Lane Bank Equipment Co. v. Smith Southern Equipment, Inc.

Justice HECHT,

concurring in the judgment.

Appellate procedure should not be tricky. It should be simple, it should be certain, it should make sense, and it should facilitate consideration of the parties’ arguments on the merits. Ninety-three years ago Roscoe Pound included among The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice the following criticism of appellate procedure in American jurisprudence:

One may search the recent English reports in vain for a case where an appeal has miscarried on a point of practice. Cases on appellate procedure are wanting. In effect there is no such thing. The whole attention of the court and of counsel is concentrated on the cause. On the other hand, our American reports bristle with fine points of appellate procedure.... All of this is sheer waste, which a modern judicial organization would obviate.1

Simplicity and certainty in appellate procedure are nowhere more important than in determining the time for perfecting appeal. Recognizing that, this Court rewrote Rule 329b .of the Texas. Rules of Civil Procedure in 1981 to clarify how post-judgment motions affect the time period that a trial court retains plenary power to modify or vacate the judgment, and the deadlines for perfecting appeal.2 Only minor changes have been made in the rule since it was adopted, and none affects the case before us today, which focuses on the first sentence of Rule 329b(g). That sentence states:

A motion to modify, correct, or reform a judgment (as distinguished from motion to correct the record of a judgment under Rule 316), if filed, shall be filed and determined within the time prescribed by this rule for a motion for new trial and shall extend the trial court’s plenary power and the time for perfecting an appeal in the same manner as a motion for new trial.

This case raises three questions, which are: does a motion filed within the trial court’s plenary jurisdiction extend that jurisdiction and the time for perfecting appeal in the same manner as a motion for new trial if it requests:

(1) that the judgment be changed to include sanctions?
(2) that additional relief such as sanctions be granted, without specifically requesting a change in the judgment?
*315(3) a nonsubstantive change in the judgment?

I agree with the Court that the answer to the first question is yes, but I disagree with the Court’s “no” answers to the other questions. The Court’s conclusions create two “tricks” in post-judgment procedure. Here is the first one:

Trick No. 1: Whether a post-judgment motion for sanctions extends the trial court’s plenary power and the deadline for perfecting appeal depends upon whether it specifically requests that sanctions be included “in the judgment”, as opposed to being imposed in a separate order as they could be. If the motion contains the magic words, then it extends the trial court’s plenary power and the deadline for perfecting appeal, just as a motion for new trial would. Whether the court grants or denies the motion, or it is denied by operation of law, the aggrieved party can appeal. But if the motion does not contain the magic words, then it does not affect the court’s plenary power or the appellate deadlines. If the court denies the motion within its plenary jurisdiction, the movant can appeal, but if the court does not rule on the motion before its plenary power expires, or denies it so near the expiration of its plenary power that the movant cannot file a notice of appeal, the movant cannot appeal. If the court grants the motion so near the expiration of its plenary power that the party against whom sanctions are awarded cannot file a notice of appeal, it is unclear whether that party can appeal. Thus, a losing party may move for sanctions without specifying that they be included in the judgment and put the winning party to a choice between moving for a new trial or risking the inability to appeal the sanctions order. But even if the motion does not specifically request that sanctions be included in the judgment, if the court modifies the judgment to include them, even if they are minuscule, then the time periods for the court’s plenary power and for appeal recommence on the date of the modified judgment.

If any justification exists, or could have existed in 1981, for so complex a procedure, the Court does not hint at what it could be. Perhaps the lesson is that a party can achieve certainty simply by adding the words, “in the judgment”, to its post-judgment motion, and a party who is not careful enough to do so deserves whatever befalls. But the Court’s purpose in making rules to date has been to remove unfair and unanticipated traps, not to create them. Today’s decision is a departure. Parties’ appellate rights ought not to depend on whether a post-judgment motion includes or omits three words — “in the judgment” — and nothing suggests that the Court was ever of a different view until today.

