Villanueva v. Cyprexx Services CA4/1

Filed 4/26/13 Villanueva v. Cyprexx Services CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

JUN VILLANUEVA et al., D060860

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00086445-
CU-WE-CTL)
CYPREXX SERVICES, LLC et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

APPEAL from judgments of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Randa

Trapp, Judge. Affirmed.

Plaintiffs and appellants Jun Villanueva and Sharon Balverde sued defendants and

respondents Cyprexx Services, LLC (Cyprexx) and attorney Tyneia Merritt after Cyprexx

auctioned Villanueva's personal belongings following the nonjudicial foreclosure sale of

his residence. The trial court sustained without leave to amend the demurrer of Cyprexx

and granted defendant Merritt's special motion to strike the complaint as a strategic
lawsuit against public participation (Code Civ. Proc.,1 § 425.16, commonly known as the

anti-SLAPP statute). Plaintiffs appeal from the ensuing judgments in defendants' favor.

They contend their complaint states causes of action for wrongful eviction, conversion,

violation of the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) (50 U.S.C. Appen. § 501, et

seq.), replevin or claim and delivery, and unjust enrichment, and the trial court should

have granted them leave to amend. They further contend the court erred in granting

Merritt's anti-SLAPP motion because Merritt did not engage in protected speech, and

they demonstrated a likelihood of prevailing on their SCRA cause of action. They argue

the court should have granted them leave to amend to state a malicious prosecution cause

of action against Merritt. We affirm the judgments.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The background facts are taken from plaintiffs' verified complaint and its attached

exhibits; we accept as true the properly pleaded material factual allegations together with

facts that may properly be judicially noticed. (Crowley v. Katleman (1994) 8 Cal.4th

666, 672; Debrunner v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 433,

435.)

In February 2007, Villanueva purchased a house at 626 Arroyo Seco Drive in San

Diego (the Arroyo property), executing a note and deed of trust naming Plaza Home

Mortgage, Inc. as the lender. Villanueva was in the military, had completed two tours of

duty in Iraq, and at the time of the complaint's filing, was deployed on active duty.

1 All statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
indicated.
2
Balverde was authorized to store her personal possessions at the Arroyo property while

Villanueva was away.

In July 2008, GMAC Mortgage, LLC (GMAC) acquired title to the property in a

trustee's sale. In October 2008, Merritt, on behalf of GMAC, filed an unlawful detainer

action (the first unlawful detainer action) against Villanueva and Does 1-100. Substitute

service of the summons and complaint was effected on Balverde. That same month,

Merritt executed a declaration of nonmilitary status, declaring under oath that none of the

defendants in the action were in the military. In November 2008, a default judgment was

entered against Villanueva and Balverde. GMAC did not execute on the judgment, and

in January 2009, GMAC filed a notice of rescission of the trustee's deed upon sale. The

notice states that the July 2008 foreclosure sale was conducted in error due to a failure to

communicate conditions that would have warranted its cancellation.

In May 2009, Deutsche Bank National Trust Company (Deutsche Bank) acquired

title to the Arroyo property in a trustee's sale, and that month Merritt served a notice to

quit under section 1161a, subdivision (b)(3) on Villanueva "and all others in possession"

(capitalization omitted) residing at the Arroyo property. The notice stated that the Arroyo

property was purchased at a nonjudicial foreclosure sale, and demanded that Villanueva

deliver possession or be subject to eviction proceedings. Service was effected by posting

the notice to quit in a conspicuous place on the Arroyo property.

In July 2009, Merritt filed a verified second unlawful detainer action on behalf of

Deutsche Bank, naming Balverde and Does 1-100. Deutsche Bank alleged it had

purchased the Arroyo property at a trustee's sale in April 2009, and that Balverde

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remained in possession of the premises, but failed to surrender possession within the

period set forth in the notice to quit.

In September 2009, Merritt filed a request for entry of default against Balverde,

and also executed another affidavit of nonmilitary status stating under oath that no

defendant was in the military.

In November 2009, Merritt filed a writ of possession of the Arroyo property on

behalf of Deutsche Bank. The writ states that judgment was entered on October 13,

2009. The writ of possession issued on November 5, 2009. Balverde eventually received

a notice to vacate from Merritt. At some point, Deutsche Bank retained Coldwell Bank

to sell the property, and Cyprexx was retained to reclaim the personal property and

dispose of it.

On December 5, 2009, Balverde wrote to Merritt, provided her copies of

Villanueva's deployment documents, and advised her that Villanueva was stationed in

Okinawa but unreachable as he was on a special assignment in Thailand. Balverde also

retained an attorney, who several days later contacted a Coldwell Bank representative,

Steve Freisen, to inform him that Villanueva was deployed overseas with the military and

wanted time to remove his personal possessions from the foreclosed Arroyo property.

Balverde's attorney asked Coldwell Bank to refrain from entering and removing

Villanueva's belongings until his return to the United States in February 2010.

In November 2009, the levying officer executed the writ of possession of the

Arroyo property. Balverde's attorney contacted Cyprexx to advise them of Villanueva's

military status. Balverde checked with Friesen, who told her she would have more time

4
to remove the personal property, and she consequently waited for a further response.

Defendants, however, removed or had removed all of plaintiffs' personal property stored

at the Arroyo property and had it sold at a public auction. In February 2010, Balverde

spoke with Friesen again to ask about the status of her request, but was told that the

property had been auctioned off, sold or otherwise discarded. Balverde confirmed with

Cyprexx that all of her and Villanueva's personal property had been sold.

In February 2011, plaintiffs filed a verified complaint against defendants Cyprexx,

Merritt, and the other entities,2 setting forth causes of action for wrongful eviction,

replevin, conversion, unjust enrichment and violation of the SCRA.

Merritt filed a special motion to strike the complaint under section 425.16. She

argued all of the complaint's allegations arose out of the exercise of her right and duty to

petition the court on her clients' behalf, and the statute protected even her misstatement in

the declaration of nonmilitary status. She further argued none of the causes of action

stated a claim because there were no allegations she had engaged in any of the injurious

conduct, namely, seizing control and selling any of the personal property. Finally,

Merritt argued that none of the causes of action were legally sufficient in that she had

nothing to do with the trustee's sale; Villanueva had no right, title or interest in the

Arroyo property at the time of Balverde's eviction; Merritt's actions were not wrongful;

2 Plaintiffs also named Plaza Mortgage (Plaza), GMAC, Deutsche Bank, and
Coldwell Bank. Plaintiffs allege Plaza had funded Villanueva's purchase money loan;
GMAC acquired title to Villanueva's property in the first trustee's sale; Deutsche Bank
acquired title to Villanueva's property in the second trustee's sale; and Coldwell Bank was
the real estate brokerage company of record after the sales that "maintained custody,
dominion and control over" Villanueva's personal property.
5
Merritt had no legal obligation to return possession of the premises to Balverde or store

Villanueva's possessions on the Arroyo property; plaintiffs never made a proper request

for surrender of the personal property, which was not particularly described in the

verified complaint; the SCRA did not apply to plaintiffs or provide their requested

remedy; and the complaint's allegations negated any possible causation. Finally, Merritt

argued that as a result of the litigation privilege of Civil Code section 47, subdivision

(b)(2), plaintiffs could not establish a probability of prevailing on the merits. Merritt

asked for an award of attorney fees and costs.

