20-3768-cr
United States v. Vaccarelli
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
3 15th day of October, two thousand twenty-one.
4
5 Present:
6 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
7 Chief Judge,
8 DENNIS JACOBS,
9 RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
10 Circuit Judges.
11 _____________________________________
12
13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
14
15 Appellee,
16
17 v. 20-3768-cr
18
19 LEON VACCARELLI,
20
21 Defendant-Appellant.
22 _____________________________________
23
24 For Defendant-Appellant: JONATHAN J. EINHORN, Jonathan J. Einhorn Law
25 Offices, New Haven, CT.
26
27 For Appellee: JENNIFER R. LARIA, Assistant United States Attorney
28 (Michael S. McGarry & Marc H. Silverman, Assistant
29 United States Attorneys, on the brief) for Leonard C.
30 Boyle, Acting United States Attorney, District of
31 Connecticut, New Haven, CT.
32
1
1 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
2 (Arterton, J.).
3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
4 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and DISMISSED in
5 part.
6 Leon Vaccarelli appeals from a final judgment entered on October 30, 2020 after a jury
7 convicted him of three counts of mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 2; nine counts
8 of wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343 and 2; six counts of securities fraud, in violation
9 of 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78ff, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5, and 18 U.S.C. § 2; and three counts of
10 money laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1957 and 2. He was sentenced principally to 90
11 months’ imprisonment and ordered to pay restitution in the amount of $1,456,632.77. On appeal,
12 Vaccarelli argues that: (1) the district court abused its discretion in excluding his proposed expert
13 testimony; (2) the district court abused its discretion in admitting evidence pertaining to omissions
14 and misrepresentations he made on certain compliance forms; (3) application of an adjustment for
15 the use of sophisticated means under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) was
16 procedurally unreasonable; and (4) the district court abused its discretion in refusing to credit
17 against his restitution obligation certain payments that he claimed to have made. We assume the
18 parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues raised on
19 appeal.
20 * * *
21 I. Evidentiary Rulings
22 “We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, and will reverse
23 only for manifest error” and only where that error was not harmless. Cameron v. City of New
2
1 York, 598 F.3d 50, 61 (2d Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Vaccarelli challenges two of the district
2 court’s evidentiary rulings on appeal. First, he argues that the court erred in precluding the
3 introduction of his proposed expert testimony. The district court excluded this testimony based
4 on three grounds: inadequate disclosure under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16; lack of
5 helpfulness under Federal Rule of Evidence 702; and a high risk of jury confusion outweighing
6 the evidence’s probative value under Federal Rule of Evidence 403. Second, Vaccarelli contends
7 that the district court erred in admitting testimony relating to his violations of the rules for
8 registered representatives at his employer, The Investment Center (“TIC”), and Financial Industry
9 Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”)’s requirements for stockbrokers. In Vaccarelli’s view, this
10 evidence was unduly prejudicial and violated Federal Rule of Evidence 404(a) because it showed
11 his propensity to commit crimes.
12 We conclude, first, that the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding
13 Vaccarelli’s proposed expert testimony. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(b)(1)(C)
14 requires that a defendant, “at the government’s request, give to the government a written summary
15 of any testimony that the defendant intends to use under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal
16 Rules of Evidence.” The written summary must “describe the witness’s opinions, the bases and
17 reasons for those opinions, and the witness’s qualifications.” United States v. Ulbricht, 858 F.3d
18 71, 114 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(b)(1)(C)). We have previously perceived no
19 abuse of discretion in the exclusion of expert evidence where disclosures “merely list[] general
20 and in some cases extremely broad topics on which the expert[] might opine.” Id. at 115. Here,
21 Dr. Zonana’s reports failed to specify the basis for his opinion that Vaccarelli is an alcoholic, the
22 time period for which his diagnosis applies, or the medical criteria for his diagnosis. Dr. Zonana
23 also failed to provide his opinions as to the effects of alcoholism, either on Vaccarelli or in general.
3
1 When a party fails to comply with Rule 16, the district court has “broad discretion in
2 fashioning a remedy,” which may include granting a continuance or ordering the exclusion of
3 evidence. United States v. Lee, 834 F.3d 145, 158 (2d Cir. 2016) (citations omitted); Fed. R.
4 Crim. P. 16(d)(2)(A)-(D) (noting that a district court may order “any other [remedy] that is just
5 under the circumstances”). In considering whether a district court has abused its discretion, “we
6 look to ‘the reasons why disclosure was not made, the extent of the prejudice, if any, to the
7 opposing party, the feasibility of rectifying that prejudice by a continuance, and any other relevant
8 circumstances.’” Lee, 834 F.3d at 159 (citations omitted). Here, the district court provided
9 Vaccarelli with an opportunity to remedy his initial disclosure and notified him of its intention to
10 hold a hearing, in accordance with Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993),
11 should the supplemental disclosure sufficiently narrow and preview Dr. Zonana’s proposed
12 testimony. Vaccarelli, however, failed to rectify his initial disclosure. See Ulbricht, 858 F.3d
13 at 115 (finding that criminal defendants must “comply with established rules of procedure and
14 evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability” (quoting Chambers v. Mississippi, 410
15 U.S. 284, 302 (1973)). Under these circumstances, the district court acted well within its
16 discretion in excluding the testimony under Rule 16. Given this conclusion, we need not address
17 the district court’s alternative holdings under Federal Rules of Evidence 702 and 403.