There is more. Here is the second “trick” the Court creates:

Trick No. 2: Although Rule 329b(g) does not say so, a motion to modify a judgment does not extend the court’s plenary power or the appellate deadlines unless the motion requests a “substantive” change, whatever that means. Thus, even if a post-judgment motion specifically requests that the judgment be modified to include sanctions, it may not extend the court’s plenary power or the appellate deadlines if the requested change is not “substantive”. In fact, no post-judgment motion that requests a “non-substantive” change in the judgment — whether sanctions or something else — affects the court’s plenary power or the appellate timetable. However, if the court makes any change in a judgment, no matter how minuscule — adding a comma, for example — the time periods for the court’s plenary power and for appeal recommence.

Discussions involving the Court and its advisors when Rule 329b was written reflect a broad consensus that a party should not have to stake its right to appeal on correctly guessing whether a change in a *316judgment is substantive. Correctly guessing whether a requested change is substantive is no less risky. Any explanation why the Court would ever have intended to remove one risk but create another, implicitly and without using the word “substantive” anywhere in the rule, cannot be found in today’s opinion.

Beyond question, when this Court adopted Rule 329b of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure in 1981, it intended to clarify and simplify post-judgment procedure in general, and specifically, the procedure governing motions to modify judgments. Today’s decision does not smooth the road to appeal; it creates pitfalls to trap the unwary by implying conditions and words that cannot be found in the rule. For the sake of clarity and simplicity, I would hold that under Rule 329b(g), a post-judgment motion requesting any relief that could be included in the judgment extends the trial court’s plenary power over the judgment and the deadline for perfecting appeal. Accordingly, I concur only in the Court’s judgment.

I

To begin, it is useful to recount the history of Rule 329b(g) and related subsection (h). Both deal with motions to modify, correct, or reform a judgment.

Before 1981, no rules prescribed procedures for modifying, correcting, or reforming judgments.3 In 1979, Chief Justice Clarence Guittard of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas at Dallas, as chair of a joint committee of the Texas Judicial Council and the State Bar of Texas Committee of the Administration of Justice, proposed changes in the rules relating to appellate procedure, including a complete revision of Rule 329b, which governed motions for new trial. Chief Justice Guittard proposed that Rule 329(g) and (h) state:

(g) A motion to modify, correct, or reform a judgment (as distinguished from motion to correct the record of a judgment under Rules 316 and 317), if filed, shall be filed and determined within the time prescribed by this rule for a motion for new trial and shall extend the trial court’s plenary power and the time for perfecting an appeal in the same manner as a motion for new trial. Each such motion shall be in writing and signed by the party or his attorney and shall specify the respects in which the judgment should be modified, corrected, or reformed. The overruling of such a motion shall not preclude the filing of a motion for new trial, nor shall the overruling of a motion for new trial preclude the filing of a motion to modify, correct, or reform.
(h) If a judgment is modified, corrected, or reformed, the time for appeal shall run from the time the modified, corrected, or reformed judgment is signed; but if the modified, corrected, or reformed judgment makes no material or substantial change in the original judgment, so that the only practical effect would be to extend the time for appeal, then the time for appeal shall run from the date the original judgment was signed.4

Comments appended to the proposals explained: 5

[ ] Subdivision (g) formulates the procedures for modification of a judgment within the time that the court has plenary power to do so, as recognized by the Supreme Court in such cases as Transamerican Leasing Co. v. Three Bears, Inc., 567 S.W.2d 799 (Tex.1978); Mathes *317v. Kelton, 569 S.W.2d 876 (Tex.1978); City of West Lake Hills v. State, 466 S.W.2d 722 (Tex.1971). It obviates the filing of a motion for new trial when the relief actually sought is modification of the judgment. See Mercer v. Band, 454 S.W.2d 833 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1970, no writ).
[] Subdivision (h) explains that the judgment must be modified in a material respect to start the appellate timetable running from the modified judgment, as held in such cases as Anderson v. Case-bolt, 493 S.W.2d 509 (Tex.1973). This rule would not affect the court’s power to correct a clerical error in the record of a judgment without limitation as to time under Rules 3166 and 317.7

