People v. Yost

2021 IL 126187

IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 126187)

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
MICHAEL S. YOST, Appellee.

Opinion filed October 21, 2021.

JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Garman, Theis, Neville, Michael J.
Burke, and Overstreet concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In Illinois, a per se conflict of interest requires automatic reversal of a criminal
conviction unless the defendant waives the conflict. See, e.g., People v. Peterson,
2017 IL 120331, ¶ 104. This appeal asks us to determine whether a per se conflict
exists when defense counsel previously represented the victim of defendant’s crime
but the representation concluded before defendant’s trial. The circuit court
 answered that question in the negative and denied defendant’s motion for a new
trial. The appellate court reached the opposite conclusion, reversed defendant’s
conviction, and remanded for a new trial. 2020 IL App (4th) 190333-U, ¶¶ 51, 64.
For the reasons that follow, we reverse the appellate court’s judgment.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 In 2015, the State charged defendant, Michael S. Yost, with multiple counts of
first degree murder in connection with the fatal stabbing of his former girlfriend,
Sheri Randall. The matter proceeded to a bench trial in the circuit court of Moultrie
County. Defendant was represented by appointed counsel, Bradford Rau.

¶4 A. Bench Trial

¶5 At defendant’s bench trial, the State presented evidence that on the morning of
March 4, 2015, an officer responded to the victim’s apartment. Upon entry, the
officer observed blood in the kitchen and then discovered defendant and the victim
on the floor of the victim’s bedroom. Both had visible stab wounds, and there was
a large amount of blood on the bed and the floor. Defendant was transported to the
hospital, but the victim was pronounced dead at the scene.

¶6 A forensic pathologist testified that the victim’s cause of death was multiple
stab wounds caused by another person. The victim sustained defensive wounds to
her hands and stab wounds to her back. In contrast, the pathologist opined that
defendant’s wounds were self-inflicted.

¶7 The State introduced testimony from two bar employees who observed
defendant and the victim at a bar the night before her murder. According to the
employees, defendant bought several drinks for the victim. At approximately 10:30
p.m., a bar employee escorted defendant from the bar because he was yelling and
arguing with another man about the victim.

¶8 In addition, three witnesses testified that approximately a week before the
victim’s death, they observed defendant and the victim arguing at a bar. The
witnesses heard defendant curse at the victim and threaten to kill her. The State also
presented the testimony of two women who previously dated defendant. Both of

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 those women testified that defendant made statements threatening to harm or kill
the victim.

¶9 Defendant testified that he is a diabetic. Defendant confirmed he was at the bar
the evening before the victim was found dead in her apartment. Defendant drank
alcohol and took his diabetes medication that day. Defendant could not recall most
of his activities that evening and denied knowledge of being escorted from the bar
or leaving the bar.

¶ 10 Defendant remembered, however, being at the victim’s apartment that evening.
Defendant and the victim talked while she cooked in the kitchen. Defendant could
not remember the next series of events but recalled waking up in the victim’s
bedroom and removing a knife from his own body before losing consciousness.

¶ 11 Defendant presented the testimony of Dr. Gregory Clark, who was admitted as
an expert witness in endocrinology. After reviewing defendant’s medical records,
Dr. Clark concluded that defendant’s diabetes was not well controlled. Dr. Clark
testified that, in his professional opinion, defendant was severely hypoglycemic and
likely lost consciousness on the evening of March 3, 2015.

¶ 12 Following closing arguments, the trial court found defendant guilty of first
degree murder. The court scheduled the sentencing hearing for a later date.

¶ 13 Less than a week later, on September 21, 2016, defendant wrote a letter to the
trial court requesting a new trial. In that letter, defendant informed the court as
follows:

“I have just been made aware that my Attorney Mr. Brad Rau was also a[n]
attorney for the victim in my case Mrs. Sheri Randall in a past case of hers. This
means they had a past working relationship together which means there was a
conflict of interest. Nobody made me aware of this when Mr. Rau was
appointed to me and I never once said I was okay with this. With a case a[s]
serious as mine this is something that should never be overlooked. I feel this
was very unfair to me and that is why I now motion the court for a new trial.”

