This is a test suit to determine the constitutionality of Sec. 17 of Art. 7 of Act 41 of 1953, which section,1 in its entirety, reads:
“SECTION 17. Contracts Atvarded Under Article 19 of the Constitution. All contracts negotiated under the provisions of Section 15 of Article 19 of the Constitution, shall be awarded by the Director, subject to the approval of the Governor, State Auditor and State Treasurer and to the other provisions of Section 15 of this article, and subject to delivery to the point of use as provided for by Paragraph (J) of Section 13 of this article.
“All powers and duties now conferred by law upon the Secretary of State as the designated official to superintend the letting of all public contracts for the purposes set forth in Section 15 of Article 19 of the Constitution are hereby repealed; and such powers are hereby conferred upon the Director of Finance under the provisions of this Act.”
Prior to the enactment of said Act 41 of 1953 (known as the “Fiscal Code” and so hereinafter designated), the law governing the negotiation of contracts, with reference to § 15 of Art. 19 of the Constitution, was contained in Act No. 171 of 1921, which, as now found in § 14-301, Ark. Stats., reads:
“Contracts let by Secretary of State — Approval of contracts. — The Secretary of State is hereby designated to superintend the letting of all public contracts, for all purposes set forth in section 15 of article 19 of the Constitution of Arkansas, and he shall discharge his duties, proceed in accordance with and be governed by the provisions of chapter 162 of Crawford & Moses’ Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas relating to the letting of public contracts; provided, that all contracts entered into by said Secretary of State, before they become binding upon the State, shall receive the approval of the Governor, Auditor and Treasurer in their respective official capacities.”
After the enactment of the Fiscal Code in 1953, the Secretary of State, upon inquiry, was officially advised by the Attorney General of Arkansas that Sec. 17 of Art. 7 of the Fiscal Code was unconstitutional:2 therefore the Secretary of State proceeded to advertise for bids to be received under § 14-301 Ark. Stats. Thereupon, the appellant, Muncrief, as a taxpayer, filed this suit in the Pulaski Chancery Court, to enjoin the Secretary of State, C. G. Hall. Frank A. Storey, as a taxpayer, and as the Director of the Department of Finance and Administration under said Fiscal Code, intervened and adopted the allegations of Muncrief’s complaint to the effect that § 14-301 Ark. Stats, was repealed by Sec. 17 of Art. 7 of the Fiscal Code, and that said section of the Fiscal Code was in all things constitutional. Hall, as Secretary of State, resisted the complaint, claiming that said Sec. 17 of the Fiscal Code was unconstitutional, and therefore § 14-301 Ark. Stats, continued to he the law. The Chancery Court entered a decree in accordance with Hall’s contentions; and the case is here on appeal.
We affirm the decree of the Chancery Court. Our duty as Judges is to uphold the Constitution and the cases interpreting it.
I. A Study of Ellison v. Oliver. As we of the majority see it, the holding of this Court in Ellison v. Oliver, 147 Ark. 252, 227 S. W. 586, has settled the question here presented. In that case, the Arkansas Legislature of 1889 3 had designated the Governor, Secretary of State and Auditor, as the ex-officio Commissioners to superintend the letting of all public contracts for the purposes set forth in Sec. 15, Art. 19 of the Constitution. The said constitutional provision reads:
. . all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the Governor, Auditor and Treasurer.”
Thus the Act of 1889 constituted the three officials (Governor, Secretary of State, and Auditor) as a board to let the contracts, and left it to the Treasurer to later signify his acquiescence or rejection in a manner not disclosed.
This Court held that the Act of 1889 was violative of the constitutional provisions just quoted because (1) the Constitution in Sec. 15, Art. 19 necessarily meant that contracts must be let by some officer other than the Governor, Auditor and Treasurer, since those officials were to approve the contracts, rather than to negotiate them; and (2) that the said three officers named in the Constitution (Governor, Auditor and Treasurer) were not by the Constitution made members of a Commission, but acted as individuals in approving or rejecting the contracts negotiated by some other official. Here are some pertinent quotations from the majority opinion in the case of Ellison v. Oliver:
(1) “We believe that the language used by the framers of the Constitution contains an implied prohibition against giving these officers the power to let contracts for the public printing. The authority conferred is that all such contracts shall be subject to the approval of the Governor, Auditor, and Treasurer. This necessarily implies that the letting of the contract shall be performed by another officer or officers.” (Italics our own.)
(2) “The framers of the Constitution, however, intended that contracts for the public printing should be let by another officer or officers, but that they should be subject to the approval of the Governor, Auditor, and Treasurer. The word 'approval’ means that the contracts should receive the official sanction of the officers named, and that this should be given separately.”
