Michael Gonzalez v. the State of Texas

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-22-00287-CR

Michael Gonzalez, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE 35TH DISTRICT COURT OF MILLS COUNTY
NO. 3519, THE HONORABLE MIKE SMITH, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant Michael Gonzalez was convicted by a jury of aggravated assault with a

deadly weapon against Tammie Duffy, a person with whom he was in a dating relationship. See

Tex. Penal Code § 22.02(a), (b)(1)(A). Following a hearing on punishment, he was sentenced to

seventy years’ confinement. In 13 issues, he contends that the trial court erred by: (1) admitting

33 1 photographs depicting Tammie’s injuries; (2) admitting evidence of hospital staff’s

“emotional or mental” reactions to the injuries; (3) requiring defense counsel to use a

hypothetical when cross-examining a witness for the State; (4) not permitting defense counsel to

cross-examine the grand-jury foreman about burdens of proof; (5) admitting evidence of

extraneous offenses committed by appellant; (6) excluding evidence of Tammie’s drug use and

criminal history; (7) admitting improper lay-opinion testimony; (8) admitting hearsay statements;

1Although appellant asserts that the trial court admitted 32 photographs, 33 were in fact
admitted—State’s exhibits 45 through 77.
(9) allowing a witness for the State to testify about matters of which she lacked personal

knowledge; (10) admitting evidence of items seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment;

(11) admitting an irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial jail call; (12) instructing the jury on the law

of parties; and (13) allowing the State in its closing argument to comment on appellant’s failure

to testify. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

BACKGROUND

Appellant was charged by indictment with causing serious bodily injury to

Tammie, a member of his household or a person with whom he had a dating relationship, “by

using blunt force of a source unknown to the grand jury”; “striking her with his hand, foot, or

some other object unknown to the grand jury”; or “forcibly causing her to ingest hair.” The

indictment also alleged that appellant used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the offense.

At trial, Tammie testified at length about her relationship with appellant. He had

seen her profile on Facebook and begun messaging her. The two met in mid-July 2020 and

began dating. Their relationship worsened in August of that year, however, when he “tore up

[her] entire bedroom . . . in a fit of rage” after losing his phone. She nevertheless began staying

with him at the end of the month, and he became physically abusive. He would also verbally

abuse her, control her communications with friends and family, force her to take time off of

work, isolate her, break her phones, and physically prevent her from leaving. She moved into his

family’s home in October, but the couple soon got their own duplex apartment in Goldthwaite on

November 1st.

Following the move, appellant started going out more and became “more

obsessive, jealous, [and] constantly accus[ed her] of messaging somebody else.” He made her

2
delete her Facebook account, demanded that she remove or cover-up a memorial tattoo of a

deceased ex-boyfriend, and beat her if she mentioned her exes. Around their apartment, he

placed statutes of Santa Muerte, 2 which he said was his “god.” Shortly after they met, he had

told her that he worshipped Santa Muerte, that she needed “blood sacrifice,” and that “somebody

had been murdered and their blood had to be spilt over her.”

Tammie and appellant would smoke marijuana together, and he also used

methamphetamine, cocaine, and prescription medication. Although she tested positive for

marijuana following the alleged assault, she testified that she last used it three days before the

incident. In addition, she had been prescribed Xanax for anxiety, and appellant would confiscate

her pills. In the week before the alleged assault, his drug use “was becoming heavy,” and he was

mixing cocaine, Xanax, and alcohol. The night before the incident, he drank, used cocaine, and

smoked marijuana; the following morning, he again used cocaine and “popped some of

the Xanax.”

Tammie testified about the events of November 20th, the day of the alleged

assault. Appellant began texting her from work around 6 a.m., but she was asleep and did not

respond. His texts became increasingly ugly and threatening, and he accused her of being

unfaithful. The two argued by text and call throughout the day. Around 2 or 3 p.m., she started

reaching out to various family members, asking them to give her a ride to Brownwood because

she was afraid. Although she had a vehicle, she did not drive herself and could not explain her

decision not to do so.