¶ 14 According to a docket entry dated September 22, 2016, the trial court placed
defendant’s letter on file. The court directed the clerk to forward copies of the letter
to the State and defense counsel.

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¶ 15 On September 30, 2016, defendant, through his appointed counsel Rau, filed a
motion for a new trial. The motion did not reference defendant’s letter or his
allegations of a conflict of interest.

¶ 16 After a hearing, the trial court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial, and
sentenced defendant to 75 years’ imprisonment. The court later denied defendant’s
motion to reconsider the sentence.

¶ 17 B. Direct Appeal

¶ 18 On appeal, the appellate court allowed the State’s motion for an agreed
summary remand for a preliminary inquiry pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill.
2d 181 (1984), into defendant’s allegation that his appointed trial counsel, Rau, had
a conflict of interest. People v. Yost, No. 4-16-0903 (2019) (unpublished summary
order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)).

¶ 19 C. Krankel Proceedings

¶ 20 After conducting a preliminary inquiry on remand, the trial court concluded that
defendant’s allegations had merit and appointed new counsel, Walter Lookofsky,
to investigate defendant’s claims. In March 2019, Lookofsky filed a “disclosure of
potential conflict of interest” that stated Lookofsky had previously retained attorney
Rau (defendant’s original trial counsel) in unrelated civil litigation. According to
the pleading, that prior civil litigation was “complete” and “ended,” and Rau was
fully paid for his services. Lookofsky further stated that he disclosed this “potential
conflict of interest” to defendant during a scheduled inmate telephone call and that
defendant waived any potential conflict.

¶ 21 In April 2019, defendant, through appointed counsel Lookofsky, filed an
amended motion for a new trial, alleging that defendant’s trial counsel, Rau, labored
under a per se conflict of interest. Specifically, defendant alleged that Rau had
represented the victim, Sheri Randall, on two prior occasions in an unrelated case.
Rau’s two prior representations of the victim included the first appearance in her
case and during the negotiated guilty plea proceeding that resolved her case. The

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 motion further alleged that defendant did not waive his right to conflict-free
representation during his criminal trial.

¶ 22 Also in April 2019, the circuit court held a hearing and confirmed on the record
that defendant waived any conflict of interest based on Lookofsky’s prior hiring of
Rau on an unrelated civil matter. The trial judge (Hon. Hugh Finson) also addressed
a possible conflict of interest involving himself, based on the judge’s prior
representation of defendant’s father in an adoption and divorce proceeding, and the
judge’s prior representation of defendant in an unrelated matter “more than 20 years
ago.” Defendant waived any conflict-of-interest claims based on the trial judge’s
prior representation of defendant and defendant’s family members. The court then
scheduled a hearing on defendant’s amended motion for a new trial for a later date.

¶ 23 In May 2019, the circuit court conducted a hearing on defendant’s amended
motion. Defendant testified that on September 15, 2016, he was convicted of the
victim’s murder. After his conviction but before sentencing, defendant learned from
his mother that his trial counsel, Rau, had previously represented the victim.
According to defendant, his mother found this information by searching Internet
records on a website called “Judici.” Defendant stated that he “was never made
aware of [Rau’s prior representation of the victim] at all.” Defendant denied that he
waived the potential conflict.

¶ 24 On cross-examination, defendant confirmed that he sent a letter to the circuit
court on September 21, 2016, informing the court of Rau’s potential conflict of
interest and prior representation of the victim. Defendant brought the issue to Rau’s
attention, but Rau stated that he was unsure of whether he had previously
represented the victim. Rau also told defendant that “it didn’t matter” because the
victim was deceased. Defendant believed that Rau’s prior representation of the
victim involved a charge of driving under the influence.

¶ 25 After defendant’s testimony, the parties agreed that the circuit court could take
judicial notice of the record in People v. Randall, No. 08-DT-22 (Cir. Ct. Moultrie
County), and in defendant’s criminal case. The court also admitted into evidence a
notarized affidavit from defendant’s trial counsel.