Merritt filed a declaration in support of her anti-SLAPP motion in which she

averred that before filing the first unlawful detainer complaint on GMAC's behalf and up

to November 18, 2008, when the judgment was entered for possession, she had never

received any notice or communication from plaintiffs that Villanueva was a service

member or on active duty.3

Thereafter, Cyprexx separately demurred to the verified complaint on grounds that

as to all causes of action, the complaint failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause

of action; the wrongful eviction cause of action was barred by the one-year statute of

limitations; and Balverde lacked standing to assert a claim for violation of the SCRA.

In opposition to Merritt's anti-SLAPP motion, plaintiffs argued section 425.16 did

not apply to speech and petitioning that was illegal as a matter of law, and the statute did

3 Merritt also demurred to all of the causes of action and moved to strike all or
portions of plaintiffs' verified complaint. Those matters were ruled moot after the trial
court granted Merritt's anti-SLAPP motion.
6
not preempt the SCRA. They further argued they demonstrated a probability of

prevailing on the merits on all of their causes of action based on a declaration filed by

Merritt in opposition to Balverde's motion to vacate the underlying judgment in the

second unlawful detainer action. In that declaration, Merritt averred that she did not

name Villanueva in that action because when she filed it, she was "informed and

believed, and continue[d] to believe, that Balverde was the only occupant of the [Arroyo

property], and that Balverde was the only person who claimed a right to possess the

Premises." Merritt stated that her belief was based on information she had obtained in

October 2008 in the first unlawful detainer action, when Balverde filed a prejudgment

claim of right to possession of the Arroyo property (§ 1174.25) by virtue of an alleged

oral rental agreement between Villanueva and GMAC, which, according to Merritt, was

inconsistent with any claim of possessory right on Villanueva's part.

Plaintiffs also opposed Cyprexx's demurrer. They asked for leave to file a first

amended complaint; argued they had standing under the SCRA; and asserted that but for

Cyprexx's "wrongful conduct," they would not have been damaged.

Following argument on the matter, the trial court granted Merritt's anti-SLAPP

motion and sustained Cyprexx's demurrer without leave to amend. As to Merritt, it ruled

all of the causes of action arose from Merritt's representation of clients in the unlawful

detainer actions, and thus Merritt had met her initial burden to show the action was based

on protected speech and petitioning activity. It further ruled plaintiffs did not show the

gravamen of their complaint arose from Merritt's allegedly illegal activity; the evidence

showed Merritt did not know Villanueva was in the military when she executed the

7
declaration of nonmilitary status in the first unlawful detainer action, Villanueva was not

a party or indispensable party to the second unlawful detainer action, and there was no

evidence Balverde was in the military at the time. Its ruling detailed why plaintiffs had

not demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the merits on any of their causes of

action.

As to Cyprexx, the court ruled the causes of action failed in that plaintiffs had not

alleged Cyprexx (a) had any involvement in the foreclosure sale; (b) had possession of

plaintiffs' personal property at the time the action was commenced; (c) did any wrongful

act; or (d) unjustly received or wrongfully retained any benefit at plaintiffs' expense. As

for the SCRA cause of action, it ruled the SCRA did not apply to any challenge to the

foreclosure sale, and to the extent plaintiffs challenged the default judgment in the

unlawful detainer action, the SCRA did not provide for a private right of action. The

court denied plaintiffs leave to amend, stating they had not informed the court how the

complaint could be amended to state any cause of action against Cyprexx.

The court thereafter entered judgments in favor of Merritt and Cyprexx. Plaintiffs

appeal from those judgments.

DISCUSSION

I. Cyprexx's Demurrer

A. Standard of Review

In reviewing an order sustaining a demurrer, "our standard of review is clear:

' "We treat the demurrer as admitting all material facts properly pleaded, but not

contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law. [Citation.] We also consider

8
matters which may be judicially noticed." [Citation.] Further, we give the complaint a

reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its parts in their context. [Citation.]

When a demurrer is sustained, we determine whether the complaint states facts sufficient

to constitute a cause of action. [Citation.] And when it is sustained without leave to

amend, we decide whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by

amendment: if it can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we reverse; if not,

there has been no abuse of discretion and we affirm. [Citations.] The burden of proving

such reasonable possibility is squarely on the plaintiff.' " (Zelig v. County of Los

Angeles (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1112, 1126; see Coffman Specialties, Inc. v. Department of

Transportation (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1135, 1144.) A showing that an amendment

would cure the defect may be made for the first time to the reviewing court. (San Diego

City Firefighters, Local 145, v. Board of Administration etc. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 594,

606.)

The judgment of dismissal will be affirmed if proper on any grounds stated in the

demurrer, whether or not the court acted on that ground. (San Diego City Firefighters,

Local 145, v. Board of Administration etc., supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 605.)

B. Conversion Cause of Action

Plaintiffs contend the complaint states a cause of action for conversion. In part,

they argue it was sufficient to plead that Cyprexx disposed of their property; that it is not

necessary for a conversion action that they plead and prove Cyprexx's actions were

"wrongful." They maintain alternatively that the complaint alleges conversion through

multiple wrongful acts, namely, that Cyprexx violated the SCRA when it removed and

9
sold Villanueva's personal property without a valid court order, and did not comply with

Civil Code section 1988 in disposing of the property.

We reject plaintiffs' first contention. It is settled that " ' "[c]onversion is the

wrongful exercise of dominion over the property of another." ' " (Plummer v.

Day/Eisenberg, LLP (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 38, 45; see also Hernandez v. Lopez (2009)

180 Cal.App.4th 932, 939; Burlesci v. Petersen (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 1062, 1065;

Farmers Ins. Exchange v. Zerin (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 445, 451-452.) The foundation

for a conversion claim " 'rests upon the unwarranted interference by defendant with the

dominion over the property of the plaintiff from which injury to the latter results.' "

(Burlesci v. Petersen, at p. 1066.)

