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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-15679
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 9:13-cv-80050-KLR
TROY K. CONRAD,
Petitioner - Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Respondent - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(September 8, 2016)
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Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and SILER, * Circuit Judges.
SILER, Circuit Judge:
In 2003, Florida prisoner Troy Conrad was convicted of second-degree
murder and attempted second-degree murder. Ten years later, he filed the instant
habeas proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, asserting that his Sixth
Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel was violated when his trial
counsel failed to object to a portion of the jury instructions on self-defense.
Conrad argues that the forcible-felony provision of the instructions was circular,
confusing, and misleading, and that it impermissibly negated his sole defense at
trial—a self-defense justification.
The magistrate judge found no error in the provision of the forcible-felony
instruction and recommended that Conrad’s petition be denied. The magistrate
judge further concluded that even if the instruction were erroneous, any error
would not constitute fundamental error on appeal and therefore was not prejudicial
under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984). The district
court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendations. Conrad now
appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for writ of habeas corpus. We
AFFIRM.
*
Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
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BACKGROUND
The State of Florida’s (“the State”) indictment alleged that on January 21,
2002, Conrad shot with a firearm Edgar Padilla, who ultimately died from his
complications, and Carmelite Lefevre, who survived. The State charged Conrad
with second-degree murder with a firearm and attempted second-degree murder
with a firearm, both in violation of Florida law. During Conrad’s 2003 trial, the
State theorized that Conrad, a drug addict, killed Padilla, his dealer, in an effort to
obtain crack cocaine. It further alleged that Conrad attempted to kill Lefevre
because she had witnessed Padilla’s murder.
At trial, Conrad admitted shooting Padilla and Lefevre but asserted that he
did so only in self-defense. He explained that he regularly purchased cocaine from
Padilla, who had threatened that if Conrad “play[ed] with” Padilla’s money, Padilla
would shoot him. Conrad testified that on the day of the shootings, he wanted to
buy crack cocaine but owed Padilla approximately two hundred dollars for past
purchases. When he paged Padilla that morning, Conrad possessed only twenty
dollars, but he assured Padilla that he would repay the remainder of his debt by that
afternoon. Padilla responded that if Conrad failed to produce the money, Padilla
would “bust a cap” in Conrad—that is, shoot him. In Conrad’s mind, Padilla’s
threat was not baseless: he knew that Padilla sometimes carried a gun wrapped in
a towel and was a member of a violent gang.
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Later that day, Padilla arrived at Conrad’s home unannounced and
demanded the money. When Conrad told him that he did not have it, Padilla
became angry, grabbed Conrad by the shirt, and yelled at him to get the money or
else Padilla would “bust a cap.” Conrad observed that Padilla had a towel with
him at the time; he assumed that Padilla’s gun was wrapped inside the towel.
Padilla then placed Conrad in the back seat of Padilla’s car and handed the
towel to Lefevre, who was seated in the front passenger seat. Conrad recognized
Lefevre, who had been present during previous drug transactions with Padilla.
Conrad agreed to ask his mother for the money that Padilla demanded. When she
refused, Padilla became livid. Conrad stated that he nodded off in the car and
awoke to Padilla’s holding a gun. He heard Padilla say to Lefevre, “I ought to off
this cracker.” At this time, Lefevre was holding the towel. Believing he was about
to be killed, Conrad reached forward, grabbed the gun from Padilla, and fired four
times.
After firing the last shot, Conrad scrambled to his house, told his girlfriend
to hide, and smeared ketchup onto his body so that he could pretend to be dead if
Padilla retaliated. He maintained that he had no time to think at the time of the
shooting but simply acted in fear for his life. When police arrived, Conrad
willingly came out of his house but did not disclose that he had shot Padilla and
Lefevre. Instead, he told the officers that a rival drug dealer had shot them. At
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trial, Conrad emphasized that when he grabbed Padilla’s gun, he believed that
there was also a gun wrapped in the towel that Lefevre was holding and that he had
no time to hesitate or think.
The court’s instructions to the jury discussed the law governing self-defense
as a legal defense to murder and attempted murder. As to the forcible-felony
exception to the self-defense justification, the court explained:
[T]he use of force likely to cause death or great bodily
harm is not justified if you find, one, Troy Conrad was
attempting to commit, committing or escaping after the
commission of an aggravated battery and/or aggravated
assault . . . .
Neither party objected to this instruction.