¶ 26 Bradford Rau testified that he served as the public defender for Moultrie County
from 2004 to 2017. Rau was appointed to represent defendant in the victim’s

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 murder case. Rau acknowledged that court records showed that he represented the
victim in a prior case, but Rau had “no independent recollection of ever
representing [the victim].”

¶ 27 Rau confirmed that defendant brought the matter to Rau’s attention after
defendant was convicted of the victim’s murder. Rau testified that he did not feel
he owed any duties or obligations to the victim during his representation of
defendant. Rau explained as follows:

“I don’t have any recollection of [the victim]. My representation of her
probably—may have—part of my job as public defender was to be here on
Monday mornings when people were appointed the public defender. A lot of
times I would meet with that person; the State would hand me the file; I would
review the police reports and then I would step out and interview with the
appointed client that day. Sometimes I made appointments and did follow[-]up
pleadings with them in my office, but probably 70 percent of the time the next
time I saw that individual was at the next pretrial, and as far I know, I appeared,
according to court records, twice for [the victim], as the initial appearance and
at the plea.”

¶ 28 On cross-examination, Rau confirmed the validity of the court records
indicating that he represented the victim in a prior matter. Rau acknowledged that
defendant sent a letter to the trial judge about the issue. Rau believed that he
addressed defendant’s letter with the court but conceded that nothing in the record
supported his belief.

¶ 29 Following argument, the circuit court denied defendant’s motion. The court
concluded that there was no per se conflict of interest under the facts of defendant’s
case and this court’s decision in People v. Hillenbrand, 121 Ill. 2d 537 (1988). In
Hillenbrand, this court concluded that a per se conflict did not exist when,
inter alia, defense counsel’s representation of the victim “was concluded long
before [Hillenbrand’s criminal case].” Id. at 545.

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¶ 30 D. Appeal from Krankel Proceedings

¶ 31 On appeal, the appellate court reversed, finding that Rau “labored under a per se
conflict of interest as a matter of law.” 2020 IL App (4th) 190333-U, ¶ 51. The
court observed that the undisputed facts established that (1) Rau represented the
victim in defendant’s case on a 2008 DUI charge, (2) Rau did not disclose that prior
representation of the victim to defendant, and (3) defendant did not knowingly
waive his rights to conflict-free representation. Id.

¶ 32 In relevant part, the appellate court rejected the circuit court’s reliance on
Hillenbrand. The court determined that this court’s more recent decision in People
v. Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d 134, 143 (2008), controlled the dispute because
Hernandez held that a per se conflict exists when counsel’s representation of the
victim is “ ‘ “prior or current” or “previous or current.” ’ ” 2020 IL App (4th)
190333-U, ¶ 57 (quoting Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d at 151). The court felt compelled
to follow Hernandez and stated that “[u]nless and until our supreme court addresses
the tension between Hernandez and Hillenbrand we are bound by the reasoning set
forth above.” Id. ¶ 58.

¶ 33 The State appealed pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315 (eff. Oct. 1,
2019). We allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal.

¶ 34 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 35 This appeal asks whether there is a per se conflict of interest when defense
counsel previously represented the victim of defendant’s crime. The question of
whether a per se conflict exists presents a legal question when, as here, the facts
underlying the appeal are undisputed. Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 101. We review
de novo that question of law. Id.

¶ 36 A criminal defendant’s sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel
includes the right to conflict-free representation. People v. Green, 2020 IL 125005,
¶ 20 (citing People v. Nelson, 2017 IL 120198, ¶ 29). The guarantee of conflict-free
representation ensures that a defendant is provided “ ‘assistance by an attorney
whose allegiance to his client is not diluted by conflicting interests or inconsistent
obligations.’ ” Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 102 (quoting People v. Spreitzer, 123

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 Ill. 2d 1, 13-14 (1988)). “Essentially, the party asserting such a claim is arguing that
a conflict rendered the attorney’s performance substandard and that the substandard
performance caused prejudice.” In re Br. M., 2021 IL 125969, ¶ 44.

¶ 37 Unlike other jurisdictions, Illinois law recognizes two types of conflict of
interest—actual and per se. People v. Fields, 2012 IL 112438, ¶ 17; see also
Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d at 14 (noting “[t]he term ‘per se’ conflict does not appear in
the United States Supreme Court case law, or for that matter, in cases from our
sister jurisdictions”).