Plaintiffs point to the foregoing authorities, which state the elements in the

disjunctive, i.e., that a conversion can occur by proving a "wrongful act or disposition of

property rights." (E.g., Plummer v. Day/Eisenberg, LLP, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at p. 45,

italics added.) They argue there need not be a wrongful act if there was a mere

disposition of property rights. This argument is unavailing, however, because the gist of

the tort is wrongful dominion by the defendant (Hernandez v. Lopez, supra, 180

Cal.App.4th at p. 939) and the cited authorities use the term "wrongful" to qualify both

the act and the disposition of the property rights. If the disposition is not wrongful in

some manner—if the person or entity did not do something wrong—the action would not

constitute a tort. Plaintiffs miss the mark when they argue neither good or bad faith are at

issue in a conversion action. (See Newhart v. Pierce (1967) 254 Cal.App.2d 783, 793.)

Good and bad faith, as well as knowledge, ignorance or mistake, go to a party's intent or

10
motives, which are no defense to a claim for conversion (see Poggi v. Scott (1914) 167

Cal. 372, 3754); those matters are not pertinent to whether the defendant's interference

with dominion over property is unwarranted.

Plaintiffs' second argument—that they specifically alleged violations of law—is

also misplaced. To state a cause of action for conversion, a plaintiff need only allege his

or her " ' "ownership or right to possession of the property at the time of the conversion;

the defendant's conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of property rights; and

damages." ' " (Shopoff & Cavallo LLP v. Hyon (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 1489, 1507.) As

against a general or special demurrer, "if plaintiff's ownership of the property is properly

alleged and there is an averment that the defendant converted the same, a cause of action

[for conversion] is sufficiently stated . . . ." (Baird v. Olsheski (1929) 102 Cal.App. 452,

454.) Further, "no particular form of words is essential in averring a conversion,

provided the fact of the conversion is sufficiently stated, and it is unnecessary to set forth

in what way or by what means the conversion was accomplished [citations], or to allege

that the property was wrongfully or unlawfully converted, since the allegation that it was

converted, which is a conclusion of fact [citations], implies a wrongful act [citations]."

(Baird v. Olsheski, at p. 454, citing Hutchings v. Castle (1874) 48 Cal. 152; see also

Taylor v. S & M Lamp Co. (1961) 190 Cal.App.2d 700, 704 [complaint stated a cause of

4 "The foundation for the action of conversion rests neither in the knowledge nor the
intent of the defendant. It rests upon the unwarranted interference by defendant with the
dominion over the property of the plaintiff from which injury to the latter results.
Therefore, neither good nor bad faith, neither care nor negligence, neither knowledge nor
ignorance, are of the gist of the action." (Poggi v. Scott, supra, 167 Cal. at p. 375.)
11
action for conversion where plaintiff alleged it owned a business, notified the defendant

of his ownership of the business, defendant surreptitiously caused plaintiff's locks to be

removed and equipment and other property to be removed, defendant refused to account

for the items, and plaintiff alleged specific items of damage caused by the removal];

MacDonald v. Kingsley (1957) 149 Cal.App.2d 376 [complaint stated a cause of action

for conversion where it alleged ownership and possession of the property converted, the

forcible and unlawful taking thereof by the defendants, and the value of said property].)

In Taylor v. S & M Lamp Co., the court stated, "The failure of the complaint to use such

terms as 'fraud,' 'to defraud creditors,' 'unlawfully,' or 'wrongfully' does not render the

pleading defective where, as here, such conduct and intent is implied from the ultimate

facts alleged." (Taylor v. S & M Lamp Co., at p. 705.)

A demurrer is properly sustained, however, where the allegations of the complaint,

or attached judicially noticeable documents, negate a cause of action as a matter of law.

(See e.g., Shopoff & Cavallo LLP v. Hyon, supra, 167 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1507-1508;

McKenney v. Purepac Pharmaceutical Co. (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 72, 78-79 [general

demurrer will lie where the complaint has included allegations that clearly disclose some

defense or bar to recovery]; Flores v. Kmart Corp. (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1316, 1324

[demurrer based on an affirmative defense will be sustained where the face of the

complaint discloses that the action is necessarily barred by the defense].) In Shopoff, for

example, a complaint failed as a matter of law to state a claim for conversion against a

trustee of allegedly converted settlement recovery proceeds who had filed an interpleader

action, which avoided the risk of liability to the person entitled to those proceeds.

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(Shopoff, at p. 1508.) As a matter of law, the trustee did not exercise dominion over the

funds sufficient to convert them to his own use. (Ibid.)

Here, plaintiffs' complaint places responsibility on the foreclosing entity, Deutsche

Bank (also referred to as the "landlord"), for the wrongful seizure and sale of plaintiffs'

personal property.5 According to plaintiffs, their property was sold at a public auction.

They allege that Cyprexx was merely a subcontractor of Deutsche Bank, and that

Cyprexx was retained to reclaim the personal property and conduct the sale. Plaintiffs

provide no authority for the proposition that under such circumstances, the third party

agent for the landlord is vicariously responsible or liable for the landlord's conversion.

We conclude plaintiffs cannot establish that by arranging to sell the property at a public

auction at the direction of Deutsche Bank, Cyprexx exercised dominion over the funds or

converted them to Cyprexx's own use so as to state a cause of action against Cyprexx for

conversion.

C. Wrongful Eviction

"[A] person in peaceable possession of real property may recover, in an action

sounding in tort, damages for injuries to his person and goods caused by the forcible

entry of one who is, or claims to be, the lawful owner or possessor . . . ." (Daluiso v.

5 Plaintiffs allege: "The Landlord in the [second unlawful detainer action]
maintains that Defendants had a reasonable belief that . . . Balverde was the hold over
tenant in the [section] 1161 action after foreclosure. However, it refused to return the
Personal Property to this Plaintiff. The Landlord did not have a reasonable belief that . . .
Balverde was the tenant. Further, pursuant to [section] 1174[, subdivision] (f), the
Landlord failed to give notice to ANYONE that the Personal Property was deemed
abandoned and would be sold. Thus, the Landlord is liable for the damages that stemmed
from its wrongful levy, seizure and sale." (Italics added, some capitalization omitted.)
13
Boone (1969) 71 Cal.2d 484, 486.) The essential elements of a tort claim for wrongful

entry or eviction are (1) the plaintiff's peaceable possession, and (2) the defendant's

forcible entry. (Spinks v. Equity Residential Briarwood Apartments (2009) 171

Cal.App.4th 1004, 1040.) The defendant's title or right of possession is no defense to

such action. (Daluiso v. Boone, at p. 486.)

Plaintiffs contend the complaint adequately alleges both elements of a wrongful

eviction cause of action. They argue their allegations that Villanueva resided at the

Arroyo property and stored his possessions there was sufficient to establish his peaceable

possession; that the fact he lost title to his home through a nonjudicial foreclosure is

immaterial. They further argue they made an adequate allegation of Cyprexx's claim of

lawful possession by alleging Cyprexx had been retained to reclaim and had seized

plaintiffs' personal property from the Arroyo property.

