In re J.P. CA5

Filed 8/21/23 In re J.P. CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

In re J.P. et al., Persons Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

FRESNO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF F085493
SOCIAL SERVICES,
(Super. Ct. Nos. 22CEJ300105-1,
Plaintiff and Respondent, 22CEJ300105-2, 22CEJ300105-3,
22CEJ300105-4, 22CEJ300105-5,
v. 22CEJ300105-6, 22CEJ300105-7,
22CEJ300105-8)
R.P.,

Defendant and Appellant. OPINION

THE COURT*
APPEAL from findings and an order of the Superior Court of Fresno County.
Kimberly J. Nystrom-Geist, Judge, and Todd D. Eilers, Temporary Judge. (Pursuant to
Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.)†
Sarah Vaona, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Danial C. Cederborg, County Counsel, and Ashley N. McGuire, Deputy County
Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

* Before Hill, P. J., Levy, J. and Franson, J.
† Temporary Judge Eilers presided on March 30, 2022; Judge Nystrom-Geist presided over
all other hearings pertinent to this appeal.
 -ooOoo-
At a combined jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the juvenile court declared the
eight children of R.P. (mother) dependents under Welfare and Institutions Code
section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b)(1),1 ordered their continued removal from mother’s
and father’s physical custody under section 361, subdivision (c)(1), and ordered
reunification services for both parents. Mother challenges the juvenile court’s
dispositional order removing her eight children from her custody. She claims the juvenile
court committed prejudicial error when it failed to consider reasonable alternatives to
prevent or eliminate the need to remove the children from her physical custody.
(See § 361, subds. (c)(1)(A),(B), (e).) We find substantial evidence supports the juvenile
court’s dispositional order and affirm.
COMBINED FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

I. Referral.2
At the time the May 4, 2022 jurisdiction and disposition report was written, J.P.
(14 years old), J.A. (10 years old), J.J. (nine years old),3 D.G. (seven years old), X.G.
(five years old), J.G. (three years old), and twins (two years old) lived with their mother
and D.G., the father of the youngest five children.4 Mother and father (or collectively,
the parents) had been dating for approximately nine years. Mother worked from
7:00 a.m. until approximately 7:00 p.m.; father worked from 4:00 p.m. until 12:00 a.m.;
and J.P. supervised the children between 3:30 p.m. and 8:00 p.m.

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2 The facts recited in this section are taken from the May 4, 2022 jurisdiction and
disposition report by the Fresno County Department of Social Services (DSS).
3 D.G. is not the father of J.P., J.A., or J.J., but their fathers are not relevant to issues raised
by mother. We shall refer to D.G. as father, although he is not father to the three older children.
Further use of the initials D.G. refers to seven-year-old D.G.
4 While the police report indicates that father and mother share six of the children, the
juvenile court records indicate that they have only five children together.

2.
 The family had six referrals to DSS dating back to 2014 that were deemed
unfounded, inconclusive, or “evaluated out.”5 On March 25, 2022, DSS received a
referral from X.G.’s school that father had punched X.G., resulting in a black eye, and
that J.A. had issues with hygiene and emotional outbursts. Child Protective Services
Social Worker Juan Medina contacted mother at her home that day. As he followed
mother to the kitchen, Medina detected a strong odor, observed the floor was sticky and
dirty, and saw trash and food throughout the kitchen. X.G. had a black eye, dirty hands
and feet, and appeared to have not showered in several days. When Medina asked what
was going on, mother replied, “ ‘[Y]ou tell me, you’re the one here.’ ” Mother then told
Medina that she had not been present, but that X.G. claimed father hit him. Mother
explained that she did not call law enforcement because she did not know what to say and
she had kicked father out of the home two days earlier.
Medina called the Fresno Police Department and, at approximately 9:15 p.m.,
Officers Richard Ramirez and Andrew Diaz contacted Medina at the home. X.G. had a
fading circular black bruise around his right eye that covered his eye and cheekbone and
small scabs near his ear on his face. X.G. was skinnier and dirtier than the other children.

5 The term “ ‘evaluated out’ means the child protective services screener did not find
sufficient evidence of physical abuse or child abuse and neglect to assign the referral to an
investigation.” (In re Aurora P. (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1142, 1149, fn. 4.) DSS received a
referral of general neglect and sexual abuse (as to J.A.) in 2014 that alleged mother smoked
marijuana in front of the children and mother alleged sexual abuse of J.A. by a relative when
visiting his father. Referrals alleged that mother failed to take J.A. to medical appointments for
leukemia treatments (2017) and J.A. looked ill and unkempt (2019). A reporting party alleged in
December 2021 that J.P. was overwhelmed caring for her younger siblings alone and the home
was cluttered and had clothing everywhere and poop on the walls. In January 2022, a reporting
party alleged that J.A. and D.G. came to school two days in a row smelling of urine, and J.A.
also smelled of urine when in his wrestling uniform and was argumentative and dismissive. In
February 2022, a reporting party alleged that mother and father left the children alone in the care
of J.P. and J.A., J.J., and D.G. were playing near a street without adult supervision for hours
before J.P. arrived home.

