The contract whose breach is the subject of the appeal, covered the delivery by defendant between April 1st, 1916, and April 1st, 1917, of a minimum of 30,000 gross tons, in approximately equal monthly proportions, of "C Prime" coal from the Ralphton mines, to the plaintiff at either Port Reading, N. J., St. George, S. I., or Port Richmond, Pa., at a price of $1.65 per ton f. o. b. mine, or $2.90 per ton f. o. b. at these points of destination. The defendant delivered under the contract 17,583 tons, and the plaintiff sues to recover its damages for the failure to deliver the balance contracted for.
The court found that the defendant had failed to deliver coal as contracted for during the months of September, October, November, January and February, and ascertained the difference between the contract *Page 118 price and the market price under our rule of damages (Sales Act, General Statutes, § 4733), and rendered judgment for $6,615.72.
The trial court refused to include in its judgment damages for the failure to make delivery for the month of March, 1917. Under the contract the defendant was obligated to deliver approximately 2,500 gross tons in March, 1917. The trial court places its refusal to award damages for this breach, upon two grounds: (1) That the contract was abrogated by the parties prior to March 1st. (2) That the plaintiff's failure to pay for the February shipment gave the defendant the right to refuse to ship coal for March until this payment was made. The first ground is determined by the facts found, unless the motion to correct paragraphs 18, 19 and 20 of the finding should have been granted. The second ground is determined by the construction given to the contract. We will dispose of this ground first.
The plaintiff was obligated to pay for the February shipment on the 20th of the following month of March. When the plaintiff failed to make such payment the defendant had two courses open to it. It might, at its option, have canceled the contract, or, if it was of the opinion that the credit of the plaintiff had become impaired, it had the right to require payments to be made in advance before making further deliveries. This latter provision did not give defendant the right to require all payments past due to be made before it should make further deliveries. It merely gave the defendant the right to refuse to make future deliveries when it should determine, and this meant fairly determine, that plaintiff's credit had become impaired, until plaintiff should make payment for the same before delivery. Defendant understood this feature of the contract, for it pleaded in its answer that it had availed *Page 119 itself of the right given by the contract and had required payments in advance before making further deliveries, since in its judgment the credit of the plaintiff had become impaired.
The finding does not support in any degree the claim that deliveries in March were not made because defendant had determined that the credit of the plaintiff had become impaired, and had required advance payments before making further deliveries.
In the absence of special provisions of the contract giving defendant the right to refuse future deliveries until past due payments had been made, it had no such right under the law.
The Sales Act is the same in all States whose law might be held to govern this contract. Whether defendant had the right to refuse to proceed further and sue for breach of the entire contract, or, if the breach is severable, for compensation for that but not to treat the whole contract as broken, is made to depend by the terms of the Sales Act (General Statutes, § 4711) "on the terms of the contract and the circumstances of the case." Payment for deliveries under the contract were not to be made at the time of delivery, but on the 20th of the succeeding month. The coal was sold on credit, and payment was not made a condition precedent to delivery. In fulfillment of its contract the defendant had no right to wait until the previous months' deliveries were paid for, before making further delivery. Delivery of the coal and payment were not by the contract made concurrent conditions. This section of the Sales Act conformed to the rule of the existing common law.Mersey Steel Iron Co. v. Naylor, Benzon Co., L. R. 9 App. Cas. 434; Welsh v. Michigan Maple Co.,161 Mich. 16, 125 N.W. 692; Campbell Cameron Co. v. Weisse, 121 Wis. 491, 99 N.W. 340. Under the *Page 120 terms of the contract, defendant could not withhold deliveries in March until deliveries for February had been paid for; and this we hold irrespective of the fact that defendant had been for a long time largely in default on its deliveries. The terms of the contract and the default in deliveries by the defendant, justified the plaintiff in withholding the payment due March 20th in the manner in which it did.