We conclude, however, plaintiffs cannot establish the essential elements of

wrongful eviction against Cyprexx. Plaintiffs allege that Cyprexx was the entity that

seized their personal property. Specifically, they allege "Cyprexx is the entity retained

by Defendants as sub contractors [sic] for reclaiming the Personal Property and to

conduct a sale and/or other disposition of the Personal Property." They do not allege that

Cyprexx dispossessed them from the Arroyo property, and indeed, the complaint

specifically alleges that Deutsche Bank was the entity that obtained the writ of possession

evicting Balverde from the premises. By statute, a forcible entry occurs when any person

"[w]ho, after entering peaceably upon real property, turns out by force, threats, or

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menacing conduct, the party in possession." (§ 1159, subd. (2).) Even assuming a

forcible entry occurred, plaintiffs' allegations demonstrate it was not done by Cyprexx.

We observe further that plaintiffs' complaint indicates the sheriff served Balverde

with the writ of possession of the Arroyo property (Judicial Council form EJ-130,

attached as exhibit 9 of plaintiffs' complaint) on November 10, 2009, that Balverde was

removed from the Arroyo property on November 30, 2009, and that the sheriff returned

the writ on December 1, 2009. Plaintiffs allege the writ of possession "was used to

remove and sell or otherwise dispose of ALL of plaintiffs Villanueva's and Balverde's

Personal Property." Though exhibit 9 contains only the first side of the two-sided

Judicial Council form, we take judicial notice that the reverse of the form includes a

statement that any personal property remaining on the real property after the landlord is

in possession will be disposed of under section 1174 unless the tenant pays the reasonable

cost of storage and takes possession of the personal property not later than 15 days after

the landlord takes possession of the real property. (§ 715.010, subd. (b)(3).) As of

December 5, 2009, when Balverde wrote Merritt and informed her that she had

Villanueva's general power of attorney, Balverde had notice of her rights to reclaim the

personal property remaining on the Arroyo property, but did not timely exercise those

rights on her own behalf or on Villanueva's behalf as his legal representative.

D. Replevin/Claim and Delivery

An action for replevin or its statutory successor, claim and delivery, is intended to

obtain recovery of specific personal property. (Stockton Morris Plan Co. v. Mariposa

County (1950) 99 Cal.App.2d 210, 215; Simms v. NPCK Enterprises, Inc. (2003) 109

15
Cal.App.4th 233, 241.) In order to obtain a judgment on a replevin action, "it must be

shown that possession was in the defendant at the time of the beginning of the action or

that he had the power to make delivery of the personal property . . . ." (Stockton Morris,

at p. 215.)

In support of this cause of action, plaintiffs allege that defendants "have

wrongfully and intentionally seized, destroyed and or sold said personal property" and

that the "wrongful and unlawful possession of the property occurred in December[ ]

2009." As Cyprexx points out, plaintiffs' introductory allegations are that at the time of

the filing of the complaint, the personal property at issue had already been sold at public

auction. These allegations defeat the replevin cause of action as a matter of law, as they

demonstrate Cyprexx did not have the power to deliver the personal property at the time

of the complaint's filing.

E. Unjust Enrichment

" ' "[T]here is no cause of action in California for unjust enrichment." ' " (Levine

v. Blue Shield of California (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1117, 1138, quoting Durell v. Sharp

Healthcare (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1370, and see Melchior v. New Line

Productions, Inc. (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 779, 793; McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc.

(2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1457, 1490 ["unjust enrichment is a basis for obtaining

restitution based on quasi-contract or imposition of a constructive trust"].) "Unjust

16
enrichment is synonymous with restitution." (Durell, at p. 1370.6) Thus, plaintiffs' mere

allegation that defendants have been unjustly enriched by their "wrongful acts and

omissions" does not state a cause of action. (Levine, at p. 1138.)

On review of an order sustaining the demurrer, we nevertheless may assess

whether plaintiffs' allegations state a cause of action that may give rise to a right to

restitution. (McBride v. Boughton (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 379, 387-388.) "There are

several potential bases for a cause of action seeking restitution. . . . [R]estitution may be

awarded where the defendant obtained a benefit from the plaintiff by fraud, duress,

conversion, or similar conduct. In such cases, the plaintiff may choose not to sue in tort,

but instead to seek restitution on a quasi-contract theory . . . . [Citations.] In such cases,

where appropriate, the law will imply a contract (or rather, a quasi-contract), without

regard to the parties' intent, in order to avoid unjust enrichment." (McBride, at p. 388, fn.

omitted.) Because we have not found allegations sufficient to demonstrate that Cyprexx

committed some wrongdoing in which it obtained a benefit from plaintiffs, there is no

basis to allow plaintiffs' unjust enrichment claim to stand.

6 " 'Under the law of restitution, "[a]n individual is required to make restitution if he
or she is unjustly enriched at the expense of another. [Citations.] A person is enriched if
the person receives a benefit at another's expense. [Citation.]" [Citation.] However,
"[t]he fact that one person benefits another is not, by itself, sufficient to require
restitution. The person receiving the benefit is required to make restitution only if the
circumstances are such that, as between the two individuals, it is unjust for the person to
retain it." ' " (Durell v. Sharp Healthcare, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 1370.)
17
F. Violation of the SCRA

"The SCRA applies to any judicial proceeding in state court, except criminal

proceedings. [Citation.] The purposes of the SCRA are '(1) to provide for, strengthen,

and expedite the national defense through protection extended . . . to servicemembers of

the United States to enable such persons to devote their entire energy to the defense needs

of the Nation; and [¶] (2) to provide for the temporary suspension of judicial . . .

proceedings . . . that may adversely affect the civil rights of servicemembers during their

military service.' [Citation.] '[T]he SCRA must be construed to prevent any

disadvantage to a servicemember litigant resulting from his or her military service' and

'must be "liberally construed to protect those who have been obliged to drop their own

affairs to take up the burdens of the nation." ' " (In re A.R. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 733,

740-741.)

Under the SCRA, no default judgment may be taken against persons in the

military service unless the plaintiff meets specified procedural requirements.

Specifically, before entry of a default judgment, the plaintiff must file a declaration

stating whether or not the defendant is in military service, or if plaintiff is unable to

determine whether the defendant is in military service, stating so. (50 U.S.C. Appen.

§ 521(b)(1).) One who makes or uses such an affidavit, knowing it to be false, "shall be

fined as provided in title 18, United States Code, or imprisoned for not more than one

year, or both." (50 U.S.C. Appen. § 521(c).)

In support of their cause of action alleging violations of the SCRA, plaintiffs

allege generally that the SCRA permits military servicemembers to defend their interests

18
in court hearings or default proceedings. They then allege: "Villanueva was unable to

protect his interests, as the Foreclosing Defendants signed under penalty of perjury that . .

. Villanueva was non-military, in direct violation of [the SCRA], which requires

notification of service members on active duty. [¶] . . . The Defendants failed to make a

minimal search to discover whether or not . . . Villanueva was deployed. Further, . . .