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 Medina and police officers spoke with X.G. Medina observed that X.G. was
wearing dirty pajamas, had black marker on his arms, and appeared nervous and timid.
X.G. did not answer when asked about the injury to his face. He told officers that mother
told him not to talk to the police, that nothing happened, and then claimed that his
brother, J.G., hit him with a ball. X.G. denied being afraid of anyone, and when asked if
he was afraid to tell the truth, X.G. told Medina that “ ‘she doesn’t hit me’ ” and he never
gets spanked, slapped, or punched. X.G. did say to officers that father would not go to
jail if he had not hit X.G.
Medina described J.P.’s room as being dirty with a foul odor, debris all over the
carpet, and a stained twin mattress that did not have any clean portion.
The room shared by the male children was “very dirty with cockroaches on the
wall and feces on the ground.” Medina described this room as being dirty and covered in
plastic wrappers, food crumbs, and other debris. Medina described the bed as being two
twin bedframes close together with a large and thin mattress topper, although Officer
Diaz described the bed as two small mattresses on one broken bed frame. Stains and
marker writing covered the walls, and the room was bare of any clothing or other
furniture. Mother told Medina that the clothing was in the laundry room waiting to be
cleaned.
The bathroom next to this bedroom was dirty, smelled of urine and unwashed
clothes, and had an unflushed toilet, no operational light, plugged sinks full of water,
dirty clothes on the floor, and cockroaches. Mother told Medina that the bathroom was
not being used, but an officer heard the children going in and out of the room. Mother
told Medina that the toilet was not working, and she had not contacted management
regarding the nonfunctional bathroom because she works.
Mother showed Medina and officers a second functional bathroom that she
claimed was used by the children, but officers saw that it was locked, as if preventing the

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children from using it, and mother had to unlock it with a key. This bathroom was also
dirty, and mother would not permit them to enter it.
Mother identified another bedroom as a laundry room, and officers saw that it
contained cockroaches, a large amount of dirty clothing, trash in the closet, and stained
walls. Although mother would not permit entry to the room, Medina could see a large
pile of sheets, clothing, and blankets but was unable to observe any children’s clothing.
Mother told Medina she did not have clean clothes for the children.
Officers observed that the kitchen also had cockroaches, was dirty, and the only
readily consumable food was a box of pizza. One officer noted that the living conditions
in the home had been documented in 2021 and were similar to current conditions.6
Mother told officers that she had left for work on Wednesday, March 23, 2022, at
approximately 7:00.am. According to mother, father cared for the children until he left
for worked at approximately 3:15 p.m., and J.P. cared for the four youngest children
thereafter, while the remaining three children attended an after-school program. Mother
returned home at approximately 9:00 p.m. and noticed that X.G. had a bruise on his eye.
Mother called father who claimed that he spanked or “smacked” X.G., and mother then
made father immediately move out. She claimed that while she did not know where
father was living, she believed he was sleeping in his car nearby. Mother admitted that
father continued to watch the children the next two days because she had no other option.
Mother told the officers that she did not send X.G. to school so that school officials
would not see his injury, and she neither sought medical attention for him nor did she
report the incident to the police because father was no longer living at the home.
Mother stated that X.G.’s injury was a small bump when she initially saw it but
X.G.’s eye was black the following day. While X.G. had scratches, mother adamantly
claimed that the scratches were caused by fighting between X.G. and his siblings. Father

6 This may be a reference to the 2021 referral to DSS.

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was not present during mother’s interview with the officers because he had left for work
earlier, at 4:00 p.m.
Mother told Medina that she never spanked the children and disciplined them by
yelling. Father spanked the children on their behinds but never bruised them. Mother
denied that she ever used drugs and only drank alcohol occasionally.
J.P. advised Medina and the officers that father had moved out the previous day.
J.P. was uncooperative and claimed that while she saw X.G.’s injury, she did not know or
ask what happened to X.G. J.P. claimed that she did not know anything and said that
X.G. makes a mess and “there are ‘consequences.’ ” She assumed that X.G. got hit but
claimed she did not know who did it. J.P. also denied that anyone in the home used
drugs.
J.A. told officers that he saw X.G. had a bruise two days before and heard mother
ask father whether father had slapped X.G. J.A. thought father hit X.G. because he heard
mother ask father about it. Father had slept at the home the prior evening and J.A. last
saw father that morning. J.A. also told officers that father once slapped his arm and left a
red mark but did not punch or slap the children as punishment. J.A. did not see father
strike X.G.
J.J. told officers that X.G. got “ ‘slapped’ ” by father who was mad that X.G. had
eaten cereal in the closet. J.J. did not see this, but X.G. told J.J. that is what happened.
J.J. claimed that X.G. always told them that X.G. will call the cops, but J.J. did not know
why X.G. said this. When asked again about X.G.’s injury, J.J. said that X.G. had a
bruise on his eye because he was hit by a basketball at school and J.J. told that to his
teacher. According to Medina, J.J. told Medina that “ ‘my dad did not give [X.G.] the
black eye.’ ” J.J. first told officers that his parents yelled at him when he needed
discipline, but then said that father had punished J.J. the past by spanking his hands.
D.G., while not able to demonstrate he knew the difference between the truth and
lies, advised that father slept in the home the previous night and that father’s clothing was

6.
 in the home. D.G. stated that mother and J.P. punished him by spanking him with a belt,
and mother punished him by spanking him with a telephone wire. Medina reported that
D.G. said that he did not know if father ever spanked him. D.G. explained that they came
home from school and made a mess and “ ‘my dad hit my brother [X.G.] and gave him a
black eye.’ ” D.G. said that he did not see it, and mother did not want the children to tell
anyone about the black eye.
An officer spoke with father by telephone. Father told the officer that he heard a
child cussing in the bedroom and determined that it was X.G. Intending only to
backhand X.G. in the mouth, father struck X.G. with his knuckles when X.G. backed
away from him. He estimated the force of the blow was a four or five on a scale of one to
10. Approximately 30 minutes later, father saw a small bump on X.G.’s eye which
darkened to a bruise the following day. Father stated that he only intended to discipline
X.G. and not to hurt him. Father admitted that he did not seek medical attention for X.G.
and kept him home from school because father did not want to lose X.G. While mother
was angry with father, father continued to care for the children. He usually disciplined
the children by spanking them with an open hand that left red marks but never bruises.
Medina and Diaz discussed the children’s statements and Diaz reported that the
children appeared to have been coached by mother not to speak of the incident truthfully.
Officers took all eight children into protective custody, and DSS placed the children
separately with two relatives.