¶ 38 To establish an actual conflict of interest, a defendant must identify an actual
conflict that adversely affected his counsel’s performance. Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d
at 144. The defendant is required to identify a specific deficiency in his counsel’s
strategy, tactics, or decision making that is attributable to the alleged conflict. Id.
Speculative allegations and conclusory statements are insufficient to establish an
actual conflict of interest. Id.

¶ 39 In contrast, a per se conflict does not require a defendant to establish that
counsel’s performance was affected by the conflict (Peterson, 2017 IL 120331,
¶ 104) or show actual prejudice (Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d at 143). A per se conflict
of interest exists when specific facts about the defense attorney’s status, by
themselves, create a disabling conflict. Fields, 2012 IL 112438, ¶ 17. Generally, a
per se conflict arises when defense counsel has a connection to a person or entity
that would benefit from an unfavorable verdict for the defendant. Id. When a per se
conflict exists, it requires automatic reversal of the criminal conviction unless the
defendant waives his right to conflict-free counsel. Green, 2020 IL 125005, ¶ 24.

¶ 40 We have explained that defense counsel’s association with or connection to the
victim, the prosecution, or a prosecution witness may have a subtle or subliminal
effect on counsel’s performance that is difficult to detect and demonstrate, which
justifies application of the per se conflict rule. Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 103.
We have also expressed concern that defense counsel will unnecessarily be
subjected to later allegations that his or her representation of the defendant was not
completely faithful. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d at 16-17.

¶ 41 In this case, the parties disagree on whether a per se conflict of interest based
on defense counsel’s representation of the victim is limited to situations when

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 counsel’s representation of the victim and the defendant is contemporaneous or
includes counsel’s prior representation of the victim. Reflecting the appellate
court’s perception of “tension” between our decisions in Hillenbrand and
Hernandez on that question (2020 IL App (4th) 190333-U, ¶ 58), the parties
disagree on which decision is controlling. We now consider those decisions.

¶ 42 In Hillenbrand, this court considered the per se conflict rule in the context of
defense counsel’s prior representation of the victim of defendant’s crime.
Hillenbrand pleaded guilty to the murder of his former girlfriend, Patricia Pence,
and her boyfriend, George Evans. Hillenbrand later moved to withdraw his guilty
plea and argued, in relevant part, that his plea counsel, Edward Rashid, labored
under a per se conflict of interest because he had previously represented the victim
and her family in various legal proceedings. Hillenbrand, 121 Ill. 2d at 543.

¶ 43 At an evidentiary hearing on Hillenbrand’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea,
Rashid’s secretary, Shirley Palochko, testified because Rashid had died. According
to Palochko, Rashid prepared personal and business income tax returns for Charles
and June Pence, the victim’s parents. Id. at 543-44. Charles was a “ ‘steady client’ ”
of Rashid for several years prior to the murders, including in a gambling action and
a marriage dissolution action against June. Charles later, however, obtained
services from two other attorneys on his divorce and postdecree matters. Id. at 544.

¶ 44 Palochko further testified that Rashid prepared income tax returns for the victim
and defendant, who had at one time operated a restaurant together. Defendant
routinely used Rashid for legal services, including tax work. Defendant, however,
paid Rashid no legal fees for the underlying murder charges because Rashid
volunteered his services. Palochko testified that Rashid did not receive substantial
legal fees from anyone in the Pence family. Id.

¶ 45 To address Hillenbrand’s claim of a per se conflict based on Rashid’s prior
representation of the victim and her family, this court observed that “allegations
and proof of prejudice are unnecessary in cases when defense counsel, without the
knowledgeable assent of the defendant, might not have an undivided loyalty to his
client because of his commitments to others.” Id. (citing People v. Coslet, 67 Ill. 2d
127, 133 (1977), and People v. Stoval, 40 Ill. 2d 109, 112 (1968)). Hillenbrand,
however, was required to establish a contemporaneous conflicting professional
commitment to another to justify application of the per se conflict rule. Id. at 544-