Balverde had sent documentation to Foreclosing Defendants, proving that not only was . .

. Villanueva in the military, but that . . . Balverde could not contact him. [¶] . . . With

utter disregard, the Defendants moved forward with the default judgment. Based on this

fraudulent misrepresentation to the court, . . . Villanueva was never afforded due process

or his opportunity to be heard and judgment was entered against him." (Some emphasis

and capitalization omitted.)

These allegations seek to impose liability on the "foreclosing defendants"

otherwise identified in the pleading as GMAC or Deutsche Bank, for the default

judgment. As pointed out above, Cyprexx was not a foreclosing defendant and there are

no allegations stating it entered or caused any judgment to be entered against Villanueva.

Further, the complaint specifically alleges that Merritt, on Deutsche Bank's behalf, signed

a false declaration of nonmilitary status, not Cyprexx. The complaint accordingly cannot

impose liability on Cyprexx for the filing of that declaration assertedly in violation of the

SCRA.

Nevertheless, on appeal plaintiffs argue the complaint states violations of the

SCRA against Cyprexx, specifically under title 50 United States Code Appendix sections

531 and 537. They argue Cyprexx violated title 50 United States Code Appendix section

19
537 by selling Villanueva's possessions without a court order, and violated title 50 United

States Code Appendix section 531 by removing and selling the personal property from

Villanueva's home.7

1. Title 50 United States Code Appendix Section 531

During a period of military service of a servicemember, title 50 United States

Code Appendix section 531(a)(1)(A) prohibits a landlord or another person with

paramount title from evicting a servicemember or the servicemember's dependents from a

premises that is occupied "primarily as a residence" and "for which the monthly rent does

not exceed $2,400." Title 50 United States Code Appendix section 531 (a)(1)(B)

prohibits a landlord or other person with paramount title from "subject[ing] such

premises to a distress during the period of military service."8 Neither of these

7 Plaintiffs rightly do not claim that the complaint alleges a violation of section 533
of the SCRA, which grants protections with respect to mortgages and trust deeds. The
plain terms of the statute make it clear that it applies only to mortgage loan obligations
that originated before military service began. (50 U.S.C. Appen. § 533(a); Williams v.
U.S. Bank Nat. Assoc. (C.D.Cal., Feb. 13, 2013, No. ED CV12-00748-JLQ) 2013 WL
571844; Coward v. JP Morgan Chase (E.D.Cal., June 15, 2012, No. 2:11-cv-00378-
GEB-DAD) 2012 WL 2263359.) Here, plaintiffs allege that Villanueva "was and is at
all times mentioned herein, in the military . . . and was at all relevant times, and still is,
deployed on active duty." (Italics added.) These allegations show that Villanueva's loan
obligation, which arose in February 2007, originated during his military service.

8 A distress "is the taking of another's personal property out of his possession either
for holding or for sale in order to obtain satisfaction of a past due rent claim." (Lesher v.
Louisville Gas & Electric Co. (W.D.Ky. 1943) 49 F.Supp. 88, 90.) One federal court
explained that "[a]lthough this monthly rent limitation on what premises are covered
appears in [title 50 United States Code Appendix section] 531(a)(1)(A) (the eviction
provision), the limitation covers [title 50 United States Code Appendix section]
531(a)(1)(B) (the distress provision) as well because that provision prevents 'subject[ing]
such premises to a distress,' thereby incorporating the limitations specified previously in
20
prohibitions apply to disposition of personal property following a nonjudicial foreclosure

sale. And, in view of the SCRA's use of the terms " 'landlord, rent, eviction, and distress,

courts have construed the substantially similar predecessor statute to [title 50 United

States Code Appendix section] 531 as 'contemplat[ing] a landlord-tenant relationship.' "

(Jimenez v. Miami-Dade County, supra, 2013 WL 214673, at p. *3, citing Clinton Cotton

Mills v. United States (4th Cir.1947) 164 F.2d 173, 176 & Arkless v. Kilstein (E.D.Pa.

1944) 61 F.Supp. 886, 888 [the predecessor statute relates to disturbing the landlord-

tenant relationship because it uses the term agreed rent and because it refers to a

maximum monthly rent] & Lesher v. Louisville Gas & Electric Co., supra, 49 F.Supp. at

pp. 89-90 [utility company's disconnecting power to a residence did not violate the

predecessor statute because there was no landlord-tenant relationship between the

company and the bill payer].)

Here, plaintiffs have not alleged any landlord-tenant relationship with Cyprexx,

nor can they in view of their allegations that Cyprexx was merely a subcontractor

retained by Deutsche Bank to sell the personal property remaining on the Arroyo

property. Nor have they alleged the Arroyo property was premises "for which the

monthly rent does not exceed $2,400." Plaintiff cannot allege the circumstances

constitute a distress because Cyprexx's sale was not in "satisfaction of a past due rent

claim." Though courts must construe the SCRA liberally (In re A.R., supra, 170

Cal.App.4th at p. 741), we will not rewrite the statute to cover circumstances beyond the

the statute." (Jimenez v. Miami-Dade County (S.D.Fla., Jan. 18, 2013, No. 11-23131-
Civ.) 2013 WL 214673, at p. *3.)
21
plain meaning of its provisions to make it more just or fair. (Thornton v. California

Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 1403, 1419.)

2. Title 50 United States Code Appendix Section 537

Title 50 United States Code Appendix section 537, entitled "Enforcement of

storage liens," provides, in pertinent part: "(a) Liens [¶] (1) Limitation on foreclosure or

enforcement [¶] A person holding a lien on the property or effects of a servicemember

may not, during any period of military service of the servicemember and for 90 days

thereafter, foreclose or enforce any lien on such property or effects without a court order

granted before foreclosure or enforcement." A lien under this provision is defined as

including "a lien for storage, repair, or cleaning of the property or effects of a

servicemember or a lien on such property or effects for any other reason." (50 U.S.C.

Appen. § 537(a)(2).) The reference to liens in title 50 United States Code Appendix

section 537 encompasses only liens for storage, repair or cleaning, or other liens similar

in nature; it does not encompass other specific types of liens governed by different

sections of the SCRA, such as liens for an installment contract, motor leases, mortgages,

or tax liens. (Whigham v. Chase Auto Fin. Corp. (E.D.Va. 2011) 826 F.Supp.2d 914,

917-920.)

Here, Cyprexx's involvement was limited to the sale of plaintiffs' personal

possessions. There is no allegation that Cyprexx held a storage lien or any other type of

lien contemplated by title 50 United States Code Appendix section 537, and the

complaint, as we have stated, makes clear that Cyprexx was not responsible for the

foreclosure sale. Under these circumstances, plaintiffs cannot state a cause of action

22
against Cyprexx for a violation of section 537 of the SCRA. (Accord, United States v.

