Chapter II. of Title XXI of the Penal Code adopted by the Legislature of Tekas, and approved on the 26th of August, 1856, was headed, “ Of threats to commit offenses,” and contained four Articles, numbers 784, 785, 786, and 787. The first of which, 784, defined the offense, and the others were dependent upon and explanatory of that one.
From some cause the leading article, 784, was entirely left out of Paschal’s Digest, without any explanation to show whether it was accidentally or designedly omitted.
For the purpose, either of restoring this omission, or of increasing the penalty, the Legislature, on the 18th of October, 1871, re-enacted all of the sections of said chapter, with a change alone as to the punishment, with a title as follows :
“ CHAPTER XI.
“An Act to amend an Act entitled An Act to adopt and estab- “ ‘ lish a Penal Code for the State of Texas, approved “ ‘ August 26, A. D. 1871.’
“ Section I. Be it enacted by the LegislaAwre of the State of “ Texas, that Title XXI., Chapter II., of an Act entitled ‘ An “ ‘ Act to adopt and establish a Penal Code tor the State of “ ‘ Texas, approved ' August 26th, A. D. 1856,’ be so amended ‘ as to read as follows:
“ Article 784. If any person shall threaten to take the life of “ any human being, or to inflict on any human being any serious “ bodily injury, he shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for a period of not less than one year nor more than “five years, or by fine of not less than five hundred dollars, nor “ more than two thousand dollars.”
Then follows Articles 785, 786, 787, as they are in Paschal’s Digest of Laws. The word and number, “ Chapter XI.,” constituting the above heading, has reference to the chapter in the general laws of the “ Second session, 1871,” and not to the chapters of the Penal Code. Pamphlet Act, p. 15, 2 Sess. 1871. 12th Legislature. 2 Paschal’s Digest, p. 1338.
*385The defendant was indicted for seriously threatening to take the -life of one Dianees Beaty, alleged, to be a human being, and the indictment was filed on the lltfi of May, 1874, since the enactment referred to of the 18th of October, 1871. The indictment is in regular form. An exception was filed to set it aside, on the ground that “ there was no law to support said “ indictment,” which being sustained, an appeal was taken by the District Attorney to this court.
Mo brief has been filed pointing out any objection to the indictment or to the law. We are informed that the exception was sustained on account of the mistake in the title to the Act of the 18tli of October, 1871, in which it is recited that the Act amended was “ approved August 26th, 1871,” instead of “ ap- “ proved August 26 th, 1856,” as it should have been; and that thereby the amendatory Act of 18th of October, 1871) was rendered void for want of compliance with Section 17 of the General Provisions of the Constitution of the State of Texas, which prescribes that, “Every law enacted by the Legislature “ shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in “ the title.” (Paschal’s Digest, page 1127.)
As to whether this provision is mandatory or only directory to the Legislature, has been decided differently by different States in which, it has been adopted. (Cooley’s Con. Lim., 141, Sedgwick Stat. and Con. Law, 53-568.)
In the case of Cannon v. Hemphill, Chief Justice Hemphill says, speaking of this Section, “It would be irrational to sup- “ pose that this provision of the Constitution is merely a direc- “ tory one, which may be obeyed or disregarded at the will “ and caprice of the Legislature.” (7 Texas R., 208. Also see San Antonio v. Gould, 34 Texas R., 49.)
One of the leading objects of this provision, as shown by all of the authorities, is to prevent surprise, misapprehension, or deception upon the Legislature, and upon the public, by the insertion in the Act of something that would not be indicated by the title of the Act. That was one of the principal evils that led to its adoption. (Tadlock v. Eccles, 20 Texas R., 782.)
*386How can this mistake of inserting 1871 for 1856, as being the year when the Penal Code designed to be amended was approved, take any one by surprise, or in any way mislead any one as to the object or application of the amendment? We think not. Texas never had but one “ Penal Code,” in the sense conveyed in this title, and that was approved on the 26th of August, 1856; and it has been amended continually ever since its adoption, by referring to it in the titles of the amendatory acts, as the Penal Code, not meaning thereby generally a body of criminal laws in force in the State, but specially the Penal Code that was adopted as one act of the Legislature, and which was approved on the 26th of August, 1856. There was no such act establishing a Penal Code in 1871.
The leading object, as expressed in this title, was the amendment of the Penal Code, there being but one such, according to the understanding of all persons who understood anything about it, and the date assigned to it of “ 1871 ” would rarely be noticed at all, and when noticed, would be known to be a mistake or misprint; and therefore no one could be misled by it to his prejudice.
In holding this provision to be mandatory, it has been well said, that it would be appropriate to give it a rigorous and technical construction. (Walker v. Calwell, 4 Am. La. R., 298.)
We are of opinion that the court below erred in sustaining the exception to the indictment.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.