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 45 (citing People v. Free, 112 Ill. 2d 154, 168-69 (1986)). Reviewing the
circumstances of Hillenbrand’s case, we concluded as follows:

“Palochko’s testimony established that Rashid regularly represented the
Pences from 1965 to early 1970. He had also represented [the deceased victim]
on tax matters in connection with the restaurant, but that representation was
concluded long before the murders. Rashid was not on retainer for the Pences,
he had concluded all of his services prior to representing the defendant on these
charges, he was not the only attorney the Pences consulted, and he derived little
of his income from representation of the Pences. Under these circumstances,
we conclude that Rashid did not have a contemporaneous professional
commitment to the Pences that created a [per se] conflict of interest in his
representation of the defendant.” Id. at 545.

¶ 46 We next consider our decision in Hernandez, where this court considered the
per se conflict rule as it applies to counsel’s association with the victim in a
different context—“whether a criminal defense attorney labors under a per se
conflict of interest when he or she also represents the alleged victim of defendant’s
offense, but where the attorney has had no contact with the alleged victim for
several years.” Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d at 136.

¶ 47 Hernandez was charged with solicitation of murder for hire of Jaime Cepeda, a
man who had kidnapped and beaten Hernandez in an attempt to recover money
Hernandez allegedly owed for confiscated illegal narcotics. Cepeda also threatened
to kill Hernandez’s family if Hernandez failed to pay for the confiscated narcotics.
In 2003, Hernandez retained attorney John DeLeon to represent him on the
solicitation of murder charges involving Cepeda. Id. at 137-39.

¶ 48 Unknown to Hernandez, however, Cepeda had retained DeLeon in 1999 to
defend Cepeda against the unlawful use of a weapon charges associated with
Hernandez’s kidnapping. DeLeon continued to represent Cepeda through January
2001, when a bond forfeiture warrant was issued against Cepeda for failure to
appear in court after Cepeda fled the country. Although DeLeon had no further
contact with Cepeda after January 2001, DeLeon remained the attorney of record
for Cepeda. Id. at 139.

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¶ 49 At defendant’s criminal trial, Cepeda’s name appeared on the State’s list as a
potential witness. DeLeon and the assistant state’s attorney prosecuting defendant’s
case were aware that DeLeon represented both defendant and Cepeda, but neither
defendant nor the circuit court was advised of DeLeon’s dual representation.
Following a bench trial, Hernandez was found guilty of solicitation to commit
murder for hire. Id.

¶ 50 While Hernandez’s direct appeal of his conviction was pending, he filed a
postconviction petition alleging, in relevant part, that DeLeon’s dual representation
constituted a per se conflict of interest that denied Hernandez effective assistance
of counsel. Hernandez attached to his petition DeLeon’s affidavit, which averred
that “ ‘I still considered myself to be his [Cepeda’s] attorney, for if he was arrested
on that warrant [bond forfeiture], as my appearance was still on file, I would still
be his attorney.’ ” Id. DeLeon also averred that to his knowledge neither he nor the
prosecutor brought his “ ‘prior and active representation of Jaime Cepeda during
my representation of Juan Hernandez’ ” to the attention of the court or Hernandez.
Id.

¶ 51 Following an evidentiary hearing, the circuit court denied Hernandez’s petition.
The circuit court concluded that there was no per se conflict because there was no
ongoing relationship between counsel and Cepeda for the preceding five years,
DeLeon had no substantial contact with Cepeda, and Cepeda had not been called as
a witness in Hernandez’s trial. On direct consolidated appeal, the appellate court
affirmed. Id. at 141-42.

¶ 52 On appeal to this court, we first considered the State’s request that we abandon
the per se conflict rule and apply only an actual-conflict analysis in Illinois. We
rejected the State’s request, concluding that the State failed to establish good cause
or a compelling reason for this court to depart from stare decisis. Id. at 147-48.

