UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
LUSIK USOYAN, et al.,
Plaintiffs
v. Civil Action No. 18-1141 (CKK)
REPUBLIC OF TURKEY,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
(September 21, 2022)
Pending before this Court are Plaintiffs’ [98] Motion to Compel Defendant’s Participation
in a Rule 26(f) Conference and Defendant Republic of Turkey’s [99] Motion to Stay Pending
Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Supreme Court. Turkey seeks to stay this case
pending resolution of its Petition for a Writ of Certiorari, which was filed in the United States
Supreme Court on January 13, 2022. Plaintiffs oppose a stay and have moved to compel Turkey
to participate in a discovery conference under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f).
Upon review of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the
Court DENIES Turkey’s [99] Motion to Stay. In light of this decision and because the Court shall
(in a separate, forthcoming order) require the parties to comply with the requirements of Rule 26(f)
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The Court’s consideration has focused on the following:
• Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel Defendant’s Participation in a Rule 26(f) Conference (“Pls.’ Mot. to Compel”),
ECF No. 98;
• Defendant’s Motion to Stay Pending Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United
States (“Def.’s Mot. to Stay”), ECF No. 99;
• Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Turkey’s Motion to Stay (“Pls.’ Opp’n”), ECF No. 100;
• Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Compel Participation in Rule 26(f) Conference (“Def.’s
Opp’n”), ECF No. 101;
• Defendant’s Reply in Support of Motion to Stay Pending Petition for a Writ of Certiorari (“Def.’s Reply”),
ECF No. 102; and
• Plaintiffs’ Reply Memorandum in Support of Motion to Compel Defendants’ Participation in Rule 26(f)
Conference (“Pls.’ Reply”), ECF No. 103.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not be of assistance in
rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
and Local Civil Rule 16.3, the Court shall also DENY without prejudice Plaintiffs’ [98] Motion
to Compel.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs filed their Complaint in this action on May 15, 2018. See Compl., ECF No. 1.
Their claims arise from events that took place at a May 16, 2017 protest over Turkish President
Recep Erdogan’s visit to the District of Columbia. Plaintiffs were protesting President Erdogan's
policies, and allege that they were attacked by Turkish security forces and civilian supporters of
President Erdogan in two altercations outside the Turkish Ambassador’s Residence and one
altercation near the Turkish Embassy. These attacks form the basis of Plaintiffs’ various claims
against Defendant, the Republic of Turkey (“Turkey”). 2 See generally Compl.; Usoyan v.
Republic of Turkey, 438 F. Supp. 3d 1, 7–10 (D.D.C. 2020) (discussing factual background of
Plaintiffs’ claims). Turkey moved to dismiss all claims against it, arguing that this Court lacks
subject matter jurisdiction due to Turkey’s sovereign immunity. See Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No.
56.
On February 6, 2020, the Court denied without prejudice Turkey’s Motion to Dismiss. See
Usoyan v. Republic of Turkey, 438 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2020). The Court concluded that
Plaintiffs’ allegations “fall within the tortious acts exception to immunity under the [Foreign
Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”)],” and that Turkey had not shown that it was immune from
suit. Id. at 25. On February 19, 2020, Turkey filed a [85] Notice of Appeal, indicating that it
would seek review of the Court’s order denying its motion to dismiss by the United States Court
2
Plaintiffs in this case have only asserted claims against Turkey. See Compl. However, Plaintiffs in the related case
have also brought claims against individual members of the Turkish security forces, and civilian Defendants. See
Kurd et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al., Case No. 18-cv-1117 (CKK) (D.D.C.).
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of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (“D.C. Circuit”). Notice of Appeal, ECF No. 85.
On appeal, the D.C. Circuit consolidated this case with the related case, Kurd v. Republic of Turkey.
After hearing oral argument, D.C. Circuit “invited” the “United States Department of
Justice” to “file a brief amicus curiae addressing the views of the United States” “on this case, and
in particular on the source and scope of any discretion afforded to foreign security personnel with
respect to taking physical actions against domestic civilians on public property (i.e., not on
diplomatic grounds).” Per Curiam Order, Lusik Usoyan et al. v. Republic of Turkey, Nos. 20-7017,
20-7019 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 25, 2021). The United States filed a brief in support of Plaintiffs, agreeing
with this Court’s conclusion that Turkey was not immune from suit based on the “highly fact-
intensive” inquiry. See Gov.’s Br. at 2, Lusik Usoyan et al. v. Republic of Turkey, Nos. 20-7017,
20-7019 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 9, 2021).
On July 21, 2021, a unanimous panel of D.C. Circuit affirmed this Court’s order denying
Turkey’s motion to dismiss. Usoyan v. Republic of Turkey, 6 F.4th 31, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2021).
Turkey unsuccessfully sought en banc review of the panel’s decision. See Order, Lusik Usoyan et
al. v. Republic of Turkey, Nos. 20-7017, 20-7019 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 15, 2021) (denying petition for
en banc consideration without requiring response from Plaintiffs). The D.C. Circuit issued its
mandate on October 25, 2021. See USCA Mandate, ECF No. 97.