II. Juvenile dependency petition and detention hearing.

A. Dependency Petition
On March 29, 2022, DSS filed a juvenile dependency petition alleging that the
children came within the juvenile court’s jurisdiction under section 300, subdivisions (a)
(risk of serious physical harm) as to mother and (b)(1) (failure to protect) as to mother
and father. The petition alleged that father caused serious physical harm to X.G. when he

7.
hit X.G. in the face with his hand, causing injury to X.G.’s eye and face, and that X.G.’s
siblings were at substantial risk of suffering severe physical abuse. (See § 300,
subd. (a)). The petition further alleged that: (1) mother had a marijuana abuse problem
that hindered her ability to provide regular care, supervision, and protection to her
children and exposed the children to her poor judgment, an unhealthy home environment,
and poor hygiene; (2) mother failed to protect the children from father and left the
children in his care after father had given X.G. a black eye and failed to report the
incident to law enforcement or seek medical treatment for X.G.; (3) father had a
marijuana and cocaine abuse problem that hindered his ability to provide regular care,
supervision, and protection to the children and exposed the children to his poor judgment,
an unhealthy home environment, and poor hygiene. Father smoked marijuana when the
children were present and tested positive for cocaine and marijuana on March 28, 2022.

B. Detention Hearing
On March 30, 2022, the juvenile court found a prima facie showing had been
made that the children were persons described by section 300 and ordered the children
detained from both parents. The court found that continuation of the children in the
parents’ home was contrary to the children’s welfare and found a substantial danger to
their physical or emotional well-being, that reasonable alternatives to removal had been
made but there existed no reasonable means to protect the children without removal. The
court directed DSS to provide mother and father with supervised visitation at its
discretion, parenting classes, evaluation and treatment for substance abuse, mental health
and domestic violence assessments, and random drug testing. A combined jurisdiction
and disposition hearing was set for May 4, 2022.7

7 This hearing was continued to June 22, 2022, October 4, 2022, October 12, 2022, and
December 20, 2022.

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III. Jurisdiction and disposition hearing.
A combined, contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing commenced on
December 20, 2022. The juvenile court issued it’s ruling the following day, on
December 22, 2022. The juvenile court admitted into evidence DSS’s May 4, 2022
jurisdiction and disposition report and a July 19, 2022 investigative report and relied
upon a June 22, 2022 addendum report in ruling. Social Worker Christopher Sanchez,
mother, and father testified at the hearing.8

A. May 4, 2022 Jurisdiction and Disposition Report
In addition to the facts set forth ante, in part I., the jurisdiction and disposition
report included conversations with the parents and children that occurred after March 25,
2022. Social Worker Kiana Taylor spoke with mother by telephone on March 28, 2022.
Mother said she was not present when father hit X.G., did not call law enforcement after
learning that father hit X.G. because of her work schedule, and had father return to the
home because she needed him to watch the children. Mother also said that if she knew
father was not supposed to be there, then she would not have let him come back.
According to the report, mother agreed to do whatever was necessary to have the children
returned and understood she was at fault for not protecting them. She said that she could
do better at cleaning, she has a lot of children, it was sometimes hard to keep up with
everything, she would find a babysitter, and she was willing to take parenting classes.
During an in-person interview on March 28, 2022, with mother and father, both
parents claimed that they disciplined the children by yelling at them. They also admitted
to using marijuana. Mother claimed to use marijuana only on the weekends, and father
claimed to use marijuana when stressed or to sleep at night, but both denied using any
other drugs. Both parents similarly denied any incidents of domestic violence. Father
explained again that he intended to hit X.G. in the mouth because X.G. used bad

8 J.A. and J.J.’s father also testified in support of his request for placement of the two
children. His testimony is not relevant to mother’s issues raised in her appeal.

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language and accidently hit him in the eye, but father did not intend to hit X.G. hard. At
the time of the interview, mother had a black eye and explained that father’s sister hit her
when mother accused father’s sister of reporting the family to DSS.
Mother was asked about the children’s clothing and claimed that a prior home had
been infested with roaches that had gotten into their clothing and clothing drawers. As a
result, mother decided not to bring the dressers into the new home and used plastic
containers for their clothing until the children broke them. Since then, mother has stored
the children’s clothing in her room. When asked about the condition of the home, mother
stated that she does clean it, but that she is tired after working all day, although she does
try to clean every day. Mother also said that the children dirty the home, and with eight
children, she found it difficult to keep clean. Taylor observed that the home had been
picked up and the floors were clear, but she recommended cleaning the carpets due to
odor. The bed linens and pillows were clean.
Taylor confirmed that the bathroom toilet and sink were functioning. Mother said
that the toilet was not draining water due to a “little ball on the top,” and the children
continued to use it even after she told them not to. Mother told Taylor that she did not
send X.G. to school because she was afraid that her children would be removed and did
not know what else to do.
Father told Taylor that he was ashamed that he blackened X.G.’s eye by
“accident,” and that he realized it was wrong to keep X.G. out of school because “now it
look[ed] worse.” They both claimed to understand why DSS was involved.
Father was told that his drug test was positive for cocaine and marijuana. Father
claimed that he had used cocaine for the first time on the evening of March 25, 2022.
Mother stated that she did not know that father used cocaine.
Follow-up interviews of the children were conducted that same day. When J.A.
was interviewed, he said that the children had not had any clean clothes since
Thanksgiving 2021. J.A. reported that he had watched the younger children all day on