18 Vaccarelli’s contention that the district court erred by admitting testimony that he violated
19 TIC and FINRA regulations is likewise without merit. As an initial matter, the challenged
20 testimony was direct evidence of the charged offense. Direct evidence is admissible if it is
21 relevant under Rule 401 and its probative value is not substantially outweighed by a danger of
22 unfair prejudice under Rule 403. Here, evidence of Vaccarelli’s TIC and FINRA violations was
23 relevant to Vaccarelli’s “scheme to . . . conceal the defrauding” of his clients and probative of the
4
1 manner and means by which Vaccarelli committed the charged offense. For instance, had
2 Vaccarelli been truthful in his disclosures to TIC, he likely would have alerted his employer to his
3 fraudulent schemes. The district court was further within its discretion to determine that the
4 evidence’s probative value was not substantially outweighed by any risk of unfair prejudice
5 because the evidence was “not any more sensational or disturbing than the charged crime.”
6 United States v. Rosemond, 958 F.3d 111, 125 (2d Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation
7 omitted).
8 Finally, even if there was some potential for prejudice, the district court gave careful
9 instructions to the jury not to convict for violation of a TIC rule, TIC contract, or FINRA rule,
10 because none of these acts, standing alone, would constitute a crime under federal law. See
11 United States v. Mercado, 573 F.3d 138, 142 (2d Cir. 2009). “[T]he law recognizes a strong
12 presumption that juries follow limiting instructions.” United States v. Snype, 441 F.3d 119, 129
13 (2d Cir. 2006). Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence
14 of Vaccarelli’s violations of TIC and FINRA requirements.
15 II. Sophisticated Means Enhancement
16 Section 2B1.1(b)(10)(C) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines provides a two-level
17 enhancement where “the offense otherwise involved sophisticated means and the defendant
18 intentionally engaged in or caused the conduct constituting sophisticated means.” Application
19 Note Nine to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 defines sophisticated means as “especially complex or especially
20 intricate offense conduct pertaining to the execution or concealment of an offense,” including
21 “[c]onduct such as hiding assets or transactions, or both, through the use of fictitious entities,
22 corporate shells, or offshore financial accounts.”
5
1 Vaccarelli contends that creating false investment agreements using TIC forms was no
2 more than garden-variety fraud. We have recognized, however, that “the creation and use of false
3 documents, and other tactics to conceal offense conduct, are indicia of the sophistication of an
4 offense.” United States v. Fofanah, 765 F.3d 141, 146 (2d Cir. 2014). Here, the false
5 investment agreements created a false sense of legitimacy that helped Vaccarelli to convince his
6 victims to invest their money. We have also held that, even where “each step in [a] scheme was
7 not elaborate,” a scheme as a whole may be sophisticated where “all the steps were linked
8 together . . . [to] exploit different vulnerabilities in different systems in a coordinated way.”
9 United States v. Jackson, 346 F.3d 22, 25 (2d Cir. 2003), vacated on other grounds sub. nom.
10 Lauersen v. United States, 543 U.S. 1097 (2005). The district court applied the sophisticated
11 means enhancement on the basis of several elements of Vaccarelli’s scheme, including: the
12 scheme’s six-year duration; the plundering of money from fifteen victims; the use of TIC to
13 provide legitimate cover; and the use of shell companies such as LWLVACC, LLC. We agree
14 with the district court that, taken together, these steps constitute far more than garden-variety fraud.
15 Thus, even under de novo review, we identify no procedural error in the district court’s
16 application of a U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C) enhancement. 1
17 III. Restitution Calculation
18 Finally, Vaccarelli argues that the district court’s calculation of the restitution amount does
19 not reflect legal fees that he paid on behalf of the Burton Trust and incorrectly includes a payment
20 that was made to him as a loan. This argument is foreclosed, however, by the Supreme Court’s
1
In reviewing the application of the sophisticated means enhancement, we apply “de novo review of
questions of law (including interpretations of the Guidelines) and clear-error review of questions of fact.”
United States v. Vargas, 961 F.3d 566, 570 (2d Cir. 2020). Here, because the enhancement was
procedurally sound under de novo review, we need not consider which of the two standards properly applies.
6
1 holding that a “single notice of appeal, filed between the initial judgment and the amended
2 judgment” is not “sufficient to invoke appellate review of the later-determined restitution amount”
3 where the government “objects to the defendant’s failure to file a notice of appeal following the
4 amended judgment.” Manrique v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 1266, 1270 (2017). Vaccarelli filed
5 his notice of appeal after judgment was entered on October 28, 2020, which was nearly two months
6 before the order of restitution was entered on December 23, 2020. He failed to file a second or
7 amended notice of appeal after the restitution order was entered. Because the government has
8 objected to Vaccarelli’s failure to file a second or amended notice of appeal, dismissal is required.
9
10 * * *
11 We have considered Vaccarelli’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
12 Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part and DISMISS in part the judgment of the district court.
13 FOR THE COURT:
14 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
7