2 Although Tammie referred to “Santa Muerta” in her testimony, the religious icon’s
proper name is Santa Muerte. See Mixcoatl Miera-Rosete, Officers at the Gate: Why
United States v. Medina-Copete Should Be the Rule and Not the Exception, 47 N.M. L. Rev. 184,
192 (2017).
3
 In their text exchange, photographs of which were admitted at trial, Tammie—

who testified that she had been diagnosed with depression and anxiety and was suffering a

“mental episode” that morning—accused appellant of cheating in turn; told him that he was not

“movin’ nowhere”; threatened to destroy photographs of his mother, who had recently passed;

and sent him a photograph of approximately 40-50 antidepressant pills with the text, “You think

that’s enough?” She explained that she had not been contemplating suicide but wanted only to

make appellant feel bad. She also explained that he had previously thrown her deceased ex’s

belongings in the trash and that while she had threatened to destroy appellant’s photographs, she

would not have done so but was trying only to upset him.

Appellant responded by telling her that he “was faken . . . all along” and insisting

that Tammie could not force him to stay or to be with her. He told her that he would have his

teenage niece pick up his belongings, but Tammie replied that she would only give them to him.

When she later attempted to call him, he did not answer but texted, “I aint doin shit my santa

muerte is.”

Appellant’s coworkers dropped him off at his family’s home, and he drove to the

apartment with his niece. At around 6 p.m., he “busted through the door, had beers in his hand,

[and was] cussing” at Tammie. She told him that they were not going to argue in front of his

niece, so he drove the teen back to his family’s home, returning to the apartment approximately

10 minutes later. He continued to cuss at and threaten Tammie, and, when she sat on the couch,

he kicked her in the mouth with a steel-toed boot. Knowing that it would be “a way to boil his

blood,” she threw one of his Santa Muerte statutes onto the floor, smashing it and causing him to

“spiral[] out of control” and become “very, very angry.”

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 While he was hitting and yelling at her, her anxiety was “through the roof,” and

she grabbed a bottle of Xanax from a nearby table and took up to 15 pills. She testified that she

was not trying to commit suicide but that the dose was five times her normal daily amount, that

Xanax is a sedative, and that she can usually sleep after taking one pill.

She went to the bedroom and attempted to call 911. Appellant slapped the phone

out of her hand, but she picked it up, dialed again, and does not remember “anything after that.”

She testified that her memory “cut[] off” approximately 15 to 20 minutes after she took the

Xanax and that she has only “flashes” of memory: of appellant hitting her with his fists on her

head, face, and body; of appellant’s brother, Edward, and Edward’s girlfriend, Daniela; and of

trying to cover herself. She also testified that she believed that the memory loss resulted from

her “brain blocking out the trauma” and from the Xanax.

Her next memory was of waking up in the ICU. She did not have any hair, had a

new scar across her memorial tattoo, and had undergone bowel surgery. Appellant later told her

that he had cut off her hair with a “razor knife.”

She communicated with appellant for a few months following the assault and at

one point submitted an affidavit of non-prosecution asking that the DA’s Office dismiss the

charge against him. At trial, she testified that he was “in [her] head again . . . [w]ith his

controlling, aggressive, abusive stuff” but that she was able to “break completely away” from

him on July 3, 2021, when he told her that he remembered everything and did not regret any of

it. In her affidavit, she averred that she did not believe that he had intended to harm her and that

“some of the injuries were due to [her] own actions.” She testified that she no longer wanted the

charge dismissed and that she had no doubt that appellant assaulted her.

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 Killeen Police Department (KPD) Detective Tim Koellner testified about

Tammie’s arrival at Advent Health Hospital in Killeen at approximately 8 a.m. on

November 21, 2020. 3 He was working off-duty as a security guard at the hospital when he was

told that an apparent assault victim, who was unconscious and whose hair was “real[ly] choppy

and different lengths,” had been dropped off at the ER by a man driving a Chevrolet Camaro;

that the man had moved the Camaro to the hospital’s parking lot; and that he had then gotten into

a truck with two others and left. Koellner was also told that the man appeared to be Hispanic and

had face tattoos. Later, a nurse informed Koellner that someone was calling about the patient.

He answered the phone, and the caller—who identified himself as appellant—stated that he was

checking on his girlfriend, that she had taken Xanax and “freaked out,” and that he had to defend

himself. Koellner asked appellant to return to the hospital, but he replied that he was on his way

to work and would need to check with his boss. When asked why he had passed another hospital

on his way to Advent Health, appellant answered that Tammie had requested to go there.

Koellner testified that he did not believe that she was in a condition to have done so.

