and died. His
death is unrelated to Estephan's suit.
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Allstate then filed a motion for summary judgment in which it argued that there was no genuine
issue of material fact as to whether what happened to Estephan was excluded from coverage.
Allstate filed only three items in supports of its motion. One of these was Estephan's
complaint (which alleged negligence). The other two were a copy of the applicable insurance policy
and a copy of a court order. The court order showed that Daniel had pleaded guilty to battery and
been sentenced to one year of court supervision. 2 But it did not recite any of the facts underlying his
plea. For example, it did not state when the alleged battery occurred. Nor did it mention what the
battery had consisted of. Nevertheless, Allstate argued that, based on this order, the acts that led to
Estephan's injury fell within the policy's exclusion. In support of its position, Allstate noted that
Illinois courts--including the supreme court in Savickas--have held that, when a policy excludes
2
To be precise, the court order stated "SENTENCE: 720 ILCS 5/12--3(a)(2) Battery
(insulting or provoking) PGTWFG one year court supervision, 0 fine + court costs, 60 hours of
public service Employment. Restitution reserved in the amount of $500 payable to the State's
Attorneys office within 60 months no contact with Antonio Estephan." The trial court interpreted
PGTWFG to mean "plea of guilty, trial waived, finding of guilty, one year of court supervision."
That interpretation has not been challenged.
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intentional acts, and an insured has been convicted of a crime involving intentional conduct, the
exclusion applies. Allstate did not mention that these courts have held this only when the facts
underlying the criminal conviction are the same as the facts underlying the civil suit.
The trial court granted Allstate's motion. In doing so, the court reasoned that the policy
excluded intentional acts and criminal acts, that Daniel had pleaded guilty to battery, and that
therefore the policy exclusion applied. The court further reasoned that battery involves an
intentional act and that "the natural and ordinary consequences of intentionally or knowingly waving
a sharp object in the vicinity of an individual is that that individual will be injured." Thus, the court
concluded that, because of the conviction, Savickas mandated a finding that there was no genuine
issue of material fact, and accordingly it granted summary judgment. The court did not explain how,
in light of a complete absence of evidence on the subject, it concluded that Daniel's battery
conviction involved intentionally or knowingly waving a sharp object.
Estephan and the Kovars filed a motion to reconsider. In support of their motion, they
attached a transcript of a deposition Daniel had given in Estephan's civil suit. In that deposition,
Daniel had testified that, on the night of the incident, his brother Eckert and he had been at a friend's
house watching television. They arrived around nine in the evening and stayed for a few hours.
During that time, Christopher and Eckert drank some beer, but Daniel did not recall how much,
although he did say that, based on the amount of beer at the house, it could not have been a lot. He
also said that neither Eckert nor Christopher was intoxicated.
Around midnight, Daniel, Christopher, and Eckert left and went to the home of Eckert's
stepfather. When they arrived there, Eckert went inside to use the bathroom, and Daniel and
Christopher stayed outside. Shortly after Eckert went inside, a car sped by. No one shouted
anything toward the car, which disappeared around a corner at the end of the street.
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Moments later, however, the car reappeared. It reversed back up the length of the street and
stopped in front of the home of Eckert's stepfather. Daniel said he thought the car reversed because
the driver "wanted to start a fight." When the car stopped in front of Daniel and Christopher, Daniel
saw that there were three people in the car. The driver, Estephan, asked Daniel and Christopher if
they "ha[d] a death wish." Daniel asked Estephan if he was talking to him. By this time, Eckert had
returned from his trip to the bathroom. He said he knew Estephan and told Daniel not to worry.
Eckert, Daniel, and Christopher approached Estephan's car. Eckert told Estephan that
Christopher and Daniel were his friends and told Estephan to relax. He asked Estephan what he was
up to and Estephan said "nothing." Estephan said that he had been doing fine until "these punks"--
referring to Christopher and Daniel--"started shit." While Eckert leaned toward the car and talked to
Estephan, Christopher stood to Eckert's right and Daniel rested his hand on the frame of the driver's-
side door.
