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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 12-13140
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:02-cr-00045-MP-GRJ-3
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CRAIG CHARLES BOLLES,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
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(April 1, 2013)
Before BARKETT, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Craig Bolles appeals his 170-month sentence, imposed after he plead guilty
to one count of conspiracy to distribute and to possess with intent to distribute an
undisclosed quantity of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“MDMA”)
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between 1997 and 2002, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), and 846.
Bolles contends his sentence should be reversed and his case remanded for new
sentencing because the district court erred by applying a two-level leadership-role
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) based on his direction and control over his
personal driver, Franciscus Hartanto, whom Bolles claims was not a participant in
the offense within the meaning of the Guidelines. Because we agree that the
government failed to establish that Hartanto was a participant in the charged
conspiracy when he acted as Bolles’s driver, we conclude that the district court
erred in applying the enhancement. 1
To qualify for the leadership-role enhancement under § 3B1.1(c), the
commentary to the Guidelines states that “the defendant must have been the
organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of one of more other participants.”
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.2. “Participant” is defined as “a person who is criminally
responsible for the commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted.”
Id. cmt. n.1. Although we review a sentencing court’s determination of a
defendant’s role in a crime for clear error, United States v. Nadiaye, 434 F.3d
1
Bolles also contends that his sentence must be reversed because of constitutional and
statutory error under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). As we reverse Bolles’s
sentence as a result of the enhancement error, we need not resolve this claim because Bolles will
have the full benefit of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and the advisory nature of the sentencing guidelines
upon resentencing. Pepper v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 1229, 1251 (2011) (noting
that “an appellate court when reversing one part of a defendant's sentence may vacate the entire
sentence ... so that, on remand, the trial court can reconfigure the sentencing plan ... to satisfy the
sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2
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1270, 1304 (11th Cir. 2006), “[t]he district court’s application of § 3B1.1 to
determine that a person is a “participant” is a question of law that we review de
novo.” United States v. Williams, 527 F.3d 1235, 1249 (11th Cir. 2008). Here
although Bolles exercised control over Hartanto to the extent of directing Hartanto
where to drive him, the question before us is whether Hartanto’s conduct as
Bolles’s chauffeur made him criminally responsible for the conspiracy.
To be criminally responsible as a participant in a conspiracy, there must be
“(1) an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime, and (2) the
[participant’s] knowing and voluntary participation in the conspiracy.” United
States v. Ohayan, 483 F.3d 1281, 1292 (11th Cir. 2007). The record here fails to
demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that when Hartanto chauffeured
Bolles there was either an agreement to transport drugs or that Hartanto knowingly
and voluntarily participated in transporting drugs. See United States v. Lawrence,
47 f.3d 1559, 1566 (11th Cir. 1995) (holding that when a defendant challenges one
of the factual bases of his sentence the Government has the burden to establish the
disputed fact by a preponderance of the evidence).
Bolles maintained that he hired Hartanto simply because he did not have a
license and needed someone to drive him from place to place, including for his
legitimate business affairs. He admitted that while sometimes he would engage in
drug transactions while Hartanto was driving him, Hartanto was not his “courier”
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because Bolles exerted no control or influence over Hartanto in connection with
these drug transactions. To rebut Bolles’s explanation, the government called the
lead agent on the case, who testified that Hartanto reported that he had been hired
by Bolles because Bolles did not have a driver’s license, and that although
Hartanto “suspected” that drugs were involved in a number of his trips with Bolles,
that Hartanto never saw any drugs himself. This testimony, without more, is
insufficient to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Hartanto knowingly
agreed to transport drugs as part of the conspiracy such that he was criminally
responsible for the commission of the offense.
We therefore vacate and remand for resentencing. Additionally, the district
court’s written judgment incorrectly reflects that Bolles was convicted of a cocaine
offense, as well as MDMA. On remand, the district court should correct the
clerical error in the judgment. 2
VACATED AND REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
2
The final written judgment reflects Bolles’s conviction for conspiracy to distribute and
to possess with intent to distribute more than five kilograms of a mixture or substance containing
cocaine and a quantity of MDMA, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A)(ii),
(b)(1)(C), and 846, when he was actually convicted only of conspiracy to distribute and to
possess with intent to distribute an undisclosed quantity of MDMA, in violation of §§ 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(C), and 846. We may sua sponte raise the issue of clerical errors in the judgment and
remand with instructions to the district court to correct the errors. United States v. Massey, 443
F.3d 814, 822 (11th Cir. 2006), and we do so here.
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