By information filed March 23, 1927, Jim Benn, tbe appellant, was charged, in tbe first count, with tbe unlawful sale of intoxicating liquor on November 24, 1926; in tbe second count, with a sale on November 27, 1926; in. tbe third count, with possession on December 2, 1926; and in tbe fourth count, with tbe maintenance of a nuisance between November 24 and December 2, 1926 — all under tbe National Prohibition Act. Prom a judgment of conviction upon all tbe charges, be appeals, and be assigns as error tbe action of tbe court in declining to quash tbe information or to strike it from tbe files upon tbe grounds: (1) That it was unverified; (2) that it was not supported by any showing of probable cause; and (3) was filed without leave of court. Tbe questions raised were presented before trial by motion to quash, and after verdict by motions for arrest of judgment and for a new ‘trial.
Tbe information is not verified or supported by any affidavit attached thereto, and was filed without order of court granting leave. But on January 13, 1927, there was filed with tbe court a certified copy of a complaint made before tbe United States commissioner and a transcript of the commissioner’s proceedings thereon. This com*510plaint, sworn to by a federal prohibition agent, charges in substance “that on or about December 2, 1926,” at the place specified in the information, defendant unlawfully maintained a nuisance and unlawfully possessed and sold moonshine whisky. By the transcript it is shown that, upon a trial of these charges, the commissioner found there was probable cause to believe.them trae, and accordingly held the defendant to answer. As noted in Albrecht v. United States, 273 U. S. 1, 5, 47 S. Ct. 250, 251 (71 L. Ed. 505), there is a diversity of practice in respect of filing informations. And the court there said:
“Despite some practice and statements to the contrary, it may he accepted as settled that leave must be obtained, and that, before granting leave, the court must, in some way, satisfy itself that there is probable cause for the prosecution. This is done sometimes by a verification of the information, and frequently by annexing affidavits thereto. But these are not the only means by which a court may become satisfied that probable cause for the prosecution exists. The United States attorney, like the Attorney General or Solicitor General of England, may file an information under his oath of office; and, if he does so, his official oath may be accepted as sufficient to give verity to the allegations of the information. See Weeks v. United States [C. C. A.] 216 F. 292, 302 [L. R. A. 1915B, 651, Ann. Cas. 1917C, 524].”
But, aside from the sanction of the district attorney’s oath of office, the court had as part of the record, when the motion was made to quash, the verified complaint and the findings of the United States comissioner after a hearing. True, in counts 1 and 2 the dates of the offenses as alleged are not precisely identical with the date in the complaint before the commissioner; but it will be noted the allegation in the complaint is “on or about” the date mentioned, and we think the court would be warranted in considering the commissioner’s record as having some bearing upon all the counts.
There being sufficient grounds for leave to file, appellant was not prejudiced by the failure of the district attorney to apply for and obtain such leave before filing the information. Erom the denial of defendant’s motion to quash, which was equivalent to a motion to strike the information from the files, it is to be inferred the court below was of the opinion that it was a case where leave should he granted, and it was unnecessary to go through the form of sustaining the motion and immediately granting leave to refile. Defendant not being prejudiced, ratification of what had been done was in effect equivalent to prior leave.
Judgment affirmed.