At the May 1979 meeting of the Advisory Committee for the Supreme Court of Texas, Chief Justice Guittard explained that proposed Rule 329b(h) merely restated the law,8 but several members of the Committee expressed concern that a party could not reliably determine whether a change in a judgment was substantive, so as to extend the appellate timetable, or not.9 Others, including former Chief Justice Robert W. Calvert, were concerned that trial judges would make small changes in judgments to extend the appellate timetable as a favor to counsel.10 At the conclusion of the debate, the Committee voted 18 to 4 to recommend to the Supreme Court the changes in Rule 329b *318proposed by Chief Justice Guittard.11

At the conclusion of the meeting, however, the Committee voted to delay finalization of the appellate rules so that they could be considered further. At the Advisory Committee’s next meeting six months later, members’ attitudes had shifted. Chief Justice Guittard explained:

There’s also the problem now that a motion to correct, modify, or reform a judgment is recognized by the law and by some recent Supreme Court opinions, but there’s no procedure provided in the rules for it. As a matter of fact, when you want to correct or reform a judgment, under present law you can’t do that like you — sometimes often a motion for new trial has to be filed when you don’t want a new trial, you merely want the judgment changed. This would correct that to permit a motion to modify, correct, or reform to be filed within the time that a motion for new trial is allowed and have the same effect with respect to the times for appeal, but it’s provided that that kind of a motion, which is filed to correct a judgment within the period of the court’s plenary power, is to be distinguished from a motion to correct the record of a judgment nunc pro tunc under Rules 316 and 317.
There’s also a provision that if the judgment is modified — subdivision (h)— that if it makes no material or substantial change so that the only practical effect would be to extend the time for appeal, then the time for appeal shall run from the date the original judgment was signed. Now that, as I understand it, declares the present law and is simply a warning to counsel. Now there was some proposal in our discussion at our last meeting that we change the law in that respect, and if so, that’s a matter to be considered now.12

Russell Talbot, W. James Kronzer, Wayne Fisher, Gilbert Adams, and Gilbert I. Low all indicated concern that the “no material or substantial change” proviso of proposed subsection (h) was too uncertain to be workable'.13 Former Chief Justice Calvert announced that he had reconsidered his earlier view and decided that the proviso should be eliminated.14 Fisher moved, seconded by Mark Martin, that proposed subsection (h) be amended to read as follows:

(h) If a judgment is modified, corrected, or reformed, the time for appeal shall run from the time the modified, corrected, or reformed judgment is signed.15

However, Chief Justice Guittard expressed concern that courts would read a “material or substantial” proviso into the rule if it were not explicitly excluded:

I have no real objection to this, but I would raise this question. In view of the decisions, would this really do what we’re intending for it to do without some further clarification. In other words, it says “modified, corrected, or reformed judgment.” Would the courts, under existing decisions, then go ahead and say that this change is immaterial, therefore it’s not really a modified, corrected, or reformed judgment. I’m not sure that it would accomplish the purpose that we’re setting out without some additional language.16

In response, Russell Talbot suggested that the words, “in any respect”, be added,17 so that proposed subsection (h) would read:

*319(h) If a judgment is modified, corrected, or reformed in any respect, the time for appeal shall run from the time the modified, corrected, or reformed judgment is signed.

Fisher and Martin agreed to the amendment of their motion, which then passed over only two negative votes.18

I have made scant mention of subsection (g) in this summary of the 1979 debates on proposed Rule 329b because the Committee’s focus was entirely on on subsection (h). Yet the Committee’s considered view, developed over the course of six months’ consideration, that whether a change in a judgment was “material and substantive” was too ill-defined and ill-definable a standard on which to base a trial court’s plenary jurisdiction or the appellate timetable, affects subsection (g) as well as subsection (h). The words, “in any respect”, were added to subsection (h) only to make its intent clear. It would have made little sense for the Committee (and ultimately the Court) to have concluded that any change in a judgment, no matter how slight, would extend the trial court’s plenary jurisdiction and the appellate timetable, but that a motion to make only a slight change would not affect the court’s plenary jurisdiction or the time for perfecting appeal. Although the Committee did not make subsection (g) as explicit as subsection (h), the changes in the latter inform the former.