On January 12, 2022, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Compel Turkey to participate in a Rule
26(f) conference. See Pls.’ Mot. to Compel. Then, on January 13, 2022, Turkey filed a petition
for a writ of certiorari in the United States Supreme Court, seeking review of the D.C. Circuit’s
decision affirming this Court’s denial of its motion to dismiss. See Petition for Writ of Certiorari,
Republic of Turkey v. Lusik Usoyan, et al., No. 21-1013 (U.S. Jan. 13, 2022). 3 On the following
3
The Supreme Court docket is available at: https://www.supremecourt.gov/search.aspx?filename=/docket/
docketfiles/html/public/21-1013 html (last visited September 21, 2022).
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day, Turkey filed its Motion to Stay in this case, requesting that this Court stay further proceedings
pending the Supreme Court’s consideration of its petition.
On February 14, 2022, the Supreme Court requested a response from Plaintiffs to Turkey’s
petition for a writ of certiorari, which was filed on March 15, 2022 and Turkey filed a reply on
March 29, 2022. See Respondents’ Br. in Opp’n, Republic of Turkey v. Lusik Usoyan, et al., No.
21-1013 (U.S. Mar. 15, 2022); Reply Br. for Pet’r, Republic of Turkey v. Lusik Usoyan, et al., No.
21-1013 (U.S. Mar. 29, 2022). The parties’ briefs were distributed for the Supreme Court’s April
14, 2022 conference. On April 18, 2022, the Supreme Court “invited” the “Solicitor General” to
“file a brief in this case expressing the views of the United States.” See Order, Republic of Turkey
v. Lusik Usoyan, et al., No. 21-1013 (U.S. Apr. 18, 2022). As of the date of this Memorandum
Opinion & Order, the Solicitor General has not yet filed a brief in response and the Supreme Court
has neither granted nor denied Turkey’s petition.
II. DISCUSSION
In making determinations on motions to stay, courts “exercise [ ] judgment” and “weigh
competing interests.” U.S. ex rel. Vermont Nat’l Tel. Co. v. Northstar Wireless, L.L.C., 288 F.
Supp. 3d 28, 31 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Air Line Pilots Ass’n v. Miller, 523 U.S. 866, 879 n.6
(1998)). Courts look at four factors to determine whether to issue a stay:
(1) the likelihood that the party seeking the stay will prevail on the
merits of the appeal;
(2) the likelihood that the moving party will be irreparably harmed
absent a stay;
(3) the prospect that others will be harmed if the court grants the
stay; and
(4) the public interest in granting the stay.
Cuomo v. United States NRC, 772 F. 2d 972, 974 (D.C. Cir. 1985). The Court shall consider each
factor in turn.
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A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits/Presentation of a Serious Legal Question
The Court first considers the likelihood that Turkey will “prevail on the merits” of its
petition for a writ of certiorari. Cuomo, 772 F. 2d at 974. The Court finds that Turkey is unlikely
to do so. In a comprehensive, well-reasoned decision, the D.C. Circuit affirmed this Court’s denial
of Turkey’s motion to dismiss. Usoyan, 6 F.4th 31. The panel’s decision was fully supported by
relevant statutory and case law, addressed in detail both parties’ arguments, and sought the views
of the United States, which agreed with this Court’s conclusion that Turkey was not immune from
Plaintiffs’ claims in this case. Id. Moreover, there was no dissenting opinion, and Turkey’s request
for en banc consideration was denied. Turkey’s lack of success on the merits of its immunity
arguments suggests that it is unlikely to succeed on these arguments before the Supreme Court.
However, as this Court has previously explained, to avoid “having to speculate about the
ultimate outcome” of the Supreme Court’s consideration of Turkey’s petition for a writ of
certiorari, it must also consider “whether or not this case presents serious legal questions.” Philipp
v. Fed. Rep. of Germany, 436 F. Supp. 3d 61, 66 (D.D.C. 2020); see also Wash. Metro. Area
Transit Comm’n v. Holiday Tours, Inc., 559 F.2d 841, 844 (D.C. Cir. 1977). Turkey posits that
its petition raises “serious and important legal questions regarding the application of the FSIA’s
discretionary function exception” and “the interests of international comity, which will impact
relations between the United States and foreign nations.” Def.’s Mot. to Stay at 7.
To be sure, it is well-established that “actions against foreign sovereigns in our courts raise
sensitive issues concerning the foreign relations of the United States and the primacy of federal
concern is evident.” Verlinden B.V. v. Cent. Bank of Nigeria, 461 U.S. 480, 493 (1983) (“[A]ctions
against foreign sovereigns in our courts raise sensitive issues concerning the foreign relations of
the United States and the primacy of federal concern is evident.”). However, as Plaintiffs correctly
observe, in ruling on Turkey’s motion to dismiss, this Court made a “very narrow, fact-specific
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decision.” Usoyan, 438 F. Supp. 3d at 21. So too did the D.C. Circuit, drawing on this Court’s
findings of fact and upon its own review of the video of the altercation at issue in the Complaint.