B.C. Enterprises, Inc. (E.D.Va 2009) 667 F.Supp.2d 650, 657-659 [general manager of

corporation who supervised and directed the sale of servicemembers' vehicles at auction

pursuant to storage liens was as a matter of law not a "person holding a lien on the

property or effects of a servicemember" within the meaning of the SCRA because the lien

was held by the corporation, not by the general manager].)

II. Merritt's Anti-SLAPP Motion

Plaintiffs contend the trial court erred by granting Merritt's anti-SLAPP motion.

They argue Merritt did not meet her burden to show their complaint arose from any free

speech or petition rights, and even if she had, they established a probability of prevailing

on the merits of their cause of action for violations of the SCRA. As we will explain, we

disagree.

A. Standard of Review

Section 425.16 provides a procedural remedy to dispose of lawsuits that are

brought to chill or punish a party's valid exercise of constitutional rights to free speech

and to petition the government for redress of grievances. (Personal Court Reporters, Inc.

v . Rand (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 182, 188.)

An evaluation of an anti-SLAPP motion involves two steps. "[T]he trial court first

determines whether the defendant has made a threshold showing that the challenged

cause of action arises from protected activity. [Citation.] Under . . . section 425.16 '[a]

cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in furtherance of

23
the person's right of petition or free speech . . . shall be subject to a special motion to

strike . . . .' [Citation.] 'A cause of action "arising from" defendant's litigation activity

may appropriately be the subject of a section 425.16 motion to strike.' [Citation.] 'Any

act' includes communicative conduct such as the filing, funding, and prosecution of a

civil action. [Citation.] This includes qualifying acts committed by attorneys in

representing clients in litigation. [Citations.]

"If the court finds the defendant has made the threshold showing, it determines

then whether the plaintiff has demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the claim.

[Citation.] 'In order to establish a probability of prevailing on the claim . . . , a plaintiff

responding to an anti-SLAPP motion must " 'state[ ] and substantiate[ ] a legally

sufficient claim.' " [Citations.] Put another way, the plaintiff "must demonstrate that the

complaint is both legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of

facts to sustain a favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is

credited." ' " (Rusheen v. Cohen (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1048, 1055-1056 (Rusheen).)

We review de novo the trial court's order granting Merritt's special motion to

strike. (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 819.) A reviewing

court will " 'independently review the record to determine whether the asserted causes of

action arise from the defendant's free speech or petitioning activity, and, if so, whether

the plaintiff has shown a probability of prevailing. [Citations.] We consider "the

pleadings, and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon which the

liability or defense is based." [Citations.] We do not reweigh the evidence, but accept as

true all evidence favorable to the plaintiff and evaluate the defendant's evidence only to

24
determine if it has defeated the evidence submitted by the plaintiff as a matter of law.

[Citations.] If the trial court's decision denying an anti-SLAPP motion is correct on any

theory applicable to the case, we may affirm the order regardless of the correctness of the

grounds on which the lower court reached its conclusion.' " (Personal Court Reporters,

Inc. v. Rand, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at pp. 188-189.)

B. Merritt's Threshold Burden

Plaintiffs contend Merritt cannot meet her initial burden to show the causes of

action against her arise from protected activity. They maintain their allegations show she

engaged in illegal conduct that is unprotected by the anti-SLAPP law, that is, naming

only Balverde as a defendant in the second unlawful detainer action and not Villanueva,

who was assertedly an indispensible party; attesting that the true names and capacities

of the Doe defendants were unknown; and knowingly filing a false declaration of

nonmilitary status (50 U.S.C. Appen. § 521(c)) in connection with the second unlawful

detainer action, which also violated the Rules of Professional Conduct, rule 5-200,

requiring candor before the court.

Merritt responds that plaintiffs' allegations all relate to her prosecution of the

unlawful detainer litigation, and thus all of the causes of action arise from written or oral

statements "made before a . . . judicial proceeding," or "made in connection with an issue

under consideration or review by a . . . judicial body," and the conduct on which her

liability is based falls within "any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the

constitutional right of petition . . . ." (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(1), (2) & (4).)

25
 Merritt is correct. " 'The prosecution of an unlawful detainer action indisputably is

protected activity within the meaning of section 425.16.' " (Feldman v. 1100 Park Lane

Associates (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1479; see also Rusheen, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p.

1056 [" 'A cause of action "arising from" defendant's litigation activity may appropriately

be the subject of a section 425.16 motion to strike' "]; Dowling v. Zimmerman (2001) 85

Cal.App.4th 1400, 1418-1420 [anti-SLAPP statute protected attorney's pro bono

representation of clients sued in unlawful detainer action that gave rise to plaintiff's later

claims against attorney for defamation, misrepresentation, and intentional and negligent

infliction of emotional distress].) Plaintiffs seek to impose liability on Merritt solely for

her filing of pleadings, including notices of default, in connection with the unlawful

detainer proceedings.

Merritt further maintains that under Rusheen, supra, 37 Cal.4th 1048 and Pollack

v. University of Southern California (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 1416 even the filing of an

erroneous declaration of nonmilitary status is within the core protection of the anti-

SLAPP statute. Plaintiffs, on the other hand, argue the anti-SLAPP does not apply under

Flatley v. Mauro (2006) 39 Cal.4th 299 (Flatley) and Lefebvre v. Lefebvre (2011) 199

Cal.App.4th 696, because Merritt's conduct was illegal.

In Flatley, the California Supreme Court confirmed that unlawful or criminal

activities do not qualify for protection under the anti-SLAPP law as protected speech or

petitioning activities. (Flatley, supra, 39 Cal.4th at pp. 317, 330 [attorney's conduct

constituted criminal extortion]; Dwight R. v. Christy B. (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 697,

711.) The court explained, however, that the illegality must appear "as a matter of law."

26
(Flatley, at p. 320.) That is, only where the defendant "concedes, or the evidence

conclusively establishes, that the assertedly protected speech or petition activity was

illegal as a matter of law" is he or she precluded from using the anti-SLAPP law to strike

the action. (Ibid.) "[W]hen the defendant's assertedly protected activity may or may not

be unlawful, the defendant may invoke the anti-SLAPP statute unless the activity is

unlawful as a matter of law." (Dwight R., at p. 711.)9 In Lefebvre v. Lefebvre, supra,

199 Cal.App.4th 696, the appellate court held a defendant failed to show that false police

reports were not protected by the anti-SLAPP law, but in that case, the trial court found

that the record " 'conclusively' established" the defendants' statements to police were

illegal under Penal Code section 148.5. (Lefebvre, at p. 701; see also Comstock v. Aber

(2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 931, 951-952 & fn. 13 [summarizing the "unusual, if not unique"

facts in Lefebvre].)