II

Defendant’s motion to include sanctions in the judgment in this case expressly requested a modification of the judgment. Under Rule 329b(g), the Court correctly concludes that the motion extended the trial court’s plenary jurisdiction and the deadline for perfecting appeal. The Court adds, however, that if the motion had not expressly requested a change in the judgment itself, but had merely requested sanctions that could have been imposed by a separate order, the motion would not have extended the court’s plenary power or the appellate timetable.

The procedure the Court adopts is ill-advised for several reasons. First, the trial court’s power to modify its judgment should not be dependent on the wording of a party’s motion. In the Court’s view, the trial court has only thirty days in which to rule on a post-judgment motion that requests additional relief but does not specifically request a change in the judgment, while the trial court would have seventy-five days to rule on the motion if it explicitly requested a change in the judgment, and a total of 105 days to modify its judgment. Second, the time for parties to appeal should not depend on one party’s wording of a motion. Had the defendant in this case wanted to force the plaintiff to decide whether to appeal without knowing whether sanctions would be imposed, it could have omitted the request that sanctions be included in the judgment and asked for a hearing on the last day of the court’s plenary power. Third, neither the period of the trial" court’s plenary power nor the parties’ time for appeal should depend on any vagueness in a party’s motion. A motion might not clearly state whether a change in the judgment is requested, leaving doubt about crucial deadlines. Fourth, these deadlines should hot depend on how the court grants a motion that does not specifically request a change in the judgment. If the court chooses to modify the judgment, even though the motion does not request such a modification, the deadlines are extended. But if the court chooses instead to award sanctions in a separate order, the deadlines are not extended. The parties may not know what ruling the court will make until the time for appeal has expired.

The Court’s result is not necessitated by the language of the rule. Rule 329b(g) does not state that a motion must explicitly request a change in a judgment in order to have the effect of a motion for new trial. *320In Gomez v. Texas Department of Criminal Justice, we held that a bill of review filed within thirty days of the date a judgment was signed should be treated as a motion for new trial because the bill of review “assailed the trial court’s judgment.” 19 Any filing that could have that effect should extend the trial court’s plenary power and the appellate deadlines.

Moreover, there is nothing in the debates over Rule 329b to suggest that the drafters had in mind anything other than the simplest procedure that could be devised. Their over-arching concern was that post-judgment procedures be clear, certain, and simple. When members of the Advisory Committee were uncertain whether they had achieved those goals, final approval of the rules was deferred, notwithstanding the immense amount of work that had already been devoted to them. It is inconceivable that the Advisory Committee, meeting with several members of the Court, would have intended by the straightforward language of Rule 329b(g) a procedure as byzantine as the Court adopts today.

I would hold that under Rule 329b(g), if a postjudgment motion requests relief that could be included in the judgment, even if it could be included in a separate order, the motion extends the trial court’s plenary jurisdiction and the time for perfecting appeal.

Ill

To conclude that a motion to modify a judgment extends the trial court’s plenary jurisdiction and the time for perfecting appeal only if the motion requests a material or substantive change in the judgment, the Court must rewrite the rule. It contains no such requirement and never has. Moreover, the initial draft of Rule 329b(h), which did originally include such a requirement, was amended by the Advisory Committee after extended debate to exclude the requirement because of a consensus that “material and substantive” was too vague a factor to consider in trying to determine the deadline for appeal. The Court does not acknowledge the concerns expressed in the drafting of Rule 329b or explain why it is any easier to know whether a change made in a judgment is material and substantive than it is to know whether a requested change is material and substantive.

