The original opinion, — after reinstatement of this appeal, — heretofore rendered herein, is hereby withdrawn and the following inserted in lieu thereof:
It seems that appellant was found in a state of intoxication in the city of Marshall on a public street, and the injured party, Mr. Harrison, — who was a policeman of such city, and dressed in such uniform, and on duty, — was informed that appellant was intoxicated and creating a disturbance upon a public street of said city. He saw appellant on North Washington Street in said city, within two blocks of the city hall, and he appeared to be intoxicated to the policeman, who approached appellant and told him that he, appellant, had too much liquor to be on the street, and to go home. This appellant refused to do, and upon the policeman attempting to arrest appellant, who fled, and in the pursuit of appellant he, appellant, possessed himself of the policeman's club and struck Mr. Harrison on the side of the head and knocked him unconscious for a short time, which wound required five stitches to close. In the meantime a citizen had appeared and pinioned the arms of appellant, and Mr. Harrison finally handcuffed appellant, took him off to the city hall and locked him up.
Appellant did not testify, but defended on the proposition that his attempted arrest was unlawful, the policeman not having a warrant therefor, and therefore that he had a right to use all necessary force to enlarge himself from such unlawful arrest.
Art. 999, R. C. S. 1925, prescribes the duties and powers of a city marshal, who is ex officio chief of police, and, among other things, says: "It shall be his duty to arrest,without warrant, all violators of the public peace, and all who obstruct or interfere with him in the execution of the duties of his office, or who shall be guilty of any disorderly conduct or disturbance whatever. * * *"
Art. 998, R. C. S. 1925, provides, among other things, that: "* * * such officers (policemen) shall have like powers, rights and authority as are by said title vested in city marshals." We, therefore, find city policemen possessed of the same powers as city marshalls and chiefs of police. The dominant question then *Page 195 arising is whether drunkenness in a public place is disorderly conduct.
In 15 Tex. Jurisprudence, p. 300, we find: "Drunkenness in a public place, which is made an offense by the Penal Code, is clearly disorderly conduct, regardless of the fact that the drunkard is not creating a disturbance." Also in 4 Tex. Jur., p. 749: "In view of the legislative provisions declaring that drunkenness in a public place is an offense, and that a marshal or his deputies may arrest without warrant persons guilty of disorderly conduct or any disturbance whatever, it has been held that a person may be arrested for drunkenness because drunkenness is to be considered per se disorderly conduct."
We quote from Pratt v. Brown, 80 Tex. 613, 16 S.W. Rep. 443: "* * * It remains to determine whether drunkenness in a public place is per se 'disorderly conduct' within the purview of Art. 363. We think that it is, although the individual is not otherwise creating a disturbance. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred perhaps he creates one unless timely arrested and restrained."
We further quote from the opinion by Judge Hurt in Beville v. State, 16 Texas Crim. App. 70, as follows: "N.C. Cargill, marshal of the city of Decatur, and the appellant, deputy marshal, arrested one H. C. Carter within the limits of said city, while said Carter was intoxicated in a public place, and in the act of committing a breach of the peace in the view of said officers. The arrest was made without a warrant. The marshal and appellant, his deputy, carried Carter to the calaboose, a place provided by the city for the detention of city prisoners, and there kept him confined about an hour, when he was liberated on giving an appearance bond. Carter proposed to give such bond when he was arrested, but this was refused by the marshal and appellant. By ordinances of the city of Decatur drunkenness and breaches of the peace are made offenses.
"Appellant was prosecuted to conviction for false imprisonment; from which conviction he appeals to this court. Under the above state of fact, had appellant the right to arrest and imprison Carter as he did? We are most clearly of the opinion that he had. Nor does the fact that Carter offered to give bond when arrested affect the question.
"As stated in the case of Scircle v. Neeves, 47 Indiana, 289: 'There is probably not a city or town in the State making any pretense to proper municipal government that has not an ordinance in substance the same as this (one making drunkenness *Page 196 an offense), and whose police officers do not constantly arrest, lock up and afterward carry before the courts, persons who violate its provisions. Such persons must learn that society has the right to protect itself against the evil influences of their example, and that they are proper objects of municipal legislation, arrest and punishment.' This we believe to be the correct doctrine.
"We are of the opinion that it was the duty of the marshal, or his deputy, to arrest and confine Carter until he became sufficiently sober and rational as not to be a nuisance to peaceable and orderly citizens of the city. Society has rights as well as the citizen, and when the good order of society is thus invaded and defied, her officers should act promptly and effectively."
Also see 4 Amer. Juris., p. 28; Corpus Juris, 2nd, p. 588, and the cases there cited.
Webster's International Dictionary defines "disorderly" to mean, among other things, as "Offensive to good morals and public decency, without law or order." We confess that we are unable to class the reputed conduct of Mr. Bennett in being found in an intoxicated condition on a public street of a populous city such as Marshall in any other category than that of one offensive to good morals and public decency, and as conduct without the law, as denounced by Art. 477 of the Penal Code.
The case of King v. State, 103 S.W.2d 754, is not in point herein. The arrest without warrant in that particular case was effected by a constable and on King's premises and not in a public place and not by a policeman of a city, and Art. 999, supra, includes neither a sheriff nor a constable in its provisions empowering city marshals to arrest without warrant persons guilty of disorderly conduct. This arrest without warrant is justified, not under Art. 212, C. C. P., but under the broad powers given policemen under Arts. 998 and 999, R. C. S.
Thus believing we hold that policemen have the power under the statute to arrest without warrant persons found in a state of drunkenness in a public place, within their jurisdiction, and that drunkenness in such place is disorderly conduct.
We are aware that this holding evidences a different rule for sheriffs and constables from that of policemen. The former are not included in Arts. 998 and 999, R. C. S., but find their powers enumerated in Art. 212, C. C. P. and Art. 41, C. C. P., which articles may not include the power to arrest for disorderly conduct without a warrant. This leads us to make the suggestion to the Legislature that proper legislation is needed *Page 197 to place both classes of peace officers on an equal footing relative to the arrest of intoxicated persons without a warrant where the offense is committed in such officers' presence.
In accordance with what we have said, the judgment is affirmed.
ON APPELLANT'S MOTION FOR REHEARING.