Although Eckert tried to calm Estephan down, Estephan continued his "verbal[] assault." At
some point, Estephan grabbed Daniel's hand and yelled "[g]et him." One of Estephan's passengers
kicked his door open and stood up. Daniel broke Estephan's grip and backed away. As he did,
Estephan's passenger hurled an open beer bottle at Daniel's head. The bottle missed Daniel, but it
splashed beer on his clothes. Meanwhile, Estephan got out of his car and Daniel saw that Estephan
was bleeding. Daniel did not see what had caused the bleeding. At the time, Daniel said, he did not
have any weapons on him and, to his knowledge, neither did Eckert or Christopher.
Daniel hurried to his car and jumped in. As he fumbled with the ignition, Estephan's
passenger set upon him, kicking him in the face through the open car window. Despite this, Daniel
managed to throw the car into drive and, with Christopher in the passenger's seat, Daniel took off for
his parents' house. After Daniel and Christopher left, Christopher said "[t]hat kid was cut pretty
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bad," and tossed a pocket knife out the car window. While Daniel later said that "everyone thought"
his brother cut Estephan, he did not say that anyone--including himself--actually saw what happened
to Estephan. For his part, Christopher never said that he cut Estephan. And Daniel did not notice
any blood on his brother's clothes.
When Daniel and Christopher arrived at their parents' house, police were waiting. Daniel
was arrested and charged with battery and consumption of alcohol by a minor. To avoid having a
conviction show up on his record, Daniel said, he pleaded guilty to battery with the understanding
that the conviction would be removed from his record if he complied with the terms of his plea
agreement. As for his brother, Daniel said that he was not sure what Christopher was charged with,
but that it was something in the nature of aggravated battery. Before he could be prosecuted,
however, Christopher died.
Besides Daniel's deposition, no new evidence was presented to the trial court prior to its
ruling on the motion to reconsider its grant of summary judgment for Allstate. In granting summary
judgment, the trial court had found that, based on Daniel's conviction of battery, as a matter of law,
the acts giving rise to Estephan's injuries came under the insurance policy's exclusion of intentional
acts and criminal acts. At a hearing on the motion to reconsider, counsel for the Kovars pointed out,
among other things, that the court had before it no evidence of the facts underlying the criminal
conviction. The court asked whether there was a transcript explaining the basis of Daniel's guilty
plea. Counsel replied that he did not know whether there was one, but that none was before the
court. Thus, counsel argued, because there were no facts on which the court could determine that
the issues presented in the two cases were identical, Savickas did not apply.
Allstate's counsel responded that Savickas applied regardless of the factual basis for the
guilty plea. He stated: "Savickas and the Allstate policy preclude coverage whether Daniel Kovar
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threw the first punch, grabbed the plaintiff, provided the gun, provided the knife, drove the getaway
car, stood there and encouraged his coconspirators to commit this crime that the Court has already
found occurred."
The court agreed, stating that battery was a criminal act and that "the natural and reasonable
consequences to be expected from the criminal act of battery is that someone is injured to some
degree." The court further stated that "the plea of guilty and the conviction *** take[] us out of the
realm of an accident and preclude[] coverage." Accordingly, the court denied the motion to
reconsider. Following that decision, Estephan and the Kovars filed these timely appeals, which we
consolidated.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Motion to Strike
Before turning to the substance of this appeal, we must address Allstate's improper reliance
on matters outside the record. A party may generally not rely on matters outside the record to
support its position on appeal. See Rodriguez v. Sheriff's Merit Comm'n, 355 Ill. App. 3d 676, 680
(2005). When a party's brief fails to comply with this rule, we may strike the entire brief. In re
Petition of Sanjuan-Moeller, 343 Ill. App. 3d 202, 204-05 (2003). Alternatively, we may simply
disregard the inappropriate material. See Rodriguez, 355 Ill. App. 3d at 680.
Here, Allstate did not file in support of its motion for summary judgment a transcript of the
criminal proceeding involving Daniel. After appeal was taken, Allstate filed a motion in which it
asked this court for permission to supplement the record with a copy of that transcript. That motion
was denied. Nevertheless, Allstate relies heavily on that transcript throughout its appellate brief.
Pointing this out, Estephan and the Kovars filed a motion to strike Allstate's brief. Allstate
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responded that, in order to meet the deadline for filing its brief, it had to mail that brief prior to our
ruling on the motion to supplement the record.