See Usoyan, 6 F.4th at 37. Although Defendant Turkey frames its petition as presenting general
questions about the “application of the FSIA’s discretionary function exception” and as to the
“safety of all foreign heads of state traveling to the U.S.,” Def.’s Mot. at 7, this Court’s decision
(and the D.C. Circuit’s affirmation thereof) involved applications of those principles to the specific
facts of this case. The decisions of this Court and the D.C. Circuit turned on the specific facts
presented by this case—not on a legal question of broad applicability. The “fact intensive” nature
of the decisions by this Court and the D.C. Circuit weigh against a conclusion that Turkey’s
petition for a writ of certiorari presents a serious legal question.
Finally, that the Supreme Court has asked for the views of the United States does not tilt
this factor in Turkey’s favor. See Notice, ECF No. 105. The United States has already submitted
its views on the case to the D.C. Circuit. The government agreed that that Turkey was not immune
from this lawsuit based on the particular facts of this case and argued that this Court’s denial of
Turkey’s motion to dismiss should be affirmed. Accordingly, the Court does not find a compelling
reason to continue to delay this action pending the United States’ submission of a brief to the
Supreme Court when it has already weighed in.
B. Likelihood of Irreparable Harm
Turkey argues that it will “suffer irreparable harm” in the absence of a stay, contending
that further proceedings in this case will “irreparably violat[e] Turkey’s sovereign immunity”
pending the Supreme Court’s consideration of its petition. Def.’s Mot. at 7–8. According to
Turkey, “[a] stay will avoid burdening all parties with costly preliminary motions and potentially
unnecessary discovery activity[.]” Id. at 8. Plaintiffs counter that Turkey is unlikely to incur
substantial costs during the duration in which the Supreme Court considers its petition. According
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to Plaintiffs, the parties would engage only in initial discovery actions, including “conferring
pursuant to Rule 26, negotiating a protective order, drafting a discovery plan, and perhaps serving
written discovery requests.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 16.
Although this Court has previously found that, in a case against an immune foreign
sovereign, the burden of “defending against a lawsuit is irreversible and constitutes harm.” Philip,
436 F. Supp. 3d at 68. In that case, however, consideration of the first factor (likelihood of
success/serious legal question) was a closer call, as their had been a dissenting opinion on appeal
and the Court concluded that the petition for certiorari raised “serious and important legal
questions regarding the application of the [FSIA’s] expropriation exception,” which could affect
foreign relations. Here, the Court’s analysis of its jurisdiction was based on the unique factual
circumstances present on this record, with which both the United States and the D.C. Circuit
agreed. Accordingly, the same concerns about requiring a foreign sovereign to incur the costs of
litigation are not present here.
C. Prospect of Harm to Others and Public Interest in Granting a Stay
The Court next considers the “prospect that others will be harmed if the court grants the
stay,” as well as the “public interest” in granting a stay. Cuomo, 772 F. 2d at 974. As to the first
consideration, Plaintiffs contend that they “will be harmed by stay,” noting that they have “suffered
injuries,” some of which “have resulted in costly long-term medical care,” and that they “have
waited a very substantial period of time to proceed beyond threshold issues, without any
compensation for their damages.” Pls.’ Mot. to Compel at 11. Turkey counters that “[w]aiting on
the Supreme Court to rule on the certiorari petition will not cause any prejudice” in light of the
length of this case to date. Def.’s Mot. at 8–9. The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that a continued
stay will cause them harm by deferring their opportunity to pursue relief for the injuries.
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Finally, Turkey argues that the “public has a strong interest in ensuring that foreign
sovereigns are not inappropriately subjected to suit in the United States.” Def.’s Mot. at 9. While
this may be true, for the reasons supra, the Court is not persuaded that subjecting Turkey to suit
based on specific facts and circumstances at issue in this case is “inappropriate.” Neither was the
D.C. Circuit so persuaded. The United States also “agree[d] with [this Court’s] conclusion that
Turkey is not immune from these suits[,] based on this Court’s “factual determinations.” See
Gov.’s Br. at 2, Lusik Usoyan et al. v. Republic of Turkey, No. 20-7017 (D.C. Cir. Mar. 9, 2021).
As such, Turkey’s concerns about the foreign policy implications of declining a stay are misplaced.
On the other hand, Plaintiffs contend that there is a “significant public interest in resolving
expeditiously” a case involving an “assault against U.S. citizens and residents on American soil
by armed foreign agents[.]” Pls.’ Opp’n at 17. Although this case has progressed slowly to allow
Turkey to present its immunity arguments before this Court, the Court agrees with Plaintiffs that
further delay weighs against the public interest in allowing them to proceed to prosecute their
claims.
III. CONCLUSION & ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, it is this 21st day of September 2022 hereby ORDERED that
Defendant Turkey’s [99] Motion to Stay is DENIED. In a separate, forthcoming order, the Court
shall order the parties to “fully comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f) and LCvR 16.3,” and to submit
a joint statement addressing the topics listed in Local Rule 16.3(c). In light of this order, the Court
shall DENY without prejudice Plaintiffs’ [98] Motion to Compel Rule 26(f) Conference.
SO ORDERED.
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
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