The Court’s conclusion is based solely on several court of appeals’ decisions that “state” that a motion for a material or substantive change is necessary. Only one of those decision has actually imposed such a requirement, but even then it did not hold that a requested change must be material and substantive, only that it not be merely a clerical correction of a party’s name from Graff Vending Company to Cavalier Corporation, d/b/a Graff Vending Company.20 In all the other cases the Court cites, the courts held that a material change was requested.21 No case has ever *321held that a post-judgment motion must request a material or substantive change in a judgment in order to have the same effect as a motion for new trial.

Even more troubling, the Court makes no attempt to define “material or substantive” or to give examples, other than to say that the sanctions the defendant requested in this case satisfied the requirement. A “material or substantive” change is not merely non-clerical; clerical changes requested under Rule 316 are expressly excluded from Rule 329b(g). The value of the sanction imposed is immaterial, the Court says. So what is a non-clerical, non-substantive change? A recalculation of prejudgment interest to correct an error of $100 or so? A recalculation to correct a larger error? Is it the absolute value of the requested relief that is important, or the value relative to the judgment, or the value relative to the effect on the parties? When such questions could not be satisfactorily answered in 1981, the requirement of a material and substantive change in Rule 329b(h) was omitted. Today the Court inserts the requirement into Rule 329b(g), where it has never been, without attempting to answer the problems raised nearly twenty years ago. Rule 329b(g) now recognizes three categories of requested changes in a judgment: substantive, non-substantive, and clerical.

For the same reasons that any change in a judgment, no matter how slight, recom-menees the time periods based on the judgment, I would hold that any requested change, however slight, other than a merely clerical change expressly excluded from Rule 329b(g), extends the trial court’s plenary power and the appellate timetable.

IV

This Court’s objective in construing written language is to give effect to the intent expressed in that language by the person or persons who wrote it or who agreed to be bound by it. That is true of constitutional provisions,22 statutes,23 agency rules and regulations,24 deeds,25 contracts,26 and wills,27 and other such writings. When we construe a statute, we say what the Legislature intended by the words it chose. When we construe a contract or deed, we say what the parties intended by the language they agreed to. Discerning what someone else intended by a particular expression, though a routine enterprise for courts, is often a difficult one. The chosen words may not be clear, or their application in the present context may not have been anticipated or fully appreciated when they were written. A court must be careful not to substitute its own view of what should have been intended for what was intended.

When we construe our own procedural rules, the process is importantly different. We still look for the intent expressed in the language, but the intent we look for is *322our own, not someone else’s. We may conclude that the language of the rule is unclear, or that its present application was not anticipated,28 or that things have changed so that the procedure once adopted is no longer well-advised.29 The answer in each of these instances is that the rule should be changed.30 The one conclusion it seems to me that we cannot reach in construing a rule is that we knew when we wrote it that the procedure would not work well but we intended to adopt it anyway. If that were the case, we should not be writing rules. The language of the rule should be read amenably to the basic proposition that at the time, at least, we intended to adopt good procedures, not bad ones.

There is no question that that was the Court’s intent in adopting Rule 329b. The rule was completely redrafted by a group of the State’s leading lawyers and judges that had worked on it and other rules affecting appellate procedure for years. The problem is not that a procedure once thought workable has become less so, or that the current application was unanticipated. Monetary sanctions were not awarded as frequently in 1981, but they were available.31 The procedure that the Court now says it intended in 1981 was no more workable then than now.

Ignoring the history of the drafting of Rule 329b and the practical consequences of its own construction, the Court focuses entirely on the words of the rule. While I do not disagree that we must be guided by plain language in a rule, just as we must when it appears in a statute or contract, the language of Rule 329b(g) cannot be read in isolation from the post-judgment practice it was addressing. If the rule can be read to adopt a procedure that is complicated for no reason and likely to cause uncertainty in parties’ perfecting appeal, or a procedure that it simple to understand and apply and protective of the right of appeal, it should choose the latter. The Court should certainly not insert a requirement into a rule that does not exist and that was omitted because it was thought too vague to apply.