¶ 53 On the merits, this court declined to impose an “active” requirement on the
category of per se conflicts that involve defense counsel’s representation of the
victim. Id. at 151. Instead, we concluded that “a prior relationship falls within [the
victim] category. As such, no active representation [of the victim] is necessary and,
thus, we need not inquire into the specific facts of the nature and extent of the
representation to determine whether the per se rule applies.” Id. Accordingly, we
stated as follows:

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 “[T]o ensure that a defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel is given
effect, the per se conflict rule applies whenever an attorney represents a
defendant and the alleged victim of the defendant’s crime, regardless of whether
the attorney’s relationship with the alleged victim is active or not, and without
inquiring into the specific facts concerning the nature and extent of counsel’s
representation of the victim.” Id. at 151-52.

¶ 54 Applying those principles to the facts in Hernandez’s case, we held that the
lower courts erred in finding no per se conflict of interest because DeLeon
represented both defendant and the alleged victim. Because Hernandez had not
waived that conflict, we reversed his conviction. Id. at 152-53.

¶ 55 Here, the State argues that Hillenbrand is controlling on the question of whether
a per se conflict exists because Rau’s representation of the victim “concluded long
before [the victims’ murders]” (Hillenbrand, 121 Ill. 2d at 545) and was not
contemporaneous with Rau’s representation of defendant. The State contends that
the circuit court correctly relied on Hillenbrand to determine that there was no
per se conflict in defendant’s case.

¶ 56 The State acknowledges our statements in Hernandez that seem to suggest that
defense counsel’s prior or previous representation of the victim constitutes a per se
conflict of interest, but the State notes that none of the decisions cited by this court
in Hernandez for that proposition involved counsel’s prior representation of the
victim. More importantly, Hernandez involved the contemporaneous dual
representation of the defendant and the victim—counsel in Hernandez was still the
attorney of record for the victim when counsel represented Hernandez. Hernandez,
231 Ill. 2d at 139. Ultimately, the State urges this court to adhere to Hillenbrand
and reaffirm its holding that a per se conflict of interest based on counsel’s
representation of the victim occurs only when that representation is
contemporaneous with counsel’s representation of the defendant.

¶ 57 Defendant responds that Hillenbrand is inapplicable because that decision
focused primarily on counsel’s representation of the victim’s parents. To the extent
that Hillenbrand commented on defense counsel’s prior representation of the victim
as having “concluded long before the murders,” that statement was made in passing
and should be considered dicta. Alternatively, defendant suggests that this court
should overrule Hillenbrand to the extent that its statement about prior

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 representation conflicts with this court’s more recent pronouncements on the per se
conflict rule.

¶ 58 Defendant observes that since Hillenbrand was decided this court has applied
the per se conflict rule broadly to cases involving defense counsel’s representation
of the victim of defendant’s crime. Specifically, Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d at 143,
expressly stated that a per se conflict exists “when defense counsel has a prior or
contemporaneous association with the victim.” Subsequently, this court has
repeatedly cited Hernandez’s formulation of the per se conflict rule. See, e.g.,
Green, 2020 IL 125005, ¶ 24; Fields, 2012 IL 112438, ¶ 18. Defendant urges this
court to apply Hernandez here to find that Rau labored under a per se conflict
because he previously represented the victim of defendant’s crime.

¶ 59 Having reviewed our jurisprudence on the per se conflict rule, we find
persuasive the State’s position and its interpretation of Hillenbrand and Hernandez.
Hillenbrand is directly on point because it involves counsel’s prior representation
of the deceased victim of the defendant’s crime. In that case, we held that counsel’s
prior representation of the victim of a defendant’s crime does not constitute a per se
conflict of interest when that representation is not contemporaneous and
“concluded long before [the defendant’s case].” Hillenbrand, 121 Ill. 2d at 545. As
we explained in Hillenbrand, a criminal defendant asserting the existence of a
per se conflict “must show the attorney has a contemporaneous conflicting
professional commitment to another.” Id. at 544.

¶ 60 Our subsequent decision in Hernandez did not address Hillenbrand, let alone
overrule it. Moreover, the facts of Hernandez are unique and distinguishable from
Hillenbrand and the facts of this case. Hernandez’s defense counsel was still the
attorney of record for the victim at the time of Hernandez’s trial. Hernandez, 231
Ill. 2d at 139. Hernandez’s counsel also attested that he considered himself to be
the victim’s attorney while representing Hernandez. Id. Neither fact is present in
this case.