The first ground is equally untenable; the parties had not by mutual consent abrogated the contract. The findings of the trial court in paragraphs 18 and 20, that the plaintiff had repudiated the contract, and the conclusion that the plaintiff and defendant had treated the contract as abrogated before and during the month of March, are each conclusions which are unsupported by the subordinate facts of the finding. We have examined closely the evidence which the parties have filed under plaintiff's motion to correct, together with the evidence recited in the finding, and we find no support whatever for these conclusions. The letters and telegrams between the parties make it entirely clear that both parties treated the contract during the entire month of March as an existing agreement. These also show that there was no attempt at an express rescission, and to us they make it equally clear that there was no evidence of an implied rescission; and this is plainly shown by the communication between these parties as late as March 27th and March 28th. On the 27th, the defendant offered to deliver 1,000 tons of coal at Port Richmond, and the same day plaintiff accepted the offer. On the next day, defendant by telegram expressed its willingness to make this delivery provided plaintiff should make payments, which were past due. On the same day plaintiff wrote defendant in response to this telegram, saying that on delivery of the 1,000 tons of coal it would pay the *Page 121 amount due March 20th, and, if necessary, deposit this amount in a Philadelphia bank under escrow instructions to pay defendant upon completion of delivery of the 1,000 tons; and this offer defendant declined on the same day. It thus appears that both parties understood and intended the contract to be existent and operative. The real difficulty was that the defendant was endeavoring to force payments other than as provided by the contract. The findings in paragraphs 19 and 20 indicate that the trial court was of the opinion that the plaintiff, while in default in fulfillment of its part of the contract, was attempting to obtain from defendant a new agreement as to deliveries after March 1st. We find nothing in the evidence to justify this conclusion. It is apparent that the plaintiff was sorely in need of coal. On January 9th, when defendant was short in its deliveries over 4,000 tons and, so far as the record shows, plaintiff was not in default in its payments, plaintiff offered to release defendant from its obligation as to these deliveries, provided defendant would deliver of this kind of coal 2,000 tons for each of the months of January, February and March, instead of approximately 2,500 tons as called for by the contract. The difference between the contract and market price for the coal which defendant was obligated to deliver, and from which obligation plaintiff offered to release defendant, was a very considerable sum. The new and different agreement which plaintiff endeavored to make was obviously for the large pecuniary benefit of defendant and was made as the result of the plaintiff's urgent need of coal.
The only other suggestion upon the record of a new agreement proposed by the plaintiff, was its offer to deposit in escrow in a bank moneys to meet payments upon defendant's completing the delivery promised. In view of the fact that defendant had offered to *Page 122 deliver 1,000 tons of coal and, after its offer had been accepted, had insisted, as a condition precedent to delivery, that all back payments be first made, plaintiff's offer to deposit the funds for payment in escrow, to meet delivery of the coal, must be deemed to be a reasonable business protection. And in view of defendant's declination of so reasonable a proposition, it would not have been unfair for the trial court to infer that defendant's real purpose was to secure the back payments without making the promised delivery. In considering the motion to correct, we have taken the evidence certified, together with the evidence found in paragraphs 5 to 17 of the finding. The recital in a finding of the communications between the parties, violates our rule that the finding should state facts not evidence. Doubtless the trial court followed the draft-finding of the plaintiff in this irregular course. Had the case stood exclusively upon the evidence recited in the finding, we do not see how the plaintiff could have had its appeal determined in this court.
In view of the conclusions reached, we omit consideration of plaintiff's claim that, by reason of defendant's prior material default, plaintiff became entitled to damages for breach of the entire contract, including the March deliveries, and was under no obligation to perform further itself.
There is error, the case is remanded with instruction to find the damage due plaintiff for defendant's default in the delivery under the contract for March, 1917, in accordance with this opinion, and to add this sum to the amount of the judgment rendered November 2d 1920, for $6,615.72, with interest thereon, and to render judgment for such combined sum in favor of plaintiff.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.