In the concurring opinion written by Mr. Justice Frank G. Smith, it was recognized that the officer who had to approve the contract should not be interested in the letting* of the contract, and there is this language:
“Practically speaking, officers would be expected to approve a contract which they had let ... . the two officers who assist in letting the contract might become committed to its approval before the matter was taken up with the Treasurer, as the Constitution evidently contemplated.”
The case of Ellison v. Oliver was decided in January, 1921, and has been repeatedly cited by this Court and never questioned.4 Even in the present litigation, there is no resistance that Ellison v. Oliver should be overruled. After the decision of this Court in Ellison v. Oliver, the Legislature passed Act No. 171 of 1921, which is now § 11-301 Ark. Stats, and is the law under which the Secretary of State is acting in the case at bar. Ellison v. Oliver clearly holds that the Governor cannot participate in the negotiation or letting of the contracts. His constitutional duty is to approve or reject the contracts after they are negotiated: he is not to negotiate.
II. A Study of the Position of the Director of Finance and Administration. With the point established that under Ellison v. Oliver, the Governor cannot negotiate the contracts, we turn to an examination of the position5 of Director of Finance and Administration. That position was unknown until the Legislature adopted the Fiscal Code of 1953. The said Code has these provisions, which we italicize:
(1) In Art. 1, Sec. 2 (C), it is declared the policy of the State: “To create and establish the Department of Finance and Administration as an agency directly responsible to the Governor as Chief Executive of the State, and to define the duties of the Director of Finance and Administration; . . .
(2) In Art. 2, Sec. 1, the Director of Finance and Administration acts “ .... in behalf of the Governor.”
(3) In Art. 3, Sec. 1 (B), it is said: “The Director shall be employed by, and serve at the pleasure of, the Governor.”
In Art. 3, Sec. 2, it is provided that the Director take an oath: but we find nothing in the Act that requires his appointment to be confirmed by the Senate. He was not so confirmed. Thus we conclude that by the Fiscal Code, the Director of Finance and Administration acts at the direction of the Governor and serves during the will and pleasure of the Governor.
III. “What One Cannot Do Himself, He Cannot Do Through Another.” Ever since the early days of our Anglo American legal system, and continuously to the present, there has been the maxim: “What I cannot do myself, I cannot do through another.”6 This maxim leads us to these inescapable conclusions in this litigation: (1) that no amount of judicial legerdemain can escape the fact that the Director of Finance and Administration acts at the direction of the Governor; and (2) since, under Ellison v. Oliver, the Governor could not serve in the negotiating or letting of the contracts, certainly the Director of Finance and Administration cannot serve in the negotiating and letting of the contracts.
Under the holding of this Court in Ellison v. Oliver, supra, we conclude that Sec. 17 of Art. 7 of the Fiscal Code is violative of the Constitution, and that § 14-301 Ark. Stats, is still the governing law.
Affirmed.
Justice George Bose Smith concurs.Only this one Section is involved in this litigation. This is mentioned so that no one will think that the holding in McCarroll v. Farrar, 199 Ark. 320, 134 S. W. 2d 561, would make the present decision res judicata in litigation involving other portions of the Fiscal Code.
Such opinion of the Attorney General was because of the decision of this Court in Ellison v. Oliver, 147 Ark. 252, 227 S. W. 586.
This was Act No. 107 of 1889, which provided, inter alia: “The Governor, Secretary of State, and Auditor shall be ex-officio commissioners to superintend the letting of all public contracts for all the purposes set forth in Section 15 of Article 19 of the Constitution of Arkansas, and shall discharge the duties in the manner hereinafter prescribed. . . The Board of Contracts shall have power to let the contract biennially for stationery and furnishing the halls of the Legislature at the same time the other contracts are let, and to make specifications of the articles and services required.”
It is interesting to note that Mr. Justice Frank G. Smith, who wrote the concurring opinion in Ellison v. Oliver, later cited the majority opinion on another point, in the case of Morley v. Remmel, 215 Ark. 434, 221 S. W. 2d 51.
We call it “position” to avoid saying whether the holder is an officer or an employee.
Those who love Latin say it: “Quod per me non possum, neo per alium.” The case of Murrell v. Smith, 4 Coke 24 b 76 Reprint 928, was decided by the Court of Kings Bench in 1591; and this maxim was there used. It was also used in the case of the Monopolies, 11 Coke 84 a 77 Reprint 126, also decided in the Reign of Elizabeth I.