The jury found Conrad guilty of second-degree murder of Padilla and
attempted second-degree murder of Lefevre. The court denied Conrad’s motion
for a new trial and sentenced him to a term of life imprisonment for the second-
degree murder conviction and a concurrent fifteen-year term for the attempted
second-degree murder conviction. The state appellate court affirmed Conrad’s
convictions.
After his initial efforts to obtain post-conviction relief failed, Conrad filed a
second post-conviction motion in state court, asserting for the first time that
counsel’s failure to object to the forcible-felony instruction constituted ineffective
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assistance. The court denied Conrad’s motion, and the Florida Fourth District
Court of Appeal affirmed.
Conrad then filed this § 2254 action in federal court, maintaining that he was
denied effective assistance in light of his trial counsel’s failure to object to the
forcible-felony instruction. A magistrate judge recommended that Conrad’s
petition be denied without a hearing. The district court adopted the magistrate’s
report and recommendation over Conrad’s objection. Conrad appealed to this
court, and we granted a certificate of appealability as to whether the district court
erred in rejecting Conrad’s claim.
ANALYSIS
I. Standard of review
“We review de novo a district court’s grant or denial of a habeas corpus
petition.” Ward v. Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1155 (11th Cir. 2010). We also review de
novo a district court’s legal conclusions and its resolution of mixed questions of
law and fact. Wellons v. Warden, 695 F.3d 1202, 1206 (11th Cir. 2012). Because
Conrad’s petition was filed after April 24, 1996, the effective date of the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), Conrad must
establish not only that his Sixth Amendment claim is meritorious, but also that the
state court’s adjudication of that claim:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
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established Federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the
evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see also Madison v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 677 F.3d
1333, 1336 (11th Cir. 2012). The Supreme Court has explained,
The pivotal question [in a § 2554(d) claim] is whether the
state court’s application of the Strickland standard was
unreasonable. This is different from asking whether
defense counsel’s performance fell below Strickland’s
standard. Were that the inquiry, the analysis would be no
different than if, for example, this Court were
adjudicating a Strickland claim on direct review of a
criminal conviction in a United States district court.
Under AEDPA, though, it is a necessary premise that the
two questions are different. For purposes of
§ 2254(d)(1), “an unreasonable application of federal
law is different from an incorrect application of federal
law.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 410, 120 S. Ct.
1495, 1498 (2000). A state court must be granted a
deference and latitude that are not in operation when the
case involves review under the Strickland standard itself.
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101, 131 S. Ct. 770, 778 (2011).
Conrad, therefore, confronts a “difficult” burden. Id. at 105. “The standards
created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two
apply in tandem, review is doubly so.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). “When § 2254(d) applies, the question is not whether counsel’s actions
were reasonable. The question is whether there is any reasonable argument that
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counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Id.; see also Hill v. Humphrey,
662 F.3d 1335, 1343 (11th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (“Under AEDPA, our review of a
final state habeas decision is greatly circumscribed and is highly deferential to the
state courts.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
The merits of Conrad’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim are “squarely
governed” by Strickland, 466 U.S. 668; see Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 390,
120 S. Ct. 1495, 1497 (2000). Pursuant to Strickland, Conrad must demonstrate
that “counsel’s performance was deficient” and that “the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To establish ineffectiveness,
Conrad “must show that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness.” Id. at 688. To establish prejudice, he must demonstrate “a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.
But because AEDPA deference also governs Conrad’s claims, he must prove
not only a reasonable probability of a more favorable outcome, but that no
reasonable jurist could have reached the state court’s conclusion. If fair-minded
jurists could disagree as to that decision’s soundness, the state court’s application
of Strickland cannot be said to be unreasonable, and AEDPA precludes the grant of
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habeas relief. Evans v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corrs., 703 F.3d 1316, 1326-27 (11th Cir.
2013) (en banc).
As Conrad has failed to satisfy Strickland’s first prong, we need not reach
the second prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“[T]here is no reason for a
court deciding an ineffective assistance claim to . . . address both components of
the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.”). We find that
Conrad’s ineffective-assistance claim is unpersuasive.
II. The relevant statute and the effect of Giles
Conrad maintains that the state court’s decision was “contrary to” or
unreasonably applied Strickland. See § 2254(d)(1). He asserts that the state court
“misunderstood its own law” in its rejection of his ineffective-assistance claim.
According to Conrad, the forcible-felony instruction is proper only where the
defendant has committed an independent forcible felony other than the one for
which he claims self-defense.
The instruction at issue is based on Florida Statute § 776.041(1) (2002),
which provides:
The [self-defense] justification described in the preceding
sections of this chapter is not available to a person who:
(1) Is attempting to commit, committing, or escaping
after the commission of, a forcible felony . . . .