I agree with the result the Court reaches in this case, but I strongly disagree with the approach it takes in construing its own rules and its disregard for the injustice that its construction will work for many litigants and attorneys who believe, rightly, that appeal ought to be a far simpler process than the Court makes it. If Roscoe Pound was right, as I think he was, and “[a]ll of this is sheer waste,” then this Court has refused to obviate it as a “modern judicial organization” would.32

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Accordingly, I concur only in the Court’s judgment.

. Roscoe Pound, The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice, 29 A.B.A. Rep. 395, 410-411 (1906), reprinted in 8 Baylor L.Rev. 1, 19-20 (1956).

. See Order of Supreme Court of Texas, Adopting Amendments to Rules of Civil Procedure, 599-600 S.W.2d (Texas Cases) xxxm, l-li (June 10, 1980, eff. Jan. 1, 1981). All references to rules are to the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.

.See Thomas M. Reavley & David L. Orr, Trial Court's Power to Amend Its Judgments, 25 Baylor L.Rev. 191, 206 (1973) (“The procedure governing the exercise of a trial court's plenary power before the judgment becomes final is not well-established.”).

. Agenda for the May 4-5, 1979 Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the Supreme Court of Texas, at 42-43 (on file with the Supreme Court of Texas).

. Id. at 44 (footnotes added).

. At the time, Rule 316 stated:

Rule 316. CORRECTION OF MISTAKES. — Mistakes in the record of any judgment or decree may be amended by the judge in open court according to the truth or justice of the case after notice of the application therefor has been given to the parties interested in such judgment or decree, and thereafter the execution shall conform to the judgment as amended.
The opposite party shall have reasonable notice of an application to enter a judgment nunc pro tunc.

Order of the Supreme Court of Texas, Adopting Amendments to Rules of Civil Procedure, 141 Tex. 647, 655-656 (June 16, 1943, eff. Dec. 31, 1943).

. At the time, Rule 317 stated:

Rule 317. MISRECITALS CORRECTED. — Where in the record of any judgment or decree of a court, there shall be any omission or mistake, miscalculation or mis-recital of a sum or sums of money, or of any name or names, if there is among the records of the cause any verdict or instrument of writing whereby such judgment or decree may be safely amended, it shall be corrected by the court, wherein such judgment or decree was rendered, or by the judge thereof in vacation, upon application of either party, according to the truth and justice of the case. The opposite party shall have reasonable notice of the application for such amendment.

Order of the Supreme Court of Texas, Adopting Rules of Civil Procedure, 136 Tex. 442, 537 (Oct. 29, 1940, eff. Sept. 1, 1941).

. "The proposal in subdivision (h) of proposed Rule 329b is to state the present law with respect to when a modification or change or correction of the judgment would start the time running again for a motion for new trial on appeal.” Minutes of the May 5, 1979 Meeting of the Supreme Court Rules Advisory Committee, at 171 (on file with the Supreme Court of Texas).

. For example:

[James R.] Meyers: Clarence, doesn’t that put a litigant in the position of not knowing whether an appellate court would say it’s a substantive change or not and have him to perfect his appeal early? '
[Chief Justice] Guittard: I think he is in that position. I don’t know that we’ve been able to remedy that position.

Minutes of the May 5, 1979 Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the Supreme Court of Texas, at 170 (on file with the Supreme Court of Texas). Luther H. Soules III and W. James Kronzer echoed Meyers’ concerns. Id. at 170, 172.

. "[Chief Justice] Calvert: Mr. Chairman, ... I think most of us realize that judges and most humans like to keep good relationships with their friends, lawyers, who have practiced before them, and if the fellow’s lost his appeal by not ... on time, well, he’s going to say, ‘Look, judge, my client will lose everything unless you put this in here’ ... and the judge does it to let him have his day in court.” Minutes of the May 5, 1979 Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the Supreme Court of Texas, at 171 (on file with the Supreme Court of Texas). Sam Sparks also expressed concern for delay. Id. at 172.