10.
one occasion. J.A. further reported that father had once slammed his head against the
counter when he was nine years old.
During D.G.’s follow-up interview, he claimed to always have clean clothes and
described his home as dirty and having dog poop on the floor a lot, but he claimed that
they cleaned it up. D.G. said that mother and father would punish him by hitting him
with their hands but did not bruise him or leave marks. J.P. hit the children when she was
caring for them and they did something bad.
J.P. said that mother and father would yell at her when she was in trouble and slap
the other children on their hands. She denied any drugs or alcohol were used in the
home.
J.J. said the children have not had clean clothes since before the Christmas
holidays in 2021. He described the home as messy but not dirty because of the trash and
papers in the home and claimed that the dog poop was cleaned up. Mother and father
disciplined the children by hitting them with their hands but did not leave marks and
bruises.
X.G. continued to claim that his brother hit him in the eye, not father, and denied
that the home was dirty and not having clean clothes.
A team decisionmaking meeting took place on March 29, 2022. Mother stated
that DSS was involved because she did not report X.G.’s injury to the police, that the
home was dirty, and the children did not have clean clothes. Father similarly described
these reasons when explaining DSS’s involvement in their family. A social worker
advised the parents that DSS was also involved because of their drug use.
In discussing the injury to X.G.’s eye, father again explained that he intended to
smack X.G. on the mouth because X.G. continued to cuss when told to stop but back-
handed him in the eye because he turned his head. Mother said that she had not known
what to do and thought that kicking father out of the home was “enough.” She also said
that she would have done more if she had known she needed to do more, but their work

11.
schedules required father to come back to the home to watch the children. Mother told
the social worker that she believed father was a good parent, although they both got
frustrated due to the number of children. Mother further stated that the children received
bruises from each other, but the children would confirm that mother and father do not
bruise them.
Neither parent responded when asked about J.A.’s claim that father smashed J.A.’s
head into a counter and that the children reported their parents spanked them and
permitted J.P. to spank them. Mother explained that while the bathroom was broken, the
children had disobeyed her and continued to use it rather than use her bathroom. She
claimed that she had been washing clothes when DSS came to their home on March 25,
2022, and that the children were dirty because they had just eaten chicken wings.
According to mother, the children were wearing dirty clothes at the time of the visit
because they were getting the clothes from the laundry room where she kept the dirty
clothes. She agreed that she should have worked harder to clean their clothes and locked
the laundry room to prevent them from wearing dirty clothes. Father claimed that he
cleaned the home in the mornings and that the children preferred to wear the clothes they
liked even if dirty.
Father explained his cocaine use as resulting from stress and claimed that he did
not do it at home with the children present. Father described using marijuana every other
day, and that he last used it the day before. Father explained that he smokes marijuana
like other people smoke cigarettes, he does not believe that it interferes with his ability to
care for the children, and it motivates him to do better for them. Father later described
himself as a daily user of marijuana and that he used marijuana when the children were
present. Father admitted that he had a substance abuse problem and that he would attend
drug, anger management, and parenting classes for the children.
Mother claimed that she last used marijuana the day before and that she usually
only used it on the weekends. She admitted that she used marijuana when the children

12.
were home, but claimed she used it only after they were asleep, and that smoking
marijuana gave her energy.
Only one of the nine other relatives present during the meeting felt that mother and
father’s marijuana use was a problem in caring for the children. The other relatives
believed that DSS was overreacting. DSS concluded that the relatives would not provide
the accountability needed if the children were returned to the parents. The report noted
that the parents admitted that they needed services such as substance abuse, anger
management, and parenting classes.
On March 29, 2022, Taylor contacted mother and explained that a voluntary
family maintenance plan was not possible because supporting relatives failed to
understand the safety concerns and would not hold the parents accountable. Mother
stated that she did not understand and wanted to know when the children would be
returned. Taylor explained the process for family reunification to mother and advised
that if she attended all her assigned classes, the juvenile court might order reunification as
early as within six to nine months.
On April 12, 2022, during a family reunification meeting, a social worker learned
that J.P. had been “5150’d” the prior weekend and taken to a facility in San Jose for
mental health treatment for a week.9 J.P. had threatened to hurt herself if not placed with
her siblings. J.P. advised that she had a history of depression, anxiety, and anger issues
and cuts herself.
The report concluded that both parents needed mental health, substance abuse, and
domestic violence assessments and any recommended treatments, parenting services, and
random drug testing. Because the parents had not finished the court-offered services to

9 Section 5150 permits a peace officer to take a person into custody involuntarily and place
them in a facility for evaluation and treatment if that person is a danger to themselves or others
as the result of a mental health disorder. (§ 5150, subd. (a).)

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the extent required to safely care for the children, DSS concluded that it would not yet be
safe for the children to return to the parents.
Mother was notified on March 30, 2022, that she had been registered for a
parenting and nurturing program, a substance use disorder orientation, drug testing, a
domestic violence index, and a mental health assessment. Mother enrolled in the
parenting and nurturing class on April 22, 2022. Mother attended the substance use
disorder screening but did not meet criteria for such services. Mother registered for
random drug testing and was compliant with no positive tests as of April 28, 2022. After
mother attended a domestic violence index, it was recommended that she participate in
52 sessions of weekly child abuse intervention classes. Mother completed a mental
health assessment, and she was not recommended for therapy.

B. July 19, 2022 Investigation Report
Fresno Child Advocates filed a report of investigation on July 19, 2022, that the
juvenile court admitted into evidence. J.P. reported that she participated in mental health
therapy twice bi-weekly, enjoyed visits with mother, but wanted to expand visitation to
spend weekends with mother. J.P. described living with her parents was “ok” but stated
that she did not have social life during that time because she was required to care for her
siblings at all times. Her parents were not home a lot and often out with friends or
working. J.P. acknowledged that X.G. was a problem child and often in trouble and that
father overdid things when he was angry. She stated that X.G. was usually spanked on
his hand and sent to his room.
J.P. also said that on her birthday, father kicked J.A. in the stomach, causing him
to fall into a wall, and father kicked him once more. She did not see it but heard mother
and father discussing it. Mother threatened to call the police, but J.P. was not aware of
whether she did. Father left the home when it happened but returned the next day.

