The action was brought for the specific performance of an alleged contract for the purchase of land made by the defendant. The property consists of a house and lot in West Forty-first street belonging to the plaintiff. On the 6th day of May, 1896, with other lands belonging to the plaintiff, it was put up to be sold at. auction. There were three pieces of land in all, and the one in question was the last of the three to be sold. The first two were bid in for the plaintiff, but the fact that they were so bid in was. not. made public at the time of the-sale. After those two pieces had been struck off, the third piece was put up for sale by the auctioneer. It was started at $12,000 and was bid up to $27,-000, at which sum it was struck off to the defendant. How many bidders there were does not precisely appear, nor is it certain who made the last bid-before the one at which it was struck off to the defendant. It does ■ appear, however, without contradiction, that one of the sons of the plaintiff, who was present at the sale, bid for the plaintiff upon the property, and that he bid up at least as high as $20,000. As to *347whether he "bid any higher there was a dispute. It was stated by-some of the witnesses, and, among others, by the auctioneer, that the last bid before the one at which the property was struck off to-the defendant was made by someone who represented the plaintiff,, and in this the auctioneer was corroborated by the defendant, who-identified the person making the-last bid before the one at which the property was struck off as the son of the plaintiff. This son, however, testified that he did not bid over $20,000. However the fact may be in that regard, it is not to be disputed that bids were made upon this property by which it was run up to a very substantial extent in behalf of the plaintiff, and that this was done privately and -without notifying those present at the sale that puffers were to be employed or that anybody was to bid to represent the owner at. the sale. The learned justice before whom this case was tried-refused specific performance upon the ground, among others, that a puffer having been privately employed by the owner to bid upon the property in his behalf, it was a fraud upon real bidders,, and that for that reason the purchaser would not be compelled to perform his contract. This presents the question whether it is allowable for the owner of property, who puts it up at auction, to employ privately, and without giving notice of the fact, persons to bid the property up in his behalf; and whether a bidder at such sale, to whom the property is struck off, will be permitted to refuse to perform his contract upon the sole ground that puffers have been employed. There is no doubt that it is competent for the owner of property who puts it up at auction to use some means to protect his interests and to see that his property is not sacrificed. It is conceded that he may do this either by fixing a price below which the property shall not be sold, and announcing that at the sale, or by publicly reserving to himself the right to make one or more bids if his interests shall require it. For the owner to protect his interests-in this way, giving public notice of the fact that he has done so, certainly does not operate as a fraud upon anybody, for any one who begins to bid with the knowledge that these precautions have been taken upon the part of the owner, does so with notice of precisely what he has to meet. But that is.a very different thing from giving private instructions to the auctioneer, or from privately .procuring one to bid upon the sale in the interest.of the owner, who is not te, *348'buy the property if he should be the highest bidder. The essence of ■a sale at auction is that the property offered shall go to the highest real bidder. Whenever it is put up that act constitutes an offer on the part of the owner, through the auctioneer as his agent, to sell to the person who shall bid the. highest price for it, and every bid constitutes an offer on the part of the would-be purchaser to take it ¡at the amount of the bid if it shall be struck off to him at that •sum. It is well known that bidders at auction sales are influenced to a considerable extent by the number of other bidders, the ¡amounts offered by them and the apparent anxiety they show to become the owners of the property; and if these conditions are ■affected by a private arrangement between the auctioneer and the •owner, as the result of which persons who were not in reality intending to buy are allowed to appear as genuine-competitors, it holds out to those who are real bidders false inducements, and makes false representations to them as to the desirability of the property and the demand for it, which in fact operate as a fraud upon them. For this reason it would seem, upon principle, that the private- employment of .a puffer by an owner at an auction sale rendered the sale void, and relieved the person to whom the, property was struck off from the necessity of performing his contract.
•Upon authority this question is not entirely free from doubt, ■although the preponderance, both of .the cases and of the text writers, is in. favor of the conclusion reached by the court below. Tn England for many years the courts of common law and of equity were irreconcilably opposed upon this question. It was held by the •courts of common law that the employment of a puffer or by-bidder •at an auction sale rendered the sale void, so that the person to whom the property was struck off could pot be compelled to perform his contract. The rule was laid down first by Lord Mansfield in the ■case of Bexwell v. Christie (Cowp, 395), and his judgment in that regard was followed consistently by the courts of common law until the matter was settled by act of Parliament.-' Strangely enough the courts of chancery in England adopted another and less stringent .rule. It was held by these courts under the lead of Lord Lough- borough, in the case of Conolly v. Parsons (3 Ves. Jr. 625, n. 1) that the mere employment of a puffer for the purpose solely of protecting the interest of the owner and not'for the purpose of improp*349erly enhancing .the price was legitimate, and would not avoid the-sale, although it was done privately and without notice of the fact being announced. This rule of the Court of Chancery was followed in that court with more or less hesitation, and the question there remained in dispute until 1867, when it was settled by act of Parliament, reciting the conflict in the courts of law and equity in regard to the question, and providing substantially that whenever a sale by auction would be invalid by reason of the employment of a puffer, the same should be deemed invalid in equity as well as in-law: This statute settled the law of England upon that subject,, after a conflict of over a hundred years. In this country, while the-courts are not unanimous, yet the great weight of authority is in favor of the doctrine announced in the court below. The leading-case upon the subject, and one which should be deemed to be conclusive, is the case of Veazie v. Williams (8 How. [U. S.] 134) in the-Supreme Court of the United States. That was an action brought, in equity to rescind a sale at auction for the reason that the purchaser had been defrauded by the employment of a puffer at the-sale and thereby induced to bid much more than the value of the: property. The serious question in the case was whether the employment of a puffer invalidated the sale, or entitled the purchaser to relief by having refunded to him the amount of his bid above the value of the property. The case was heard in the first circuit, before Judges Story and Ware, and is reported in 3 Story’s Circuit Court Reports, at page 611. There was a difference of opinion between the justices in that court, Judge Story inclining to the opinion that the rule of law was that, although puffers were privately employed by the owner, yet if there were real bidders as well as sham bidders, and the last bid before the one at which the property was struck off was made by a real bidder, the purchaser was not entitled to relief and the sale was valid. Judge Ware, the district judge, dissented strongly from this view of the case, and by reason of the disagreement of. the judges at the Circuit Court, the-case came to the Supreme Court' of the United States. It will-, be seen that the case was squarely presented, and the Supreme-Court had before it for consideration both views of the law as held by the courts of England. The case was ably argued by the learned, counsel and it received so much consideration that the judges of *350■the Supreme Court themselves were not able to agree upon ••a judgment. The majority of the court, however, held that the employment of a puffer operated as a fraud" upon the real bidders, and that the plaintiff was entitled to be • relieved by a repayment to him of the amount of the money which he had .bid •over the highest real bid. In that case the highest real bid was $20,000, and the property was struck off to the plaintiff at $40,000, and the owner was compelled to refund to him the difference between, the two bids. In view !of the circumstances in which this ■case was presented to the court,, it is ah authority of great weight ■and ought to be regarded as setting the question in this country.
