delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellee, Albert G-. Towers, was appointed on May the 4th, 1914, a member of the Public Service Commission of Maryland for the term of six years, and on the same day qualified and entered immediately upon the discharge of his duties as such commissioner. Under the Act of 1914, Chapter 750, as printed in the Public Laws of 1914, there became due him by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore the sum of $240.62 for services rendered as a member of the Public Service Commission between May 4, 1914, and August 1, 1914. He made application to James F. Thrift, the Comptroller of Baltimore City, for a warrant upon the City Register for the payment of the sum claimed to be due. Mr. Thrift declined to issue the warrant, having been advised that the Act under which the claim was made was invalid. On the 23rd of February, 1914, the appellee filed a petition for a mandamus against the Comptroller in the Superior Court of Baltimore City to compel the payment of the money claimed. The trial, upon the issues joined upon the pleadings in the case, resulted in an order of that Court dated April 19th, 1915, directing a writ of mandamus- to issue against the Comptroller commanding him tO‘ draw his warrant, or to give his approval to the City Register for the pay-*56meat to the petitioner, out of the treasury of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, for the sum of $240.62, being the amount claimed in the petition. The appeal before us was taken by the Comptroller from that order.
The single question in the case is the validity vel non of the Act of 1914, Chapter 750. While the answer assailed the Act upon a number of grounds, one of these only will be considered for the reason that all the other objections were set up and decided adversely to the appellant in the case of Thrift v. Laird, Comptroller, 125 Md. 55.
The Act of 1914, Chapter 750, is entitled:
“An Act to repeal and re-enact with amendments, that portion of section 2 of Chapter 180 of the Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland of the year 1910, ■ relating to the compensation of the members of a public service commission.”
The Act contains three sections, and the first section is here transcribed as it appears in the printed volume of the Laws of 1914:
“Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That all that portion of section 2 of Chapter 180 of the Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland of the year 1910, reading as follows: ‘The salary of each of said Commissioners shall be three thousand dollars ($3,000) per annum, payable out of the State Treasury by the State of Maryland; and in addition to said sum of three thousand dollars per annum, the Chairman of said Commission shall also receive the sum of three thousand dollars per annum, which shall be paid out of its funds by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to said Chairman of said Commission as an employee of said municipal corporation; and each of the other two Commissioners shall receive, in addition to said three thousand dollars per annum aforesaid, the sum of two thousand dollars ($2,000) per annum, which shall be paid out of its funds by the *57Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to each of said other two Commissioners as employees of said municipal corporation/ be and the same is hereby repealed and re-enacted with amendments so as to. read as follows: ‘The salary of each of said Commissioners shall be three thousand dollars ($3,000) per anum, payable out of the State Treasury of the State of Maryland; and in addition to said sum of three thousand dollars per annum, each of said Commissioners shall also receive the sum of three thousand dollars ($3,000) per annum, which shall be paid out of the funds by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to the members of said Commission as employees of said municipal corporation.’ ”
This Act, as printed, is free of .all constitutional objection, and if it was .actually passed as printed, we must, adhering to our decision in the case of Thrift v. Laird, supra, affirm the order appealed from, because the sole ground upon which the payment of the money is resisted is the alleged unconstitutionality of the Act. Before stating and considering the single objection which .we regard as open for decision on this appeal, a statement of the legislative history, of the bill will be given.
On February 17, 1914, Mr. Mudd introduced into the Senate a bill entitled “An Act to amend Article 23 of the Code of 1912 of Public General Laws of Maryland, titled ‘Corporations/ sub-titled ‘Public Service Commission/ by adding a new section to follow section 462 and to be known as section 462-A, the same providing for the forfeiture of corporate rights, powers and franchises upon failure to comply with certain orders of the commission requiring adequacy of public service.”
The bill was then numbered Senate Bill No. 287, and this number and the exact title, as above transcribed, was entered upon the Senate Journal. The bill was then read the first time, and referred to the Committee on Judicial Proceed*58ings. Nothing further appears to hare been done with respect to this bill until March 31, 1914. On that date Mr. Benson, from the Committee on Judicial Proceedings, reported the bill favorably with amendments. The bill was reported by its original, title. The amendment proposed by the Committee was this: “Amend by striking out all after the word ‘A Bill,’ and insert in lieu thereof the following.” The amendment as proposed by the committee appears at large in Volume 2, page 265, of the Senate Journal, and is identical in title and contents with the Act of 1914, Chapter 750, as printed. The report was laid over under the rules, but on the same day, upon motion of Mr. Cooper and by the vote of 27 senators, the rules were suspended, and the bill put upon its second reading. The proposed amendment and the favorable report were adopted, and the amended bill was read the second time and ordered to be printed for a third reading. The effect of the amendment was the substitution of an entire new bill for the bill introduced by Mr. Mudd on February 17, 1914. This method of substituting by amendment an entire new bill is in accordance with universal legislative procedure, and is supported by high authority (vide Jefferson’s Manual Section XXV, pg. 75), and it is not seriously contended that it violates section 27, Article 3, of the Constitution.