Here, plaintiffs' assertion of illegality does not meet Flatley's standard. Merritt

has not conceded, nor is the evidence conclusive, that her filing of either declaration of

nonmilitary service was false, illegal or a crime as a matter of law. (Flatley, supra, 39

Cal.4th at p. 320.) With respect to the first declaration of nonmilitary service, Merritt

averred in both her supporting and reply anti-SLAPP declarations that she was never

9 At least one appellate court has interpreted the requirement that conduct be
"illegal" to mean the activity must be "criminal, and not merely violative of a statute."
(Mendoza v. ADP Screening and Selection Services, Inc. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1644,
1654.) The court reasoned in part that "a reading of Flatley[, supra, 39 Cal.4th 299] to
push any statutory violation outside the reach of the anti-SLAPP statute would greatly
weaken the constitutional interests which the statute is designed to protect." (Mendoza,
at p. 1654.)
27
notified by plaintiffs that Villanueva was a servicemember or on active duty, and she

believed neither he nor Balverde were servicemembers. Plaintiffs offered no contrary

evidence. According to Merritt, after she was advised by Balverde that Villanueva was a

servicemember, she cancelled execution of the writ of possession. Only Balverde, who

was not shown to be a servicemember, was named as a defendant in the second unlawful

detainer action. Indeed, the evidence submitted by plaintiffs in opposition to Merritt's

anti-SLAPP motion—Merritt's May 2011 declaration responding to Balverde's motion to

vacate the October 2009 judgment—confirms that Merritt only named Balverde in that

action because she believed Balverde was the sole occupant of the Arroyo property and

she was the only person who had claimed a right to possess it by filing a section 1174.25

prejudgment claim of right to possession. Merritt averred that though Balverde had

advised her she was Villanueva's attorney in fact under a military general power of

attorney and that she was therefore Villanueva's "legal representative" within the

meaning of the SCRA (50 U.S.C.A. Appen. § 519), Balverde had not asserted a

possessory interest, or any claims or defenses, on Villanueva's behalf. Plaintiffs provide

no legal authorities suggesting Villanueva should have been named and sued in that

action as a matter of law. Indeed, only a tenant in actual occupation of the premises, and

a subtenant if there is one, are necessary parties defendant in an unlawful detainer action.

(§ 1164; Cardenas v. Noren (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1344, 1350.)

Nor does the authority plaintiffs cite on appeal, Arrieta v. Mahon (1982) 31 Cal.3d

381, compel such a conclusion. Arrieta involved claims for declaratory and injunctive

relief challenging a Los Angeles County Marshal policy to evict all occupants of

28
premises after an unlawful detainer judgment, whether or not they were named in a writ

of execution. (Id. at p. 383.) The California Supreme court held that "the eviction of any

adults not named in the writ who claim a right to possession of the disputed premises that

arose before the unlawful detainer action was commenced, violated the rights of such

individuals to procedural due process under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United

States Constitution and article I, section 7, subdivision (a) of the California Constitution."

(Arrieta, at pp. 383-384.) Thereafter, the California legislature codified Arrieta to

provide a statutory procedure for an occupant not named in a judgment for possession to

present a claim of a right to possession. (See §§ 415.46, 1174.25, 1174.3, subd. (b);

George v. County of San Luis Obispo (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1048, 1054; Cardenas v.

Noren, supra, 235 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1348-1350 [purpose of claim of right to possession

is to put the landlord on notice, make the claimant a party, and to constitute a general

appearance for proceeding with the unlawful detainer action].) It was for Villanueva, or

Balverde on Villanueva's behalf, to present a claim of right to possession to a levying

officer if Villanueva sought to claim a right superior to Deutsche Bank's and have a court

determine the validity of that claim. (Cardenas, at pp. 1349-1350 [because appellant

could have invoked the statutory procedure under section 1174.3 before he was evicted,

he was not entitled to a writ of mandate compelling the sheriff to reinstate him as a

tenant].)

Rather, plaintiffs' allegations against Merritt stem from, and the gravamen of their

lawsuit is, Merritt's filing of fraudulent or perjured documents in connection with the

unlawful detainer proceedings. In Rusheen, the plaintiff sued an attorney, Cohen, for

29
abuse of process, alleging Cohen had submitted a perjurious declaration in connection

with an earlier default judgment that ultimately was ordered vacated by the Court of

Appeal. (Rusheen, supra, 37 Cal.4th at pp. 1053-1054.) In the superior court, Cohen

succeeded on his ensuing anti-SLAPP motion brought on grounds the abuse of process

claim was barred by the litigation privilege, but the Court of Appeal reversed, holding

that while the filing of the perjured declaration was absolutely privileged, the gravamen

of the action was " 'a conspiracy to enforce a judgment obtained through the use of

perjured declarations of service,' which 'culminated in the noncommunicative conduct of

enforcing the judgment.' " (Id. at p. 1059.)

The California Supreme Court took up the issue and disagreed with the appellate

court's conclusion. It observed that the Court of Appeal had not identified any alleged

wrongful conduct by Cohen other than simply filing perjured declarations and the

enforcement of a judgment was simply an extension of the judicial process: "the object of

any civil action for damages." (Rusheen, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1062.) According to the

court, "On close analysis, the gravamen of the [plaintiff's abuse of process] action was

not the levying act, but the procurement of the judgment based on the use of allegedly

perjured declarations of service. Because these declarations were communications '(1)

made in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings; (2) by litigants or other participants

authorized by law; (3) to achieve the objects of the litigation; and (4) that have some

connection or logical relation to the action' . . . , the litigation privilege applies to the

declarations and protects against torts arising from the privileged declarations. . . . [A]s

Cohen argues, since a party may not be liable for submitting false testimony or evidence

30
in the course of judicial proceedings which are used to obtain a judgment, the party

should likewise be immune from abuse of process claims for subsequent acts necessary to

enforce it. Otherwise, application of the litigation privilege would be [undermined].

Thus, where the gravamen of the complaint is a privileged communication (i.e., allegedly

perjured declarations of service) the privilege extends to necessarily related

noncommunicative acts (i.e., act of levying)." (Id. at pp. 1062-1063, italics added.)

Here, plaintiffs' claim of the asserted illegal nature of Merritt's filing of false

declarations does not warrant a conclusion that those actions fall outside of the anti-

SLAPP law. Hence, the burden shifted to plaintiffs to demonstrate a probability of

prevailing on the merits of their causes of action.

C. Probability of Prevailing on the Merits

Plaintiffs maintain they met their burden under the second prong of the anti-

SLAPP law. Their briefing is directed solely to the cause of action under the SCRA; they

maintain they demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the merits on that cause of

action. Specifically, plaintiffs argue Merritt violated section 521 of the SCRA by signing

the declaration of nonmilitary status in the second unlawful detainer action, and that the

Civil Code section 47, subdivision (b) litigation privilege does not protect her behavior

because it was akin to the unethical, blatantly false, statements concerning issuance of a

bench warrant found to be possibly criminal and unprotected in Carney v. Rotkin,

Schmerin & McIntyre (1988) 206 Cal.App.3d 1513 (Carney), or the sending of a

erroneous prelitigation demand letter as in Nguyen v. Proton Technology Corp. (1999) 69

Cal.App.4th 140.