Dr. Alexander Barrero, the ER director at Advent Health, testified about his

treatment of Tammie and professional opinion of her injuries. He first became aware of her

arrival when he heard nurses shouting that they had an unresponsive person in the parking lot.

He ran to assist and observed Tammie under the drive-through awning by the ER’s front

entrance. She was wearing only underwear and was being assisted from the passenger’s side of a

vehicle by hospital staff. A man standing by the driver’s side of the vehicle told Barrero that

Tammie had overdosed on Xanax and asked him to save her life. The man looked Hispanic and

3 Koellner testified that Tammie was dropped off at the hospital on November 20th.
However, hospital records admitted at trial reflect that it was actually the 21st.
6
had tattoos “everywhere on the face and neck.” Tammie, who was unconscious, was wrapped in

a sheet and placed in a wheelchair.

From the outset, Barrero decided to “approach this as a trauma” because Tammie

had “black eyes and bruising throughout her body.” While trying to intubate her, he discovered a

large clump of hair deep in her trachea. The mass was about the size of a gumball and looked

“like it was rolled up, and it was stuffed down.” Barrero testified that he does not believe such

an injury could have been accidentally inflicted, that there had been no vomit indicating that

Tammie had inflicted the injury herself, and that the injury created a substantial risk of death and

caused the protracted loss or impairment of a bodily function. After removing the clump, he

noticed that “chunks” of Tammie’s hair had been chopped off.

By this time, Barrero had formed the opinion that “it was a domestic abuse

case . . . [a]n assault.” He looked for internal bleeding, which he would not have done had he

suspected a Xanax overdose, and observed that Tammie had blood in her abdomen and trauma to

her small bowel; there was also bruising to the top of her abdomen just above her belly button.

He testified that the abdominal injury likely resulted from high impact trauma like being kicked

or falling down stairs. He was unable to say what kind of object had caused the injury, which

like the hair, created a substantial risk of death and caused the protracted loss or impairment of a

bodily function. In addition to the abdominal injury and clump of hair in her throat, Tammie had

two black eyes; bruising on her bottom lip, chin, jawline, neck, back, buttocks, and legs; a

“strangulation-type mark” around her neck; abrasions along the buttocks “with pieces of gravel

in [them] from possibly being dragged”; what appeared to be a metal nail in her left ear canal;

7
petechiae 4 around her eyes; and hemorrhaging in both eyes from strangulation or “from a high

impact punch or falling or something of that nature.” Barrero testified that he had never seen

falling cause injuries of that extent and that he had seen such bruising in car accidents. Photos of

the injuries were admitted, which he testified were “good samples to understand the injuries that

she received.”

On cross-examination Barrero testified that Tammie’s “breasts were out” but that

he could not remember what she was wearing on her lower body. He testified that there was

redness and bruising to the back of her throat indicating “forcible entry” and that were she to

have swallowed her own hair, it would not have gone into her trachea. He also testified that the

extent of her bruising could only have been caused by a car wreck or assault, that she had

marijuana and benzodiazepines (benzos)—such as Xanax—in her system when she arrived at the

hospital, that the object in her ear was possibly an earring, and that her injuries had to have been

recent. He explained that the effects of benzos are respiratory depression, somnolence,

exhaustion, drowsiness, memory loss, and not being able to protect one’s breathing.

On redirect, he testified that Tammie’s injuries could not have occurred from one

fall but only from multiple falls from a height. He also testified that her consuming benzos and

marijuana would have made self-injury less likely, that taking Xanax could have caused her not

to remember some of the assault, that his professional opinion is that her injuries resulted from

nonaccidental trauma, and that her abdominal bleeding had been caused within the last 12 hours.

Over defense counsel’s objection, he further testified that the extent of her injuries affected him

A petechia is a “minute reddish or purplish spot containing blood that appears in skin
4

or mucous membrane as a result of localized hemorrhage.” Petechia, Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/petechia (last accessed
October 24, 2023).
8
for a few weeks and that one of the hospital’s nurses cried for an hour and a half, resigned from

the hospital that day, and decided to take a break from nursing.

On recross, Barrero testified that Tammie’s injuries could have been caused by

falling down stairs. When shown the texted photograph of pills, he testified that he did not know

what kind of pills they were but that hypothetically, someone who took them could become

drowsy, stumble, and not be in their right state of mind.