There are two fatal flaws in this argument. First, and most importantly, it is totally
irrelevant. The question before us is not whether Allstate has an excuse for improperly relying on
matters outside the record. The question is only whether it relied on such matters. Thus, Allstate's
argument is without merit. Second, this argument does not comport with the options available to a
party in Allstate's position. When a party has filed a motion to supplement the record, and that
motion has not been ruled on when the party's brief is due, the party has two choices. The first is to
request an extension of time in which to file its brief; the second is to file its brief without the
outside material. What the party may not do, however, is file a brief in which it relies on the outside
material. All of that said, we choose not to strike Allstate's brief. Instead, we will simply disregard
references to matters outside the record. However, we caution future litigants not to repeat Allstate's
mistakes.
B. The Insurance Policy
1. Standard of Review
The trial court granted summary judgment for Allstate, declaring that, as a matter of law,
Allstate was not obligated under the insurance policy. We review the trial court's grant of summary
judgment de novo. Kevin's Towing, Inc. v. Thomas, 351 Ill. App. 3d 540, 544 (2004).
Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, depositions, and other evidence on file reveal that there is no
genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Brown
Brothers Harriman Trust Co., LLC v. Bennett, 357 Ill. App. 3d 399, 402 (2005). On a
motion for summary judgment, the moving party bears the initial burden of producing evidence that, if
uncontradicted, entitles that party to judgment as a matter of law. See Medow v. Flavin, 336 Ill. App.
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3d 20, 28 (2002). Only if the moving party puts forth such evidence does the burden shift to the
nonmoving party to present some factual basis that would arguably entitle him or her to judgment. Wortel v.
Somerset Industries, Inc., 331 Ill. App. 3d 895, 900 (2002). Whatever evidence is produced,
and regardless of which party produces it, it must be viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party and
any doubts must be resolved in favor of that party. See Central Illinois Light Co. v. Home Insurance Co.,
342 Ill. App. 3d 940, 962 (2003). This is because, on a motion for summary judgment, the
burden of persuasion remains at all times with the moving party. See Hall v. Flowers, 343 Ill. App. 3d
462, 469 (2003).
2. Policy Construction
Unless they contravene public policy, the unambiguous terms of an insurance policy, like the unambiguous
terms of contracts in general, must be applied as written. See Roberts v. Northland Insurance Co., 185
Ill. 2d 262, 266 (1998). Here, neither party seriously disputes the meaning of the policy exclusion on
which Allstate relies. More importantly, there is no argument that the exclusion offends public policy, and the
language of the exclusion is unambiguous. It states that Allstate is not obligated to defend or indemnify against
claims of injuries caused by the intentional or criminal acts of its insureds. Thus, the question presented is
whether, by introducing Daniel's plea, Allstate has established that Estephan's injuries were caused by an
intentional or criminal act.
3. The Peppers Doctrine
Before considering the above issue further, it is necessary to briefly discuss what this case is not about.
In addition to its argument based on Savickas, Allstate argues that, Savickas aside, summary judgment is
appropriate. Specifically, Allstate argues that, based on the evidence now before us--including Daniel's
deposition testimony--we can determine that, as a matter of law, Estephan's injuries were caused by an
intentional or criminal act. While Allstate did not raise this argument in the trial court, this court may affirm on
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any basis called for by the record. Redland Insurance Co. v. Lerner, 356 Ill. App. 3d 94, 98
(2005).
That said, we cannot affirm on the basis Allstate suggests. At this stage, this case is not about
whether it may eventually be decided that Allstate is not obligated pursuant to the insurance policy. Instead, this
case is about only whether Daniel's conviction, in and of itself, is sufficient to answer that question. Beyond
this, any consideration of whether Estephan's injuries were intentionally or criminally caused is not appropriate
now. This is because, under the Peppers doctrine, it is generally inappropriate for a court considering a
declaratory judgment action to decide issues of ultimate fact that could bind the parties to the underlying litigation.