. Minutes of the May 5, 1979 Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the Supreme Court of Texas, at 174 (on file with the Supreme Court of Texas).

. Minutes of the Nov. 16, 1979 Meeting of the Advisory Committee for the Supreme Court of Texas, at 27 (on file with the Supreme Court of Texas).

. Id. ex 29-35.

. Id. at 36-37.

. Id. at 34-35.

. Id. at 35.

. Id.

. Id. at 37.

. 896 S.W.2d 176, 176 (Tex.1995) (per curiam).

. Cavalier Corp. v. Store Enters., Inc., 742 S.W.2d 785, 787 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1987, writ denied) (holding that neither a motion to correct a judgment to add the plaintiff corporation's formal name to its assumed name, nor the corrected judgment signed outside the court’s plenary jurisdiction, extended the appellate timetable).

. Ramirez v. Williams Bros. Constr. Co., 870 S.W.2d 551, 552 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ) (per curiam) (holding that a motion to modify or vacate the judgment extended the appellate timetable); United States Fire Ins. Co. v. State, 843 S.W.2d 283, 284 (Tex.App.-Austin 1992, writ denied) (holding that a motion to correct or modify the judgment extended the appellate timetable); Miller Brewing Co. v. Villarreal, 822 S.W.2d 177, 179 n. 2, 179-180 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1991) (per curiam), rev'd on other grounds, 829 S.W.2d 770 (Tex.1992) (per curiam) (holding that neither a prejudgment motion to disregard jury findings, a post-judgment order denying the motion, nor a postjudgment order granting a motion for judgment on the verdict extended the appellate timetable, and indicating that a motion requesting a less than substantive change in the judgment should also extend the timetable); Brazos Elec. Power Co-op, Inc. v. Callejo, *321734 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1987, no writ) (holding that a motion to modify a judgment n.o.v., that was essentially a motion for judgment on the verdict, extended the appellate timetable).

. E.g., Edgewood Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Kirby, 777 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tex.1989) (“[W]e consider ‘the intent of the people who adopted it’ ...” "rely[ing] heavily on the literal text”, quoting Director of Dep’t of Agric. & Env’t v. Printing Indus. Ass'n, 600 S.W.2d 264, 267 (Tex.1980)).

. E.g., City of LaPorte v. Barfield, 898 S.W.2d 288, 292 (Tex.1995) ("Legislative intent remains the polestar of statutory construction.”).

. E.g., Rodriguez v. Service Lloyds Ins. Co., 997 S.W.2d 248, 254 (Tex.1999) ("In construing [an agency] rule, our primary objective is to give effect to the [agency’s] intent.”).

. E.g., Concord Oil Co. v. Pennzoil Exploration & Prod. Co., 966 S.W.2d 451, 459 (Tex.1998).

. E.g., Forbau v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 876 S.W.2d 132, 133 (Tex.1994) ("When construing a contract, the court’s primary concern is to give effect to the written expression of the parties' intent.”).

. E.g., McGill v. Johnson, 799 S.W.2d 673, 674 (Tex.1990).

. State Dep’t of Highways & Public Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 241 (Tex.1992) (“The flaws in our charge procedures stem partly from the rules governing those procedures and partly from caselaw applying those rules.”).

. Alvarado v. Farah Mfg. Co., 830 S.W.2d 911, 914 (Tex.1992) ("To say that [Rule 215(5) of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure] has proven to be problematic is perhaps an understatement.”).

. Id. at 915; accord Payne, 838 S.W.2d at 241.

. E.g., Firestone Photographs, Inc. v. Lamaster, 567 S.W.2d 273 (Tex.Civ.App.—Texarkana 1978, no writ).

. Pound, supra note 1, at 19-20.