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 J.A. had supervised visits with mother and wanted them to continue and to expand
to include weekends. He was at an after-school program when X.G. was hit in the eye,
but X.G. said that father had hit him. Father admitted to mother that he slapped X.G.,
and mother yelled, “ ‘[N]o, you punched him.’ ” Mother told father not to do it anymore,
and father continued to live in the home. J.A. said that on J.P.’s birthday, father got mad
and pushed J.A.’s face into the counter, which caused his nose to bleed. Father then
pushed J.A. to the ground and kicked him twice in the stomach. Mother found out and
told father to leave, but father returned to the home within a few hours.
J.J. said that he enjoyed visits with mother and wanted them to expand to weekend
overnights once a month. According to J.J., X.G. said that father hit X.G. in eye, and
mother kicked father out, but father returned the same day and continued living in home.
Mother and J.P. told him not to discuss X.G.’s injury with anyone.
J.P.’s custodian said that when J.P. was placed, she had problems in school and
was caught stealing school supplies, smoking marijuana on school grounds, and
inappropriately touched another student. J.P. has a disciplinary contract with her school
and must be accompanied by a supervising instructor when on school grounds.
The custodian also said that J.A. became angry, yelled, blamed God for DSS’s
involvement, expressed his desire that DSS workers die, and then hit himself on the legs.
After a 20-minute time out, J.A. calmed down and acted as if nothing happened. The
week prior to the report, J.A. became angry about restrictions placed on a video game he
played, yelled, said inappropriate things, and hit himself on legs and chest. J.A. calmed
down after one hour.

C. Testimony
Social Worker Sanchez testified that he commenced his duties as case managing
social worker for the instant case in October 2022. While still under order for supervised

15.
visitation, mother had unauthorized cellular phone contact with the three oldest children
that he addressed with mother.
DSS granted permission for mother and father to have three-hour unsupervised
visits with the children in early December 2022. DSS permitted unsupervised visits in
the home but was concerned that the children should not sleep there based upon the
“current bed situation, like sleeping arrangements, and the long-term cleanliness of the
home.”
Although Sanchez explained the importance of the domestic violence classes,
mother and father left the state regarding a nonemergency family matter for two weeks in
November 2022. Both mother and father required staff meetings to reconnect them with
domestic violence classes10 because of excessive absences and mother’s request for
referral to another service provider. Mother was enrolled in child abuse intervention
classes and was absent six to eight times. Mother explained to Sanchez that she missed
classes because of other court dates and because she had traveled out of state. Although
the classes were provided to mother virtually, she still missed some while traveling out of
California. Mother also requested that she be changed to a different provider to receive
training for child abuse intervention classes because, mother stated initially, she did not
feel she was learning from the classes. Mother later told Sanchez that her new job
conflicted with the schedule of classes of the previous training provider.
Father missed approximately four child abuse intervention classes in September,
only one due to a conflicting court appearance, and additional classes since then. Father
explained to Sanchez that father had logged into the classes late a few times and was not
allowed to participate, and that he had traveled out of state. The provider of the classes

10 Mother and father were enrolled in child abuse intervention classes as part of the
domestic violence classes. We use these terms interchangeably as did counsel during the
hearing.

16.
advised Sanchez that father was engaged in the service and had progressed “ ‘a little
bit,’ ” but that the classes were placed on hold due to father’s absences.
Sanchez testified that DSS had concerns that the children were at risk of physical
abuse because mother and father failed to regularly attend domestic violence classes.
Characterizing the parents’ attendance as displaying a lack of engagement, Sanchez also
expressed concern that mother and father would not be honest with DSS should domestic
violence incidents occur in the home, given their previous efforts to conceal X.G.’s black
eye from the school and police. Sanchez was not aware of any domestic violence
incidents occurring between mother and father since he was assigned the case.
Sanchez also testified that mother and father required re-enrollment in random
drug testing because they failed to test multiple times, and DSS believed such failure to
randomly test did not dispel concerns of substance abuse. Father and mother had
consistently tested negative for drugs in October 2022 but missed testing for two weeks
in November 2022. Sanchez had advised both mother and father that DSS could not
conduct random drug tests if they left California and would miss any tests required while
they were away. Neither parent was testing at the time of the jurisdiction and disposition
hearing, pending enrollment in the drug testing program, and had not been tested for
approximately one and one-half months. However, Sanchez had no information that
either parent had used drugs during that time, but he only saw them in person once a
month.
Father initially failed to participate in substance abuse classes due to problems
with his insurance but had enrolled after changing insurance. Father scheduled intake for
anger management classes in early December 2022.
Sanchez testified that mother and father resided together, and he had inspected
their home within two weeks prior to the jurisdiction and disposition hearing. The home
was clean, clear of clutter, and organized. However, he observed roaches in one of the

17.
children’s bedrooms, which caused him to question the cleanliness of the home and posed
a safety risk to the children.
Sanchez testified that mother had expressed a willingness to be more involved in
her children’s lives and make positive choices for the benefit of her family. Specifically,
mother told Sanchez that she would be more communicative with her children as to their
needs. Mother had engaged in “[m]ost” of her services, completed parenting class, and
attended therapy, but Sanchez did not believe that mother was fully engaged given that
she had to retake the domestic violence classes.
During a child and family team meeting, mother characterized the reason that her
children were removed from the home was due to the physical abuse on her children and,
representing a change of her previously expressed opinions, stated she should have been
more protective of them. She did not discuss the condition of her home during this
meeting. Mother also failed to include her drug use as a reason for the children’s
removal. Based upon this conversation, Sanchez believed that mother minimized the
reasons that resulted in the removal of her children from the home.
Sanchez testified that the children wished to live with mother and father.
Mother testified that since the children were removed, she completed her
externship as a medical assistant, graduated from the program, and worked at an urgent
care as a medical assistant. She acknowledged that there were significant issues of
cleanliness in her home but since the children were removed, she had washed their
clothes, painted the walls, separated the beds in the boys’ room, cleaned up the bathroom,
determined and corrected the cause of the toilet malfunction, and purchased additional
beds and dressers. She did not clean the carpets because they take too long to dry.
Mother claimed that when they first moved into the home, it did not have roaches,
but when other nearby apartments were sprayed for roaches, the roaches moved to their
apartment. The apartment was sprayed for roaches approximately six times between
October and December 2022.