Dr. Kevin Waldrep, a trauma surgeon at Baylor Scott & White (BS&W), likewise

testified about his observations, treatment, and professional opinion of Tammie’s injuries. She

had “significant bruising” on all of her extremities and a mark around her neck that he was

concerned could be a “strangulation mark.” Although a CT scan revealed no evidence of injury

to her solid organs, there was “a lot of blood” in her abdomen. She had a “bucket handle injury”

to her small bowel, which involves the disconnection of blood supply to the bowel and required

resection surgery. Bucket-handle injuries require a high-force mechanism, such as a high-speed

car accident; Waldrep had never seen someone inflict that type of injury on themselves. Without

the surgery, the injury—which he described as a “pretty serious bodily injury”—would have

created a substantial risk of death or caused a protracted loss or impairment of the function of a

bodily member or organ.

He testified that there was no evidence that Tammie inflicted her injuries on

herself and that it “doesn’t make much sense” for the hair to have become lodged in her trachea

had she been trying to swallow it. From the totality of her injuries, he concluded that “they were

inflicted on her or nonaccidental trauma or assault.” To cause the injury to her abdomen, she

would have had to “run and try to impale [her]self on something at a perfect angle,

which . . . doesn’t seem likely.” In his experience, someone falling or stumbling while walking

9
could not inflict Tammie’s injuries, and it “doesn’t seem likely at all” that falling down stairs

could have caused the bucket-handle injury and extensive bruising. Although internal bleeding

could be caused by “a perfect shot” when falling down stairs, it would be less likely for a heavier

person such as Tammie to sustain such an injury, and he could not see “any realm” in which her

injuries were self-inflicted or the result of an accident.

Waldrep testified that Tammie tested positive for benzos, that Xanax would have

made her relaxed and very sleepy, and that he “can’t imagine causing that sort of injury to

yourself after taking a bunch of Xanax.” When shown the texted photograph, he testified that

there appeared to be two types of pills; that he did not know what they were; and that if they

were benzos, they would have a “pretty significant impact” on one’s body “and the way that it’s

functioning.” He further testified that he has never seen someone be stimulated by benzos and

that as the body absorbs a large amount of such drugs, an individual would become “more

sedated and less likely to do anything physical at all.” He testified that someone who overdosed

on benzos could be affected mentally. Asked if someone who fell repeatedly while overdosing

on benzos could suffer “multiple bruising on the body,” he testified that such a person “may fall

once” but would “probably end up staying on the floor and not getting up multiple times.”

When asked whether someone prescribed benzos would be suffering from “some

sort of a mental episode,” he testified that “in general, anxiety is mental, yes” but that “mental” is

“not even a medical term” and that there should not be a negative connotation associated with a

Xanax prescription. Defense counsel again showed him the photograph and asked whether,

hypothetically, a person who texted the photograph together with “Do you think that’s enough?”

“might be dealing with something mentally.” Waldrep responded that he did not know what the

pills were or what was meant by the text and that he could not answer the hypothetical.

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 KPD Detective Ramiro Martinez, the case’s lead investigator, testified about his

observations of Tammie at the hospital and his search of the Camaro. He arrived at Advent

Health at approximately 9 a.m. on November 21, 2020, and saw that she was unconscious and

had swollen eyes, injuries to her shoulders and arms, and facial injuries that were consistent with

trauma. Her hair appeared to have been chopped off as though “the intent was to cause harm or

humiliation.” Martinez testified that he had “been involved in cases where a spouse, husband,

boyfriend, will grab the lady by the hair, cut it, because—you know, to, I guess make them feel

unpretty, pull wigs, pull braids, patches of hair out.” He was told by hospital staff that when

Tammie was brought in, her pants were down around her knees, and there was dirt or sand in

her vagina.

After speaking with Tammie’s family, Martinez learned that the Camaro was

hers. Inside the Camaro, he found sand matching that seen on her as well as two documents with

appellant’s name on them in the backseat. He was able to obtain a copy of appellant’s driver’s

license photo, and hospital staff believed that appellant was the man who dropped off Tammie.