¶ 61 We acknowledge that Hernandez stated that a per se conflict of interest exists
“when defense counsel has a prior or contemporaneous association with the victim,
the prosecution, or an entity assisting the prosecution.” Id. at 143. Hernandez also
indicated that an attorney’s “prior” or “previous” relationship with a victim of the

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 defendant’s crime was sufficient to establish a per se conflict and that “no active
representation [of the victim]” is required to establish a per se conflict. Id. at 151.

¶ 62 We agree with the State, however, that none of the cases cited or discussed in
Hernandez involved defense counsel’s prior or previous representation of the
victim. Because Hernandez involved counsel’s contemporaneous representation of
Hernandez and the alleged victim of his crime, any statements made by this court
regarding counsel’s “prior” or “previous” representation of the victim are
nonprecedential obiter dicta unnecessary to our disposition. See People v.
Williams, 204 Ill. 2d 191, 206 (2003) (“Obiter dicta are comments in a judicial
opinion that are unnecessary to the disposition of the case.”); People v. Flatt, 82 Ill.
2d 250, 261 (1980) (“It is well settled that the precedential scope of a decision is
limited to the facts before the court.”). Accordingly, we believe that Hernandez
should be viewed as recognizing a per se conflict only when defense counsel’s
representation of the victim is contemporaneous with counsel’s representation of
the defendant because those were the relevant controlling facts in Hernandez.

¶ 63 We find further support for our conclusion that Hernandez should be viewed as
a contemporaneous representation case based on its analysis of the United States
Supreme Court’s decision in Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162 (2002). In
Hernandez, this court observed that, while Mickens held that a criminal defendant
must generally show prejudice when alleging that his counsel represented both the
defendant and the victim, Mickens recognized exceptions to that rule in
circumstances when the verdict is so likely unreliable that a case-by-case
determination is unnecessary. Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d at 146 (citing Mickens, 535
U.S. at 166). One circumstance justifying application of that exception under
Mickens occurs when defense counsel actively represents conflicting interests. Id.

¶ 64 Ultimately, we determined in Hernandez that Illinois’s per se conflict rule
“comports” with Mickens’s exception because “[w]here, as here, an attorney
represents both the defendant and the alleged victim of defendant’s crime, there is
a high probability of prejudice to a defendant and an equally high degree of
difficulty of proving that prejudice.” Id. Notably, we concluded in Hernandez that
the rationale for Illinois’s per se conflict rule “remains valid, particularly where, as
here, counsel simultaneously represents both the alleged perpetrator and the alleged
victim of the crime being prosecuted.” (Emphasis added). Id. at 147.

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¶ 65 For these reasons, we modify our holding in Hernandez to recognize a per se
conflict based on defense counsel’s representation of the victim only when that
representation is contemporaneous with counsel’s representation of the criminal
defendant. Accord Hillenbrand, 121 Ill. 2d at 545 (finding no per se conflict of
interest when, in relevant part, defense counsel’s previous representation of the
victim had “concluded long before” defendant committed his crime against the
victim).

¶ 66 With this modification, our caselaw now recognizes only three categories of
per se conflict of interest: (1) when defense counsel has a contemporaneous
association with the victim, the prosecution, or an entity assisting the prosecution;
(2) when defense counsel contemporaneously represents a prosecution witness; and
(3) when defense counsel was a former prosecutor who was personally involved in
the prosecution of the defendant. If an alleged conflict of interest does not fit into
one of these per se conflict categories, a defendant may still assert a claim of actual
conflict of interest. In re Br. M., 2021 IL 125969, ¶ 60 (citing Hernandez, 231 Ill.
2d at 144). Defendant, however, does not claim Rau suffered from an actual conflict
of interest in this case.

¶ 67 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 68 Because Rau’s representation of the victim was not contemporaneous with his
representation of defendant, we reject the appellate court’s conclusion that a
reversible per se conflict of interest exists as a matter of law. 2020 IL App (4th)
190333-U, ¶ 51. Accordingly, we reverse the appellate court’s judgment, which
reversed the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 69 Appellate court judgment reversed.

¶ 70 Circuit court judgment affirmed.

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