18.
 Mother testified that she traveled with father out of California to visit her mother
in Washington and her father in Idaho between November 5 and November 21, 2022.
Mother described changes she intended to make when the children were returned
that included “really be[ing] there for them … emotionally,” “clean[ing] up well, just
after whatever I do,” and keeping current with the laundry by cleaning the clothes after
they remove them to shower. Mother also testified that, based on her conversations with
father, father and mother intended to discipline the children using a “time[-]out bench.”
Mother explained that she was no longer angry at the world and wanted to be there for
her children. Mother explained that parenting classes taught her that she needed to be
more involved with her children. She learned that she should not use corporal
punishment to discipline her children.
Mother testified that she has not used marijuana since she enrolled in random drug
testing and has only used alcohol once. She drank alcohol because she missed her
children. Mother was terminated from random drug testing based upon her out-of-state
travel.
Mother testified that she did not believe she was benefiting from the child abuse
intervention classes because she learned “the basics of the book” but did not like “how
they made it seem like [ ] I was an angry person when I’m not always an angry person.”
Father appeared to learn more from his classes, and mother asked to switch her classes to
another provider.
Mother and father still lived together, but father agreed to move out of the home to
be reunified with the children if necessary. Mother had also arranged for her sister to
watch the children until she was able to enroll them in day care and after-school
programs. Regarding how her drug use affected the children, mother testified that she
had learned the children would believe that they could also use drugs if the parents used
them and that the parents needed to be sober for their children in order to deal with
emergencies.

19.
 When asked about father, mother testified that father became less hard after
attending classes, that he knew he “messed up,” and she “had a part in it, too.” Father
seemed happier since the children were removed, and mother and father communicated
more. Mother believed that the children would be safe if returned to her home with
father living there.
When cross-examined, mother testified that she believed that the children were
safe with father in March 2022. On redirect examination, mother testified that she did
not believe that father would ever hit their children and that this was the first time
something like that had happened. After learning that father had hit X.G., mother was
not okay with it and had him leave. Mother explained that she knows she should not
have let him back to watch the children, but she could not find a babysitter because it was
late at night, and she did not know what else to do. She explained, “I really had no
choice,” and that she didn’t have any family except for her sisters. She said, “And it was
late by the time that I actually saw [X.G.]” Mother stayed with father because she does
not want her children to lose him and said that “we all make mistakes and I just can’t
judge him off this mistake that he made, you know.” But she also acknowledged that if
father changed for the worse, she would ask him to leave and would not work it out with
him.
Father testified that he completed a parenting class but missed four child abuse
intervention classes—three because he had internet trouble while in Idaho and one related
to a court appearance. During that time, father also missed random drug testing, but he
was not using drugs at that time. Father had not enrolled in the substance abuse program
because of insurance issues that were only resolved the day before the hearing. Father
acknowledged he should not have “laid a hand” on X.G. and claimed parenting and child
abuse classes taught him the proper way to discipline. Father said he would place the
children in “time out.” On cross-examination, father testified that he did not use corporal
punishment to discipline the children.

20.
 D. Jurisdiction and Disposition Order
On December 22, 2022, the juvenile court announced its decision. The court
recited the facts set forth in the jurisdiction and disposition report and then concluded that
mother knew X.G. had been injured but only asked father to leave the home overnight
and “[t]here [was] no reason to believe she would take different actions now.” The court
observed that father’s position “seem[ed] to be primarily that he wouldn’t do it again.”
The court noted that mother testified that she believed it was safe for father to watch the
children when X.G. was injured and that both mother and father significantly minimized
the incident that brought them before the court. Furthermore, neither parent seemed to
acknowledge the unsafe, unsanitary, and deplorable conditions of the home and the
children’s lack of hygiene. Neither parent had suggested any plan to remedy those
conditions should the children be returned to the home. The court noted that father
testified inconsistently as to whether he used corporal punishment to discipline five-year-
old X.G., but that hitting X.G. constituted physical abuse. The court characterized the act
of blackening X.G.’s eye as severe physical abuse: “[W]hile the father says it was
accidental, that is simply a reflection of the father’s minimization of the incident.… The
father intentionally hit this child with enough force to cause this level of injury. He
simply intended to inflict this injury on the mouth instead of the eye. The fact that he
missed his mark and hit the eye instead does not cause this to be an accidental injury.”
The court found true the jurisdictional allegations in the petition, including that
mother’s marijuana use impaired her ability to care for the children. Mother hid X.G.’s
abuse from reporting authorities and permitted father to supervise the children right after.
The court found by clear and convincing evidence that there is or would be a
substantial danger to the physical health, safety, protection or physical, or emotional
well-being if the children continued to reside in the home and there were no reasonable
means by which their physical health could be protected without removing them from the
parents’ physical custody. The court noted that while many months had passed since

21.
removal, mere passage of time was not sufficient to resolve the issues. The court found
that the parents minimized the deplorable conditions of the home, the unhygienic and
unclean condition of the children, the lack of clean clothing, and the injury to X.G. The
court found that the parents’ descriptions of a remedy for this condition was merely that
they “just won’t do it again.” The court could find no evidence to suggest that mother
would not hide future abuse from reporting authorities should father engage in such
conduct in the future. In addition, the children had been coached to deny the abuse and
would be pressured to deny any future abuse. Recognizing that the home was currently
in acceptable condition, the court found that mother’s ability to maintain a clean home
while only two adults lived there was not an assurance that the parents’ ability to do so
would continue with eight children in the home.
The court found that DSS had made reasonable efforts to return the children but
that both parents had only minimally progressed toward alleviating or mitigating the
causes necessitating the children’s removal from the home. The court ordered the
children removed from the home of mother and father under section 361,
subdivision (c)(1), and ordered continued unsupervised visitation and reunification
services be provided for both parents.
Mother filed a timely appeal on December 23, 2022.
DISCUSSION
Mother argues that substantial evidence does not support removing the children
from her care because mother participated in services for eight months and alleviated
many of the concerns that had resulted in the children’s detention. In addition, DSS’s
decision to permit the children to have unsupervised visits with the parents in their home
demonstrated a lack of substantial danger to the children if returned home. Mother also
argues that a lesser alternative to removal of the children was to order father to leave the
home and the court erred in failing to consider this alternative.