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See Williams v. State, 901 So. 2d 899, 900 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (noting that
the instruction concerning situations when the defense of justifiable use of force is
unavailable is drawn from Fla. Stat. § 776.041); see also Fla. Std. Jury Instr.
(Crim.) 3.6(f).
In 2002—the year prior to Conrad’s trial—the Florida Court of Appeal
addressed a jury instruction that arose from this statute. Giles v. State, 831 So. 2d
1263 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002), held that the forcible-felony instruction is proper
only where the forcible felony is a separate and independent one. Giles was
convicted of aggravated battery after a fight with his opponent in a poker game
resulted in Giles hitting the man in the mouth with a brick. Id. at 1264. The trial
court instructed the jury, “The use of force not likely to cause death or great bodily
harm is not justifiable if you find that the defendant was attempting to commit,
committing or escaping after the commission of an aggravated battery.” Id.
Accordingly, the court’s jury instruction on self-defense provided:
The defendant would be justified in using force not likely
to cause death or great bodily harm against [the victim] if
the following two facts were proved.
Number one, the defendant must have reasonably
believed that such conduct was necessary to defend
himself against [the victim’s] imminent use of unlawful
force against the defendant.
Number two, the use of unlawful force by [the victim]
must have appeared to the defendant ready to take place.
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The use of force not likely to cause death or great bodily
harm is not justifiable if you find that the defendant was
attempting to commit, committing or escaping after the
commission of an aggravated battery.
Id. at 1265.
The Florida Court of Appeal deemed this instruction erroneous, finding it
“reasonably calculated to confuse or mislead the jury.” Id. (quoting Barton
Protective Servs., Inc. v. Faber, 745 So. 2d 968, 974 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999));
see also Wadman v. State, 750 So. 2d 655, 658 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1999) (noting
that a trial court “should not give instructions which are confusing, contradictory,
or misleading”). Giles held that the self-defense instruction was “misleading and
confusing such that the effect was to negate Giles’ only defense to the charge of
aggravated battery.” Id. (citing Davis v. State, 804 So. 2d 400, 404 (Fla. Dist. Ct.
App. 2001) (deeming it fundamental error to give an inaccurate and misleading
instruction where the effect of that instruction is to negate a defendant’s only
defense); Harris v. State, 570 So. 2d 397, 399 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990)
(instructing that the trial court should give a complete and accurate instruction so
as not to negate the defendant’s theory of self-defense)).
Giles noted that although aggravated battery is indeed a forcible felony, the
Florida statute’s plain language reflects that it applies “only under circumstances
where the person claiming self-defense is engaged in another, independent
‘forcible felony’ at the time.” 831 So. 2d at 1265 (citing Perkins v. State, 576 So.
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2d 1310 (Fla. 1991) (holding that cocaine trafficking was not a forcible felony so
as to preclude the defense of self-defense when the killing occurred during an
attempt to traffic in cocaine)). That is, “[t]he instruction is normally given in
situations where the accused is charged with at least two criminal acts, the act for
which the accused is claiming self-defense and a separate forcible felony.” Id. at
1265 (citations omitted).
Though Giles committed only one act, the instruction conveyed that the act
that Giles sought to justify—the alleged aggravated battery—precluded a finding
of justification. “Essentially, the jury was instructed that [Section] 776.041(1)
would apply to preclude a self-defense claim, when it is claimed that the acts with
which the defendant is charged are themselves committed in appropriate self-
defense.” Id. at 1266. Therefore, even if the jury determined that Giles threw the
brick in self-defense, his action was nonetheless unjustifiable because the act itself
was a forcible felony. This reading of the statute is erroneous, the court said.
Instead, “the proper test for determining the applicability of the instruction is not
whether the self-defense act itself could qualify as a forcible felony, but whether, at
the time of the self-defense, the accused was engaged in a separate forcible
felonious act.” Id. at 1266 (citing Perkins, 576 So. 2d at 1311). Therefore, the
trial court’s instruction was “circular and confusing to the jury such that it basically
negated Giles’ defense.” Id. (citations omitted).
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III. Giles’ progeny and application to Strickland
Conrad argued to the state court that he was denied effective assistance of
counsel when his trial counsel failed to object to the forcible-felony instruction in
light of Giles. He maintains that because Giles predated his trial, his counsel
should have known that the forcible-felony instruction did not apply and thus
should have objected.