In many of the States the same rule has been adopted. In the ■■State of Pennsylvania there Was some fluctuation in the cases, the -Supreme Court at first holding that the employment of a puffer did not invalidate the sale if it was done solely with .the intent of protecting the interest of the owner. (Steele v. Ellmaker, 11 S. & R. 86.) This case, however, was subsequently overruled, and it was held by the Supreme Court of that State that the employment even ■of a- single puffer, vitiates the sale (Pennock’s Appeal, 14 Penn. ■St. 446 ; Staines v. Shore, 16 id. 200), and that must be now regarded as the settled law of that State.
The following cases may also be cited as establishing the same rule: Towle v, Leavitt (23 N. H. 360); .National Bank v. Sprague (20 N. J. Eq. 159); Baham v. Bach (13 La. 287); Smith v. Greenlee (2 Dev. 126); Moncrieff v. Goldsborough (4 H. & McH. 281); ■Curtis v. Aspinwall. (114: Mass. 187); Hartwell v. Gurney (16 R. I. 78); Peck v. List (23 W. Va. 338). In the two cases last cited the authorities are fully collated and the result seems to be that the rule stated above is thoroughly established by a great preponderance ■of authority in this country. The cases upon the subject are collected in the 3d volume of the American and English Encyclopaedia of Law, 2d edition, at page 504, et seq.
The opinion of the text writers seems to agree with the majority • ■of the authorities. Kent, in his Commentaries (Vol. 2, p. *537), while stating that the result :of the authorities, perhaps, does not sustain the rule laid down by Lord. Mansfield, gives as his own opinion that it is the more just and salutary doctrine. In sound policy,, he says no person ought in any case to be employed secretly to bid *351for the owner against a bona fide bidder at a public auction. It is a fraud in law on the very face of the transaction, and the owner’s interference and right to bid, in order to be admissible, ought to be intimated in the conditions of the sale (p. *539). In Story on Sales (at § 482) it is suggested that the more stringent rule of Lord Mansfield is the prosier one to apply, and that, I think, is the conclusion of Sugden in his work on Vendors (Chap; 1, § 2)," although he intimates that the English authorities are the other way, and that the weight .of them is in favor of the chancery rule. Judge .Story, in his work on Equity Jurisprudence (§ 293), and Pomeroy, in his work upon the same subject (§ 934), seem to indicate their preference for the more stringent rule. In this State there is no authoritative decision upon the subject. In the case of Hazul v. Dunham (1 Hall, 655), Recorder Jay, sitting in the Mayor’s Court of New York, discusses the question, but it was not presented in that case, and the case itself is not authority. The question was presented in the case of Fish v. Hersey (17 Hun, 370), and the General Term of the fourth department held that, it appearing that the plaintiffs were induced by the action of the puffer to bid a higher price than they otherwise would have given, they were entitled to have the sale set aside absolutely. The general question was not discussed, and the court did not attempt to investigate the full extent of the doctrine. The limited doctrine announced in that case was more, than enough upon the facts of the case to warrant the setting aside of the sale.
Upon a consideration of all the authorities and the text writers, we are of the opinion that the only safe rule is the one announced by Lord Mansfield. It is essential in sales of this kind that there should be the utmost good faith, and the employment by the owner of underhand means to enhance the apparent value of his property is not warranted by any principle of sound morality. When it appears that any such steps have been taken by him it is not necessary for the person insisting upon the invalidity of the sale to show that any harm resulted to him from the improper act. If the fact that no harm resulted is material at all, and we cannot see how it is so, the burden of proving it should be upon the person who has employed the puffers to bid up the price of his property. But the sounder rule, as we think, and the only safe rule to be applied in *352this "transaction, is that a sale at auction must he actually in all cases what it is nominally, an offer by the owner to .sell the property to the highest bidder, without any qualification, unless he shall reserve to himself openly at the time of the sale the right to bid upon the property, or shall openly announce a price below which the property shall not be sold.
For the reason that puffers were employed upon this sale we affirm the judgment, without passing upon the other questions decided by the court below or presented by the respondent in his points.
The judgment must be affirmed, with costs to the respondent.
Van Brunt, P. J., Patterson, O’Brien and Parker, JJ., concurred.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.