The bill was printed as amended, for a third reading, that is to say, precisely as it now appears in the published laws of 1914,. and in addition thereto, there was printed, on the outside of one of the pages or wrappers, the title of the original bill with endorsements thereon, made by the secretary of the Senate before the amended bill was sent to the printer.
It should be stated in this connection that while the amendment proposed by the Committee on Judicial Proceedings was spread upon the Journal of the Senate, and that when the amended bill passed its first and second readings in the Senate it was indicated upon the Journals of the Senate and House through every stage of its legislative *59progress simply by the title which it bore at the time of its introduction in the Senate, with nothing appearing on the Journal of the House to indicate the amendment.
On April 2nd, 1914 — three days after the amended bill had been , ordered printed for a third reading — the Senate-Journal contains this entry:
“Senate bill, No. 287, entitled ‘An Act to amend Article 23 of the Code of 1912 of Public General Laws of Maryland, title “Corporations,” a sub-title “Public Service Commission,” by adding a new section to follow section 462 and to be known as section 462A, the same providing for the forfeiture of corporate rights, powers and franchises upon failure to comply with certain orders of the Commission requiring adequacy of public service.’ Which was read the third time and passed by yeas and nays.”
Twenty-six senators voting in the affirmative and none in the negative. The bill was then sent to- the House of Delegates bearing on the outside page the original title and endorsed: “Read the third time and passed by yeas and nays.” The Journal of the House, as before stated, referred to the bill by its original title, and shows that the bill was received by the House on April 3rd, 1914, and was read the first time on that day, and referred to the Committee on Judiciary, which made a favorable report thereon on April 4th, and that the report was adopted, and that the bill was read the second time on April 4th, 1914. On April 6th, 1914, the bill, to which the Journal refers as Senate bill No. 287 and which was designated by its original title, was read a third time and passed by yeas and nays, — 70 members voting in the affirmative and none in the negative. The bill was signed by the Governor on April 13th, 1914.
Upon these facts the appellant contends that the Act is invalid, because the title of the Act as printed is not the title which the bill carried through every stage of its passage in both Houses, and which still appears on the printed Act *60signed by tbe Governor and in tbe custody of tbe Clerk of tbe Court of Appeals; that in all its readings in the Senate and House and in its final passage in each branch of tbe General Assembly it was read and passed by its original title, that is to say, witb tbe same title it bore wben introduced by Mr. Mudd on February 17, 1914. If tbis contention be established tbe Act must be declared void, because under such a title no act could be validly passed repealing and re-enacting a portion of section 2, Chapter 180 of tbe Act of 1910 (p. 342), and increasing tbe salaries of members of tbe Public Service Commission. Such attempted legislation, under such a title, by all tbe authorities, would be a clear violation of section 29, Article 3 of tbe Constitution. Tbe endorsements on tbe bill and tbe Journal entries in both bouses show tbe passage of some bill, and tbe one signed by tbe Governor is tbe bill attacked in tbis case. Tbe amended bill, complete in itself, was before both bouses, although it bad attached to it on tbe wrapper tbe original title and tbe endorsements made before amendment. There is no evidence to show tbe original title was read after tbe amendment was adopted. Tbe Journals do not so show. It was merely referred to by tbe original title. Tbe bill was amended and. passed its third reading in tbe Senate three days after tbe amendment, which was entered at large on tbe Senate Journal. Tbe Senate was aware of its action, and witb tbis knowledge are we to refer tbe entry as to tbe reading of tbe amended bill, which bad a complete title and a complete text, to tbe original title and not to tbe new and amended title ? Such a bolding would be unreasonable, and would impute to tbe Senate ignorance of its own proceedings. There is no requirement of tbe constitution that tbe title shall appear on tbe back of tbe bill, and, if it be conceded, that tbe bill was possibly or probably read in tbe House by its original title, tbis would not be sufficient to justify tbe Court in declaring it void. Wben a bill is properly authenticated it cannot be impeached by tbe Journals alone,- or by oral testimony that some provision of *61the constitution was not observed in its passage, and certainly the inference that the bill was read by its original title drawn from the fact that the printer by mistake or inadvertence printed the original title on the back of the amended bill is not sufficient to justify the Court in striking the Act down. To establish his position the appellant was bound to’ show by competent and clear evidence