As stated above, counsel’s performance is deficient when it falls below an
objective standard of reasonableness and is “outside the wide range of
professionally competent assistance.” Johnson v. Sec’y, DOC, 643 F.3d 907, 928
(11th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). The “test has nothing to do with what the
best lawyers would have done. Nor is the test even what most good lawyers would
have done. We ask only whether some reasonable lawyer at the trial could have
acted, in the circumstances, as defense counsel acted at trial.” Waters v. Thomas,
46 F.3d 1506, 1512 (11th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted). Conrad
must therefore establish that “no competent counsel would have taken the action
that his counsel did take.” Chandler v. United States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1315 (11th
Cir. 2000) (en banc). Here, the required “objective inquiry,” Castillo v. Fla. Sec’y
of DOC, 722 F.3d 1281, 1285 n.2 (11th Cir. 2013), entails asking “whether any
reasonable lawyer could have elected not to object for strategic or tactical reasons,”
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not whether “the actual defense counsel was . . . subjectively motivated by those
reasons.” Id.
According to Conrad, the two charges for which he stood trial—second-
degree murder and second-degree attempted murder—were not separate,
independent felonies. Instead, he portrays his shooting of Lefevre and Padilla as
part of the same transaction, a unified attempt at self-defense.
Conrad acknowledges that he was charged with two felonies for which he
claimed self-defense, while the Giles defendant confronted only one charge.
However, he characterizes this fact as “a distinction without a difference” because
he claimed self-defense as to both charges, which were related to victims acting in
concert in the same chain of events. Conrad submits that the forcible-felony
instruction was confusing and misleading, as he was not charged with any felony
other than those to which self-defense provided a complete defense.
The State responds that Conrad’s counsel should not have been expected to
know that that the forcible-felony instruction did not apply, as the Florida Supreme
Court did not amend its standard jury instructions to reflect the Giles principle until
2006, three years after Conrad’s trial. See In re Std. Jury Instructions in Criminal
Cases (No. 2005-4), 930 So. 2d 612, 614 (Fla. 2006) (mem.) (instructing courts to
give the forcible-felony instruction “only if the defendant is charged with more
than one forcible felony” pursuant to Giles). Instead, during Conrad’s 2003 trial,
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Florida’s jury instructions indicated that the forcible-felony instruction was proper
where the defendant claiming self-defense was engaged in another independent
forcible felony. The allegations against Conrad reflected exactly these
circumstances, as Conrad was charged with two distinct felonies.
The State’s reasoning is persuasive. The instruction was not erroneous
according to Florida law at the time of the trial. We have observed that
“[r]easonably effective representation cannot and does not include a requirement to
make arguments based on predictions of how the law may develop.” Spaziano v.
Singletary, 36 F.3d 1028, 1039 (11th Cir. 1994) (alteration in original) (citations
omitted); see also Jackson v. Herring, 42 F.3d 1350, 1359 (11th Cir. 1995) (“To be
effective within the bounds set by Strickland, an attorney need not anticipate
changes in the law.”).
What is more, though Giles represents the genesis of the court’s reasoning
regarding the forcible-felony instruction, that case did not address the precise issue
at hand here—that is, the application of the instruction when a defendant claims
self-defense as to more than one victim. The Florida Court of Appeal confronted
the issue only in Shepard v. Crosby, 916 So. 2d 861 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005)—
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which was decided two years after Conrad’s trial. Whatever Shepard’s effect,
counsel was not deficient in failing to raise the case.1
Florida precedent indicates that trial counsel’s failure to object to standard
jury instructions that had not been invalidated by the Florida Supreme Court do not
render counsel’s performance deficient. Therefore, Conrad has not satisfied
Strickland’s performance prong. The district court did not err by dismissing
Conrad’s petition for habeas relief.
CONCLUSION
Because Conrad was charged with more than one forcible felony, the
magistrate judge and the district court determined that the forcible-felony
instruction was not improper. We agree. Because the provision of the forcible-
felony instruction at Conrad’s trial comported with Florida law at the time of the
trial, Conrad’s trial counsel did not violate constitutional standards. We therefore
conclude that the district court’s finding was not an unreasonable determination of
the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.
AFFIRMED.
1
Shepard provides scant background information and sheds little light on the issue before us.
Florida courts have called Shepard’s precedential value into question. See, e.g., Martinez v.
State, 933 So. 2d 1155, 1167 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2006) (“As [this] extremely brief opinion[]
reveal[s] very little, if anything, regarding the analysis performed or articulate[s] the facts upon
which [it is] based, we conclude that [it] . . . [is] of no precedential value.” (citing Shepard, 916
So. 2d 861)). Accordingly, our analysis does not rely upon Shepard.
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