22.
I. Applicable law and standard of review.
Section 361, subdivision (c)(1), states that “[a] dependent child shall not be taken
from the physical custody of his or her parents [or] guardian or guardians … with whom
the child resides at the time the petition was initiated, unless the juvenile court finds clear
and convincing evidence” of “a substantial danger to the physical health, safety,
protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the minor” and “no reasonable means
by which the minor’s physical health can be protected without removing the minor from
the minor’s parent’s … physical custody.” Clear and convincing evidence “requires a
finding of high probability.” (In re David C. (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 1189, 1208.) “A
removal order is proper if it is based on proof of (1) parental inability to provide proper
care for the minor and (2) potential detriment to the minor if he or she remains with the
parent.” (In re T.W. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1154, 1163.)
Before ordering removal, the juvenile court must determine “whether reasonable
efforts were made to prevent or to eliminate the need for removal of the minor from his
or her home” and “shall state the facts on which the decision to remove the minor is
based.” (§ 361, subd. (e); see In re D.P. (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 1058, 1065.) Such facts
may include “the parent’s past conduct and current circumstances, and the parent’s
response to the conditions that gave rise to juvenile court intervention.” (In re D.B.
(2018) 26 Cal.App.5th 320, 332.)
A juvenile court’s dispositional order removing a child from a parent’s custody is
reviewed for substantial evidence. (In re Hailey T. (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 139, 146–
147.) In doing so, we must bear in mind the heightened burden of proof. (In re A.E.
(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 820, 826.) “ ‘In reviewing … the disposition, we look to see if
substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, supports [the court’s findings].
[Citation.] In making this determination, we draw all reasonable inferences from the
evidence to support the findings and orders of the dependency court; we review the
record in the light most favorable to the court’s determinations; and we note that issues of

23.
fact and credibility are the province of the trial court.’ ” (In re R.T. (2017) 3 Cal.5th 622,
633, first bracketed insertion added.) Mother has the burden of showing there is no
evidence of a sufficiently substantial nature to support the findings or orders. (In re
L.Y.L. (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 942, 947.)

II. Substantial evidence supported the juvenile court’s dispositional order.
The juvenile court’s dispositional order removing the children from mother’s care
was based, in part, on the court’s finding that mother failed to protect her children from
father’s harmful actions. Father admitted that he hit X.G. and caused the blackening and
bruising of X.G.’s eye and cheek. Mother also admitted that father had told her he
caused the injury to X.G. Father denied that he intentionally hurt X.G.’s eye and claimed
that he intended to strike X.G. on the mouth, but X.G. moved his head, which resulted in
the bruising of X.G.’s eye. As the court noted, father’s explanation erroneously implies
that his action was wrong because he missed X.G.’s mouth and ignores the seriousness of
his action in hitting X.G. at all, especially with force sufficient to leave a bruise, whether
X.G. was struck in the eye or the mouth.
Mother also admitted that she permitted father to continue to supervise the
children after discovering that father had hit X.G. hard enough to severely bruise his eye
and cheek. Her explanation that she needed father to return to the home to take care of
the children while she was at work demonstrates that she did not sufficiently apprehend
the danger to the children by father’s use of force to discipline and lack of control in
doing so. Mother provided an excuse to the social worker for allowing father to return
and stated that she did not know that father “was not supposed to be there,” and she
would not have permitted him to return had she known. However, the court could
conclude that mother’s lack of judgment in appreciating the substantial risk caused by
father’s actions demonstrates her lack of ability or awareness to protect the children from
such abuse.

24.
 Additionally, both mother and father admitted that they did not either seek medical
attention for X.G.’s injuries or call the police or social services to report the injuries, and
actively concealed the abuse by preventing X.G. from going to school for two days. The
court could conclude that these actions showed that the parents were concerned more
with their relationship and attempts to the avoid the consequences of their decisions
rather than to ensure the safety of the children. The court also noted that some of the
children did not cooperate when initially questioned and some claimed that mother or J.P.
had told them to either not discuss it or to lie about it. As the court noted, there was no
evidence that the children would be permitted to discuss these matters if returned to the
home nor that mother would actively encourage the children to discuss future problems in
the home.
Therefore, substantial evidence supports the court’s conclusion that mother had
permitted father’s access to the children after acts of abuse and concealed these acts of
abuse from others. Additionally, there was substantial evidence from some of the
children that she pressured the children to conceal these acts of abuse and lie to others.
Mother argues that the court only considered the circumstances that existed at the
time the children were temporarily detained on March 30, 2022, and failed to consider
“current circumstances” and “the parent’s response to the conditions that gave rise to
juvenile court intervention,” relying on In re M.V. (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 944, 967. We
agree that the mere parental abuse or abuse-tolerance alone does not alone justify
removal (see In re Kieshia E. (1993) 6 Cal.4th 68, 77), and the court is required to
consider current circumstances and the parents’ response to juvenile court intervention
(see In re M.V., at p. 967).
However, in this case, the court heard testimony from the social worker that
mother had missed several child abuse intervention classes before being dropped from the
class and was awaiting enrollment in another class. Father had similarly missed abuse
classes and had not yet taken any anger management classes. Given the court’s finding