that the original title alone was read. Mere inferences, possibilities, and probabilities will not do. The ground of the attack must be plainly and clearly established. The rule which holds that a duly authenticated and published Act is presumed to have been validly passed, and that this presumption cannot be rebutted unless it ap>pears by clear and competent evidence that some requirement of the constitution has been disregarded in the passage ’ of the bill rests upon sound principles of reason and public policy. In dealing with the question here presented it must “be borne in mind that there is a. wide distinction between taking up an act which has been passed by the Legislature, comparing it with the constitution, and declaring whether its provisions are in accord with that instrument or not, and looking into the details of the method of procedure by the legislative bodies in passing the act and the regularity of the steps which they took in so doing. The Court declares the law. If there are two statutes in apparent conflict the Court must determine which is the controlling one, or the existing law. If a statute and a provision of the constitution are set up as being in conflict with each other, the Court must compare the two and determine if such a conflict in fact exists, and, if so, that the constitution must prevail. But this is not the same thing as going into the details of legislative procedure, critically examining the methods of a co-ordinate department of the government, and declaring that its members have failed or refused to obey constitutional directions or commands as to the manner in which they should perform their duties, because of an entry, or the absence of an entry, on the journal kept by some clerk or subordinate employee. *62The latter proceeding is at best a matter of delicacy, and not to be indulged in by tbe Courts unless plainly required by tbe constitution. Tbe Legislature is one of tbe three departments of tbe government. Its members and officers are sworn to support tbe constitution; and in discharge o>f their duties they are acting under oath. Where tbe constitution directs or commands them to take certain step's in a certain way, or not to enact a law without some prescribed antecedent procedure, their oath includes tbe obligation to enact tbe measure in tbe constitutional manner, or not to enact it without tbe happening of tbe constitutional event thus provided. In tbe imperfection of all human institutions, legislatures may sometimes, through inadvertence or even through design, violate tbe constitution, but tbe courts will not lightly conclude that they have intentionally or unintentionally violated rules of conduct laid down for them by tbe constitution in tbe transaction of their business. Tbe clerical officials who keep tbe legislative journals must necessarily do so in tbe baste and pressure of business; and memoranda, often hurriedly made, must be relied on by them. Assistants and subordinates are employed to aid them. As between tbe question whether tbe president of tbe Senate and tbe speaker of tbe House, aided by tbe enrollment committees, all of whom are charged with tbe duty of seeing that the constitutional rules are enforced, have, through incompetence or corruption, violated that duty, and signed and sent to tbe Governor an act which bad not in fact been passed in the constitutional manner, and that tbe Governor, who is also sworn to obey tbe constitution, has likewise inadvertently or unintentionally approved an act which has not been lawfully passed, or, on tbe other band, that some journalizing clerk or assistant has made a mistake in tbe preparation of tbe journal, courts will be more ready to adopt tbe latter theory than tbe former.” DeLoach et al. v. Newton, 134 Ga. 739.
Tbe Maryland rule upon this question has been stated in the cases of Fouke v. Fleming, 13 Md. 392; Berry v. Drum Point Railroad Co., 41 Md. 463; Fidelity Warehouse Co. v. *63Canton Lumber Co., 118 Md. 135; Ridgely v. Baltimore City, 119 Md. 567 and Jessop v. Mayor and City Council, 121 Md. 562. In Berry v. Drum Point Railroad Co., supra, the Court said: “Unquestionably, where an Act has been duly authenticated and. published as law by authority, the presumption is, that all the constitutional solemnities and prerequisites necessary to its valid enactment have been complied with; and this presumption exists until the contrary is clearly made to appear. But when it can be made clearly to appear, as in this case it has been, that the particular bill or section of a bill, although it may have all the forms of authentication, has never in fact received the legislative assent, we think the Court is bound to look not only behind the printed statute hook, but beyond the forms of authentication of the bill as recorded in the office of this Court, and if the evidence be clear and entirely satisfactory to the mind of the Court, to decide accordingly.”
The learned City Solicitor presented his contention with great earnestness and ability but we do not find that it is supported by the character of evidence required by the law of this State, and, therefore, we must affirm the judgment.
Judgment affirmed, the appellant to pay the costs.