See Maryland Casualty Co. v. Peppers, 64 Ill. 2d 187, 197 (1976). What Savickas apparently
teaches is that, regardless of this general rule, a court may decide such matters in a declaratory judgment action
if they have been conclusively established by, for example, an insured's conviction. Here, in the underlying
litigation between the parties, Estephan claims that Daniel, Christopher, and Eckert were negligent and that, as
a result, he was injured. A decision as to whether one of these individuals acted intentionally or criminally could
quite obviously bind the parties to the underlying litigation. Therefore, it is inappropriate at this stage for us to go
further than the question of whether, based on Daniel's conviction alone, we can conclude that Estephan's injuries
were intentionally or criminally caused. 3
3
Even if it were appropriate to undertake such an inquiry, Allstate probably would not prevail
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on its motion for summary judgment. The only evidence that even comes close to describing what
happened to Estephan is Daniel's deposition testimony. However, that testimony does not establish
that Estephan's injury was caused by an intentional or criminal act. For example, Daniel testified
that he did not know what had happened to Estephan. So even if it were now appropriate to go
beyond Daniel's conviction, Allstate's motion would likely still fail.
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4. Savickas
In Savickas, the Illinois Supreme Court held that, under certain circumstances, a criminal
conviction may be conclusive in a subsequent civil litigation as to the issue of the criminal
defendant's state of mind. Specifically, the criminal conviction may estop the parties from arguing
that the acts underlying the conviction were not intentional. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 385-86.
However, this is no small thing. Application of estoppel in these circumstances deprives the parties
to the civil litigation of the opportunity to litigate in that proceeding the issue of the criminal
defendant's state of mind. Recognizing the seriousness of the matter, the supreme court in Savickas
cautioned that "the court must evaluate a number of factors before deciding whether to allow
estoppel in any given case. It will not always be correct to allow estoppel." Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at
386.
The first set of these factors are the three so-called "threshold requirements." A court
considering whether to give the conviction estoppel effect must at the outset determine that (1) the
issue decided in the criminal case and the one presented in the civil case are identical; (2) there was
a final judgment on the merits in the criminal case; and (3) the party against whom estoppel is
asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 387.
Additionally, even if the threshold requirements are met, it is not necessarily appropriate to apply
estoppel. Rather, it will be appropriate to do so only if its application will not result in any
unfairness. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 388. To determine whether unfairness will result, a court must
balance the need to limit litigation--a need vindicated by the application of estoppel--against a
party's right to an adversarial proceeding in which he or she is accorded a full and fair opportunity to
be heard--a right that could be vitiated by the application of estoppel. See Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at
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388. In making this determination, the court may consider a party's incentive to litigate the issue in
the first action. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 388.
Here, Allstate has not produced sufficient evidence to meet the Savickas test. First, and most
importantly, Allstate has presented no facts from which we can determine that the issue decided in
the criminal case and the one presented in the civil case are identical. In support of its motion for
summary judgment, Allstate offered a certified copy of Daniel's conviction. But this document does
not recount any of the facts underlying the conviction. The trial court apparently recognized the
ambiguity; it asked whether there was a transcript of the criminal proceeding. However, none was
provided, and the trial court nevertheless granted Allstate's motion. In light of the total lack of
factual evidence offered by Allstate, the trial court's granting of the motion would seem to turn the
summary judgment standard on its head, placing on the nonmovant the initial burden of producing
enough evidence to establish a genuine factual issue, rather than on the movant to establish an
absence of one. In any event, regardless of the trial court's reasoning on this point, Allstate has
produced absolutely no evidence to show that the issue decided in the criminal case was the same as
the issue presented in the civil case. Therefore, Allstate cannot satisfy the first threshold
requirement under Savickas. Cf. Davila v. Yellow Cab Co., 333 Ill. App. 3d 592 (2002)
(identity requirement not satisfied where movant claimed that the plaintiff had been convicted of a
crime, but failed to attach to the motion a copy of the conviction or a transcript of the criminal
proceedings that led to it).
None of the cases on which Allstate relies undermines this conclusion. For example, in
Savickas itself, the evidence before the civil court showed that, in the criminal proceeding, the
insured had been convicted of first degree murder for shooting the victim and that the insured
"intended or expected" that the shooting would result in the victim's death. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at
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388. In the civil case, the plaintiff sought to establish that that same shooting had been negligent.
Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 380-81. Thus, the supreme court was able to determine that the issue--i.e.,
the shooting of the victim by the insured--was identical. The court concluded that the determination
in the criminal proceeding estopped the parties to the civil proceeding from arguing that the shooting
was negligent. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 388. Conversely, in the present case, we do not know what
the facts of the criminal case were. Consequently, we cannot determine that the issue decided in the
criminal case is the same as the issue presented in the civil case. The other cases cited by Allstate
are distinguishable for the same reason. See Prudential Property & Casualty Insurance Co. v. Kerwin,
215 Ill. App. 3d 1086 (1991) (evidence presented in a declaratory judgment action showed
that, in an earlier criminal proceeding, the insured was convicted of aggravated battery based on his
intentional shooting of victim); Allstate Insurance Co. v. Carioto, 194 Ill. App. 3d 767 (1990)
(evidence presented in a declaratory judgment action showed that, in an earlier criminal proceeding,
the insured was convicted of attempted murder based on the fact that, after announcing that he
intended to kill the victim, he stabbed the victim 15 to 17 times). In sum, Allstate has not satisfied
the first Savickas threshold requirement.
Even assuming, arguendo, that Allstate could establish all of the threshold requirements, its
motion would nevertheless fail. Under Savickas, once the party claiming collateral estoppel satisfies
the threshold requirements, the court must determine whether it is fair to apply collateral estoppel.
One inquiry in this regard is whether, in the earlier proceeding, the insured had an incentive to fully
litigate the issue. Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 388. For example, in Savickas itself, the court found that
the insured had an incentive in the earlier proceeding to litigate the issue of the victim's shooting,
because, if convicted, he faced a harsh jail sentence. The court stated:
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"It cannot seriously be questioned that he had a full incentive to litigate his criminal trial. Savickas was
facing charges of first degree murder for the shooting death of his victim, a charge with a minimum
penalty of 20 years' imprisonment and a potential maximum penalty of 60 years' imprisonment even in
the absence of any aggravating factors." Savickas, 193 Ill. 2d at 389.
By contrast, in Talarico v. Dunlap, 177 Ill. 2d 185 (1997), the court found collateral estoppel
inappropriate where the plaintiff had not had an incentive to previously fully litigate the issue to
which the defendant sought to apply estoppel. The plaintiff had pleaded guilty to two counts of
misdemeanor battery and had admitted that he acted intentionally and knowingly. Talarico, 177 Ill.
2d at 188. Thereafter, he filed a civil suit, alleging that medication, which the defendant had
prescribed to him, had caused him to behave criminally. The defendant argued that the plaintiff's
guilty plea estopped him from arguing that the medication had proximately caused his criminal
behavior. Talarico, 177 Ill. 2d at 189. The supreme court rejected the defendant's argument. In
support of its conclusion, the court noted that, in the criminal proceeding, the plaintiff had faced
several serious charges, but, in exchange for a light sentence, had pleaded guilty to a lesser offense.
Talarico, 177 Ill. 2d at 197. This fact, the court reasoned, undermined the conclusion that the
plaintiff had had an incentive to litigate the issue in the earlier criminal proceeding. See Talarico,
177 Ill. 2d at 197.
Similarly, in the present case, it does not appear that Daniel had a strong incentive to litigate
the battery issue in the earlier proceeding. Daniel himself said that he pleaded guilty only because
doing so gave him the opportunity for a light sentence and a clean record. And Allstate has offered
nothing to dispute this, save for, perhaps, its conclusory assertion that Daniel faced "a significant jail
sentence" in the battery case. This is unconvincing in light of the actual facts of the case--including
the fact that Daniel received a light sentence and the apparent promise of a clean record. In short,
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then, it does not appear that Daniel had an incentive to fully litigate the battery issue in the criminal
proceeding. Because he did not, estoppel is inappropriate. See Metropolitan Property & Casualty
Insurance Co. v. Pittington, No. 3--04--0119, slip op. at 13 (April 22, 2005), quoting Talarico, 177 Ill.
2d at 196 (collateral estoppel inappropriate, because insured, who had been charged with attempted
murder and was given the chance to plead guilty to reckless conduct and did so,"had little incentive to
continue the litigation in a 'struggle to the finish' ").
To summarize, Allstate cannot establish the first threshold requirement under Savickas.
Moreover, even if it could, and even if it could establish the remaining two threshold requirements,
estoppel would still be inappropriate, because, in the criminal proceeding, Daniel did not have an
incentive to fully litigate the battery issue. Accordingly, Allstate's motion for summary judgment
should have been denied.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is reversed, and
the cause is remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
KAPALA and GILLERAN JOHNSON, JJ., concur.
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