31
 We are not persuaded. Plaintiff's SCRA cause of action against Merritt, which is

based on Merritt's filing of a Judicial Council form pleading declaration for purposes of

obtaining an unlawful detainer default judgment, is barred by the litigation privilege.

"For well over a century, communications with 'some relation' to judicial proceedings

have been absolutely immune from tort liability by the privilege codified as [Civil Code]

section 47[, subdivision (b)]." (Rubin v. Green (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1187, 1193.) To invoke

the privilege, the party claiming it must show that the communication at issue was "(1)

made in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings; (2) by litigants or other participants

authorized by law; (3) to achieve the objects of the litigation; and (4) that [it has] some

connection or logical relation to the action." (Silberg v. Anderson (1990) 50 Cal.3d 205,

212.)

Plaintiffs' cited authority, Carney, relied on an "interest of justice" requirement set

forth in Kinnamon v. Straitman & Snyder (1977) 66 Cal.App.3d 893 (Carney, supra, 206

Cal.App.3d at p. 1522), that was expressly overruled by the California Supreme Court in

Silberg v. Anderson, supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 219. Thus, Carney's holding is no longer

good law. (See Kashian v. Harriman (2001) 98 Cal.App.4th 892, 917-920 [explaining

Silberg's overruling of both Kinnamon and Carney].) We shall not follow Carney's

analysis, which assessed whether the law firm's statements to an elderly judgment debtor

were made "to serve the purpose of litigation . . . ." (Carney, at p. 1522.) And Nguyen v.

Proton Technology Corp., supra, 69 Cal.App.4th 140, does not support plaintiffs'

position. That case involved an employer's prelitigation demand letter accusing a former

employee of committing acts of unfair competition, and also erroneously

32
mischaracterizing the employee's criminal record (stating he was in prison for "repeatedly

and violently assaulting his wife" when in fact he was convicted of shooting a gun at an

unoccupied vehicle and vandalism and served in county jail). (Id. at pp. 143, 151.) The

Court of Appeal found the inclusion of references to the employee's criminal record in

the prelitigation communication tenuous or "substantially extraneous" to the threatened

litigation. (Id. at pp. 142, 151.)

Here, Merritt's alleged conduct was not only related to Deutsche Bank's action, but

it was an integral part of the litigation on Deutsche Bank's behalf. The assertedly

wrongful declarations were (1) filed in a judicial proceeding; (2) by litigants or their

attorneys; (3) to achieve the objects of the litigation; and (4) were logically related to the

action. The fact they are alleged to be perjured does not take them outside the litigation

privilege. (See Jacob B. v. County of Shasta (2007) 40 Cal.4th 948, 958-959

["Obviously, perjury is not permitted by law. But the cases are clear that the litigation

privilege extends to civil actions based on perjury. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [D]eclarations of

service to obtain a default judgment are a category of publication permitted by law.

Hence, the litigation privilege protects all such declarations"].) "The purposes of [Civil

Code] section 47, subdivision (b), are to afford litigants and witnesses free access to the

courts without fear of being harassed subsequently by derivative tort actions, to

encourage open channels of communication and zealous advocacy, to promote complete

and truthful testimony, to give finality to judgments, and to avoid unending litigation.

[Citation.] To effectuate these purposes, the litigation privilege is absolute and applies

regardless of malice. [Citation.] Moreover, '[i]n furtherance of the public policy

33
purposes it is designed to serve, the privilege prescribed by [Civil Code] section 47[,

subdivision (b)(2)] has been given broad application.' " (Rusheen, supra, 37 Cal.4th at

pp. 1062-1063.) These policies dictate that Merritt's filings are absolutely privileged.

D. Leave to Amend

Plaintiffs ask this court, if we do not agree with their arguments under the anti-

SLAPP law, to grant them leave to amend their complaint to add a malicious prosecution

claim against Merritt. Citing Sheehan v. San Francisco 49ers, Ltd. (2009) 45 Cal.4th

992, they argue the "lack of a properly labeled claim does not defeat the claim, as

amendment must be permitted unless a complaint is 'incapable' of amendment under any

recognized theory." Sheehan, however, was decided after the trial court sustained a

demurrer; the case does not involve the anti-SLAPP statute. (Id. at p. 996.)

Plaintiffs' request for leave to amend is beyond the purview of the anti-SLAPP

statute. "[S]ection 425.16 provides no mechanism for granting anti-SLAPP motions with

leave to amend." (Martin v. Inland Empire Utilities Agency (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 611,

629 [explaining that allowing a SLAPP plaintiff leave to amend the complaint once the

court finds the defendant's prima facie showing has been met would undermine the

statute by providing the pleader a ready escape from section 425.16's quick dismissal

remedy].) "Trial courts should either grant or deny such motions in toto, i.e., without

leave to amend, prior to ruling on any pending demurrers. A proper ruling on the anti-

SLAPP motion would, in most cases, obviate the need to rule on the demurrer at all or, at

the very least, in its entirety." (Martin, at p. 629.)

34
 III. Merritt's Request for Sanctions

Merritt has moved for an award of $20,964 in sanctions against plaintiffs and their

attorneys for filing an objectively frivolous appeal and to deter them from "further

harassing Merritt and burdening the courts . . . ." Merritt argues we should infer plaintiffs

are "motivated by a desire to inflict financial and emotional pain on [her] as punishment

for her legal representation . . . ."

Though plaintiffs' appeal is without merit, we do not find it was frivolous,

vexatious, or "taken solely for delay." (§ 907; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.267(a)(1).)

"[A]ny definition [of a frivolous appeal] must be read so as to avoid a serious chilling

effect on the assertion of litigants' rights on appeal. Counsel and their clients have a right

to present issues that are arguably correct, even if it is extremely unlikely that they will

win on appeal. An appeal that is simply without merit is not by definition frivolous and

should not incur sanctions. Counsel should not be deterred from filing such appeals out

of a fear of reprisals." (In re Marriage of Flaherty (1982) 31 Cal.3d 637, 650.) Merritt

has not presented us with any significant indication that plaintiffs' appeal was taken in

bad faith or solely for purposes of delay, and it does not meet Flaherty's legal standard

for frivolousness. We decline to impose monetary sanctions for plaintiffs' pursuit of this

appeal.

35
 DISPOSITION

The judgments are affirmed. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

O'ROURKE, J.

WE CONCUR:

BENKE, Acting P. J.

HALLER, J.

36