25.
that the parents had only minimally progressed towards alleviating the conditions giving
rise to the children’s removal, the court did consider the circumstances existing at the
time of the hearing in ordering the children to be removed.
Furthermore, In re M.V. found that the court had failed to consider the
circumstances occurring since the incident where the social worker had testified that there
was no safety risk with placing the children with the father. (In re M.V., supra,
78 Cal.App.5th at p. 961.) However, in this case, the social worker testified that the
children would be at risk in the home because the parents had not significantly progressed
in correcting the conditions that created the need for temporarily detaining the children.
Mother argues that Sanchez “had no concerns regarding domestic violence or substance
abuse,” but Sanchez’s testimony that he was not aware of any “domestic violence
incidents occurring between [mother] or [father]” did not ameliorate his concerns that the
children would be abused. Sanchez testified the children were at risk of physical abuse
because mother and father failed to regularly attend domestic violence classes and that
their lack of engagement, evidenced by their spotty attendance at classes, continued
concerns that mother and father would conceal future child abuse incidents because they
had concealed X.G.’s black eye from the school and police and exercised pressure on the
children not to speak of it.
Mother also argues that she began a 52-week child abuse intervention class and
drug testing but fails to discuss her many failures to attend the class, her need to re-enroll
in the class, and failure to randomly test, which caused the court to conclude that
mother’s progress was minimal.
We disagree with mother that In re Henry V. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 522
mandates that we reach a different conclusion. The court in In re Henry V. reversed a
removal order stemming from burn marks on the child’s buttocks because it found that
neither the serious nature of the burns nor the need for the mother to complete a bonding
study were sufficient reasons to remove the child where the burn marks arose from an

26.
isolated and unexplained incident, the bonding services could be provided in the home,
and the agency was suing the mother’s custodial rights to secure her compliance with
services. (Id. at pp. 529–530.) In this case, X.G.’s injuries were caused by father
intentionally and forcefully hitting X.G., and the social worker has not suggested that the
children were removed to compel compliance with services. (See In re L.O. (2021)
67 Cal.App.5th 227, 246 [disagreeing with In re Henry V. that removal not supported
when mother purposefully burned toddler with curling iron three times but claimed not to
understand how injuries occurred and distinguishing more than one incident and
placement not used as secure cooperation].) There are also concerns present in this case
that were missing in In re Henry V., including mother’s failure to recognize that X.G.
required medical treatment and father’s actions required police or social services
intervention, mother’s action in permitting father to continue to care for the children,
mother’s attempts to conceal the abuse and prevent the children from speaking of it, and
mother’s willingness to stay with father.
Mother argues that visitation progressed to three-hour, in-home unsupervised
visits, supporting her argument that there would be no danger to the children by
remaining in the home long-term. However, this ignores the court’s concern that any
abuse would go undetected because mother’s and father’s progress with their services
failed to provide assurance that they would no longer conceal abuse or fail to pressure
their children not to disclose it. Limited visitation, however, protected the children
because their custodians would detect and report any such abuse even if the children and
parents did not.
Mother also argues that the court failed to consider a lesser alternative to removal,
that being that father move out of the home. Even if father moved out of the home, he
would still visit the children. Father’s failure to progress with child abuse intervention
classes, anger management, and substance abuse classes and testing presented a risk that
he would abuse the children if he were angry or believed they needed discipline. If that

27.
happened, the children would only be protected if someone reported the incidents of
abuse, either mother or the children.
However, mother demonstrated her lack of judgment with regard to the risk of
abuse by permitting father to supervise the children even though, as she acknowledged,
she had sisters who were willing to help her care for them. Regarding father’s abuse,
mother testified, “[W]e all make mistakes and I just can’t judge him off this mistake that
he made, you know.” Characterizing X.G.’s abuse as a mistake demonstrates a
minimization of the serious risk posed by father’s actions to the children’s safety and a
level of acceptance inconsistent with protection of the children. Based on such evidence,
the court implicitly concluded that mother would not appreciate the substantial risk to the
safety of the children if father abused one of the children and fail to act.
During testimony, mother claimed that she thought it was safe for father to care
for the children in March 2022 because he had never hit them previously. However, this
conflicted with J.P.’s statement to social workers that mother knew father had kicked J.A.
in the stomach and J.A.’s statements to social workers that mother kicked father out of
the home for several hours after father gave J.A. a bloody nose, by bashing his head into
a counter, and kicked him twice in the stomach. Neither mother nor father have
acknowledged this act of abuse as to J.A. J.A.’s statement is evidence that mother
previously failed to report father’s abuse and permitted father back into the home after
such abuse.
The court found that the parents failed to appreciate the safety concerns to the
children posed by the initial abuse and failure to report it. Given mother’s past
willingness to overlook father’s abuse, testimony that exhibited a lack of appreciation for
its seriousness and excuse of father’s behavior, and only minimal progress in the child
abuse intervention classes, substantial evidence supports the court’s conclusion that a
substantial danger still existed to the children because mother minimized the dangers that

28.
caused the removal of the children, and no evidence demonstrated that she would now
report the abuse or fail to pressure the children into silence.
Viewing the record, as we must, in the light most favorable to the juvenile court’s
determinations, we conclude that in addition to the evidence supporting the jurisdictional
finding of risk of harm, mother’s failure to appreciate the substantial risk of harm caused
by father’s actions, efforts to conceal the abuse, and her incomplete participation in
recommended services at the time of the jurisdiction and disposition hearing together
constitute substantial evidence supporting the juvenile court’s finding that it was
necessary to remove the children from mother’s custody at that time pursuant to
section 361, subdivision (c)(l).11
DISPOSITION
The dispositional order is affirmed.

11 In light of this conclusion, we do not address the other bases for the court’s dispositional
order, such as the parents’ failure to provide a sanitary and hygienic living environment and
clean clothes.

29.