— In England it is almost a matter of course to open the biddings, when a larger sum is offered for the pro*260perty before the confirmation of the sale, and in some instances afterwards. By a long series of adjudications, it has been perfected into a system; and as the general rule, the bidding will be opened whenever an advance of ten per cent, on the former sale is offered. This is shown conclusively by the cases referred to by the plaintiff in error, to which many might be added.
This is the first time the question has been raised in this Court; and we are not aware that the practice of opening the biddings upon the principles of the English Chancery, has ever obtained in this State. But the right to set aside a sale made by an order of the Court of Chancery, when a proper case is presented, must of necessity be an attribute of that Court, as the same power is exercised by a Court of Law, when its process has been abused and the power of a Court of Chancery certainly cannot be inferior.
We feel ourselves therefore, authorized to lay down certain rules to regulate this proceeding in future, founded on the principles of natural justice, and having reference to the actual existing state of things in this country.
We do not think it proper to adopt the English rule in all its extent, as it is manifestly unsuitable to the habits of our people, and to the state of thing existing amongst us. In England, land has a fixed and determinate value, and does not fluctuate in the market like personal property; but with us the value of land is exceedingly fluctuating, and its price frequently varies very much in the course of a few months, and is affected generally by the same causes which operate on personal property. Indeed it may be said, that its price is not so fixed and stable, because not in such general demand as one species of our personal property — slaves. To open biddings in all cases therefore, would be exposing the purchaser to a higher bid, if from any cause, land should rise in price, whilst he would be compelled to keep it if it fell. This would be obviously unjust as to the purchaser, and contrary to public policy ; as it would injuriously affect all sales of this character, and thus defeat the very object of the rule itself.
We are therefore of opinion, that when a stranger is the purchaser at a mortgage sale, it will not be set aside for mere *261inadequacy of price, no matter how gross, unless there be some unfair practice at the sale, or unless those interested are sur-prized, without fault or negligence on their part; and in no case of this description, after a confirmation of the sale, unless fraud can be imputed to the purchaser, which was unknown to those interested at the time of the confirmation of the sale.
But where the mortgagee is the purchaser, and the debt secured by the mortgage is not discharged by the sale, no reason is perceived why the biddings should not be opened once, upon the offer of a reasonable advance on the former sale, together with the purchaser’s costs and expenses, which should be deposited in Court; what would be a reasonable advance, would to some extent depend on the amount in controversy. In the English Chancery, the rule is to require an advance of at least ten per cent, on the first sale, besides costs and expenses-, but in no case will the biddings be opened, where the deposit is less than forty pounds, 1 Sim. & Stu. 20, which rule is probably as good, as a general rule, as any that could be adopted.
The reason for the distinction here made between the purchase by a stranger and the mortgagee, is to prevent the oppression, which it is in the power of the mortgagee to practice, in putting down competition at the’ sale, by preventing any one from obtaining the property, unless be gives its. value. The object- of the sale is not to transfer the property of the mortgagor to the mortgagee, but to pay the debt; he cannot therefore be injured by any proceeding, which has that for its object, and does not cause any unnecessary delays or expense. [Duncan et als. v. Dodd et als. 2 Paige, 99; Williamson v. Dale et als. 3 Johns. C. 290; Woodhold, Ex’r. v. Osborne, 2 Edwards, 614.]
In this case, property worth eight thousand dollars, wa.s sold by the Master for five hundred dollars. The purchaser was a stranger, attracted to the sale by the advertisement; and according to the principles here laid down, notwithstanding the inadequacy is so gross as almost to demonstrate the unfairness of the sale, it cannot be set aside, unless the complainant, who in this case is the petitioner, can show surprise, unmixed with fault, or neglect on his part..
*262The sale was made at a time when the yellow fever was raging in the city of Mobile; when according to the affidavits filed by the petitioner, the alarm created by the pestilence, had driven from the city a large portion of its population, and suspended the business and commerce of the city, at least to a very great extent. In our opinion, this affords an ample reason for setting aside the sale. It is impossible to suppose, that ' under such circumstances, ■ property exposed to sale, could bring any thing Jilee its fair value, not alone by withdrawing competition, but also because the presence of the destroying pestilence, would indispose the minds of most men to make.investments of any kind; and it was doubtless owing to these causes, that the property in question did not bring one fifteenth of its value. It also furnishes a sufficient excuse for the absence of the complainant at the time of the sale.
The defendant in his answer states, that one Collins, the agent of the plaintiff, was present at the sale, and interposed no objection. But there is no proof that Collins was the agent of the plaintiff, even if we consider the affidavit of the Master, as regularly sworn to, and a part of the record, which appears tobe doubtful. Ilis statement is, that he “understood that Collins was the agent of the plaintiff, and saw him on tho ground a short time before the sale of the property.” This is not sufficiently definite to charge the plaintiff with notice of the sale. If Collins was in fact the. agent of the plaintiff, and present at the sale, nothing could have been easier, than to have established it conclusively.
■ But although for these reasons the sale must be set aside, it can only be done on payment to the defendant -of -the purchase money, of all sums laid out in improvements on the property, and a liberal allowance for all trouble, costs, and expenses incurred by him.
It is also insisted by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, that the defendant should be charged with the value of the use of the property, during the time he has held it, or at least for the rent which has accrued, if he has rented out the property. The defendant was let into the possession of the property as a purphaser without fault on bis part, and his purchase cannot with propriety be changed into a tenancy, so as *263to charge him with rent for the use of it. But if he has not occupied it himself, but has rented it out, no reason is perceived why he should not account for the rents actually received by him. The object of the Court is to piace him as near-as possible, and without injury to him, in the same situation, ás if he had never made the purchase; and therefore, although he should not be charged with rent, if he had occupied the premises himself, no reason is perceived why he should be allowed to rent to another, and thus make a profit to himself by an invalid sale.
The decree of the Chancellor therefore confirming the report of the Master, is-reversed, and this Court, proceeding to make such decree as should have been made by the Chancellor, hereby order and decree that the report of the Master be vacated, and the sale made by him be annulled, and the deed for the premises, if any was made, be produced and cancelled. That the Master be directed forthwith to state an account between the parties, charging the plaintiff with the purchase money, the amount of all expenditures, and costs laid out in the actual improvement of the property, with interests thereon, and a liberal allowance for the trouble of the defendant; and charging the defendant with the amount of the rent actually received by him, with interest, and if the balance be found against the plaintiff, it shall be paid on confirmation of the report; if in his favor, a decree shall be rendered for the sum thus found due the plaintiff; and any claim for rent not received, shall be transfered to the plaintiff; and thereupon the Master shall proceed to sell the premises as provided in the original decree. Each party will pay his own costs in this Court. Let the cause be remanded for further proceedings.