— This is an action against Abraham B. Mayer and Frederick Mayer as partners under the firm name of A. B. Mayer & Son, on two negotiable promissory notes, one for $1,500, dated September 4, 1884, the other for $1,000, dated September 6, 1884, each payable to J. R. W allach & Bro. six months after date, and signed, A. B. Mayer & Son. Abraham B. Mayer answered under oath denying the execution of the notes, and the alleged partnership. Frederick answered admitting that he executed the notes, avers that they were executed by him without consideration, for the accommodation of the said J. R. Wallach & Bro., and without the knowledge of his codefendant, the said *95Abraham, and denies the alleged partnership between him and the said Abraham. There was a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff for the amount of the notes, interest, damages and costs, against both defendants, and they appeal.
The evidence tended to prove that the notes were executed by Frederick Mayer without any consideration for the accommodation of the payees, J. R. Walla ch & Co., and by them negotiated, and that the plaintiff acquired them for value before maturity, and that they were so executed and negotiated without the knowledge of the said Abraham. The main question in the case was, were the said defendants at the time the notes were executed partners % and, if not partners in fact, did the said Abraham so hold out the said Frederick as his partner, as that he is estopped from denying that he was a partner in an action upon the negotiable promissory notes executed by the said Frederick in said firm-name, brought by the holder thereof who acquired the same for value, before maturity ?
Upon the second proposition the court gave the following instructions (We quote only so much of them as bears upon the proposition):
“2. The court instructs the jury that if they find from the evidence that, at the time the notes in controversy were executed, and were received by plaintiff, the business of A. B. Mayer was conducted under the name of A. B. Mayer & Son, and that said A. B. Mayer knew such to be the fact and acquiesced therein, then said A. B. Mayer is liable on the notes in suit, even though the jury finds that there was in fact no actual partnership then existing between said A. B. Mayer and his son Frederick.
“3. The court instructs the jury that the presumption of law is, that a party, to whom a negotiable note is transferred, takes it upon the faith of the persons whose names appear upon it a.s makers; therefore, if *96the jury find from the evidence that A. B. Mayer knew that his son Frederick was using the name of the firm of A. B. Mayer & Son in the business of said A. B. Mayer, and said A. B. Mayer acquiesced therein, then plaintiff had a right to rely on the signature on said notes as. being the signature of A. B. Mayer and of his son Frederick, and the jury will find against both defendants, even though they find that the defendant Frederick had no express authority to sign the name of A. B. Mayer & Son to the notes.”
The name that appeared upon the face of the notes sued upon as maker was A. B. Mayer & Son. The plaintiff took the note upon the faith of that firm; he has a right to look for payment of his note to every individual who was a member of that firm at the time the note was executed ; he has the further right to look for payment to every individual who when he acquired the notes was holding himself out to him as a member of that firm, whether he was in fact a member of that firm or not. If the instructions had been confined within these limitations, they would have been upobjectionable,. but they go further and declare that the defendant Abraham B. Mayer is liable as .a member of the firm of A. B. Mayer & Son, although in point of fact he was not a member of such concern, if at the time of the execution of the notes sued on he was holding himself out-to the world as a member of the firm of A. B. Mayer & Son, whether the plaintiff knew of such holding out to-the public or not.
While this proposition may be said to have had the-sanction of respectable authority (Young v. Axtell, cited in Waugh v. Carver, 2 H. Bl. 242; Poillon v. Secor, 61 N. Y. 456; Smith v. Hill, 45 Vt. 90; Rizer v. James, 26 Kan. 221), it has not been able to stand the test of critical judicial inquiry, which has in vain sought for a principle upon which it could stand. The great weight of modern authority is against it. The only conceivable-ground upon which one can be charged as a partner,. *97by one who contracts for. him and in his name as a partner without his authority, and when, in fact, he was not a partner, is upon the ground of estoppel. The supreme court of the United States in Thompson v. First Nat. Bank of Toledo, 111 U. S. 529, considered this question very fully, and, after a thorough review of the authorities, held that a person not in fact a partner could not be made liable to third persons on the ground of having been held out as a partner, except upon the principle of equitable estoppel, and approved the following summing up of the law on this subject by Mr. Justice Lind ley in his treatise on the law of partnership : “That no person can be fixed with liability on the ground that he has been held out as a partner unless two things concur, viz. : First, the alleged act of holding out must have been done by him, or by his consent, and, secondly, it must have been known to the person seeking to avail himself of it. In the absence of the first of these requisites, whatever may have been done cannot be imputed to the person sought to be made liable, and in the absence of the second the person seeking to make him liable has not in any way been misled.” Lindley on Partnership [2 Am. Ed.] p. 43.
The court cites many authorities which, on examination, will be found to sustain this position, to which others might be added if it were necessary. The doctrine thus announced has been expressly recognized and approved in this state in the cases of Rimel v. Hayes, 83 Mo. 200, and in Hannah v. Baylor, 27 Mo. App. 302, while the earlier case of Dowzelot v. Rawlings, 58 Mo. 75, may be said to rest on the same principle. It is maintained by all the recent text-writers on the subject. In a work just published reviewing many, and citing nearly all, the leading English and American cases on the subject, it is said liability by holding out “ proceeds solely on the ground of estoppel,” and “a person being liable as a partner, by holding out on the ground of *98•estoppel solely, is, therefore, not liable to one who did not know of such holding out at the time of contracting. The holding out must antedate the contract, and the plaintiff’s knowledge of, and reliance on, his alleged •connection must be proved as of that time, for, otherwise, the plaintiff was not misled.” 1 Bates on Partnerships, chap. 5, sec. 90, et seq. The same doctrine is asserted by another author whose valuable work has just come to hand (Parsons’ Principles of Partnership, ■chap. 3, sec. 69), the correctness of whose position is recognized by Mr. Bigelow in the last edition of his work on estoppel, fifth edition, page 565, note 1.
He who holds another out to be his partner holds himself out as the partner of such other person. There was evidence tending to prove that, at St. Louis, where the defendant,. A. B. Mayer, was engaged in business for some months previous to the execution and negotiation of these notes, he had been holding out to the public that his son Frederick was a partner of his under the firm-name of A. B. Mayer & Son. The notes were negotiated in the city of New York, where the payee, Wallach & Co., for whose accommodation the son executed them, was doing business, and where the plaintiff acquired them. There was no evidence tending to prove that the plaintiff had any knowledge of any act of the defendant, Abraham Mayer, relied upon to show that he was holding out his son as a partner. The facts of the case presented simply a holding out to the public ■as a partner and the court, as matter of law, declared in the instructions quoted that such holding out to the public was sufficient to render the defendant, Abraham Mayer, liable, although he was not a partner of his son, .and the plaintiff may not have known, or had any reason to believe, that he had ever held out his son to be his partner. In this the court committed error for which the case must be reversed, and the cause remanded for new trial.
All concur, except Barclay, J., who will express his views in a separate opinion.