Tammie’s sister, brother, and children testified about the family’s structure and

their communications with Tammie on November 20th and 21st. Her daughter, E.D., 5 testified

that prior to the alleged offense, she moved out of Tammie’s apartment and into her father’s

home. Tammie’s relationship with appellant was part of the reason E.D. distanced herself from

Tammie. On November 20th, Tammie sent E.D. a text asking for a ride to Brownwood “as soon

as possible.” E.D. attempted to reach her two hours later, but Tammie did not respond to

repeated calls and texts. E.D.’s phone indicated that her texts to Tammie were not being

5 Because E.D. was a minor at the time of the alleged offense, we will refer to her by her
initials in the interest of privacy. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.10(a)(3).
11
delivered. The following morning, she received the text, “She’s asleep. I’ll have her call you

when she wakes up.” When E.D. tried to call Tammie, the calls would go unanswered, but

someone would reply with texts.

Tammie’s son Jordan likewise testified that the day before the alleged assault,

Tammie texted him that she was not happy and wanted to move back to Brownwood. He

responded that he would help her move when he got off work, but he did not see her again until

she was in the hospital. After she was discharged, he went to her apartment and saw that

“[e]verything was shredded to pieces”—including vaccination records, birth certificates, and

family obituaries—and that someone had written “you fat fucking whore” on the TV. He

testified that Tammie struggled with anxiety and depression.

Another of her sons, Austin, testified that he received a text from Tammie in

November 2020 asking for help moving back to Brownwood but that he was not able to help her

at that time. When he went to her apartment the next day, no one was there, and it was locked.

On cross-examination, he testified that Tammie was dealing with “mental issues” but that he was

not aware that she had overdosed on Xanax.

Tammie’s sister, Melissa Woodward, testified that she called Tammie around

2 p.m. on November 20th and that Tammie told her that she was trying to get her sons to help her

move back to Brownwood because she knew appellant was “gonna tear [her stuff] up.” Later

that afternoon, Melissa missed a call from Tammie, and when she tried to call her back,

Tammie’s phone was turned off. At approximately 10 p.m., Melissa called Goldthwaite police

and asked them to conduct a welfare check on Tammie. Melissa was told that an officer had

seen Tammie’s car at the duplex and that the apartment’s lights were on but that no one had

answered the door.

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 On the morning of the 21st, Melissa called appellant’s phone, and he told her that

Tammie was asleep. When Melissa insisted that she be allowed to talk to her sister, appellant

stated that that she had taken a bunch of pills, that she had not spoken for hours, and that she was

“just staring into space and not saying anything.” When Melissa told him to call an ambulance,

he “instantly” stated that Tammie “did it all to herself.” However, he then said that she was in an

ambulance and that he was following her to the hospital. He would not tell Melissa the name of

the hospital or ambulance company, claimed to be following the ambulance for over an hour, and

repeatedly hung up on her.

Tammie’s brother, David Woodward, testified that he called appellant after

speaking with Melissa and that appellant told him that Tammie was “laying there with her eyes

open” and could not talk. Appellant also stated that Tammie had taken a full bottle of Xanax and

had torn a photograph of his mother, about which he sounded more upset. David told him to take

her to a hospital and was “a hundred percent convinced” that his phone call was “part of the

reason why [appellant] actually” did so. When asked on cross-examination whether he was

aware that Tammie was dealing with “some mental issues at the time,” David testified, “I would

say we all deal with mental issues.”

Renee Hamilton, a former sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) at BS&W,

testified that she was present for a sexual assault forensic examination (SAFE) performed by

Elizabeth Gault, who was not available to testify at trial. Tammie was not conscious during the

exam, which took longer than normal to complete because of the extent of the injuries.

Hamilton and Misty Bennett, another SANE, performed a second SAFE after

Tammie regained consciousness. Hamilton testified that Tammie had a “sporadic” and “almost

nonexistent” memory, which resulted from what she termed “the trauma brain”: the release of

13
cortisol during a traumatic event, which stops the formation of memory as a protective

mechanism. During the exam, Tammie touched her head, realized that her hair had been cut, and

asked whether it had been done by hospital staff.

Hamilton testified about the results of the second SAFE. Tammie had petechiae

in the back of her throat, a linear pattern of bruising on her neck, and hemorrhaging in her eyes,

all of which are consistent with strangulation. She also had bruising to her right inner arm as if

someone had grabbed her by the arm and pulled her; a pattern injury to the right hip area that

looked like a shoe; large skin abrasions to the back and buttocks consistent with dragging;

bruising to her belly consistent with the heel of a foot; and a laceration over the tattoo on her

chest. Hamilton testified that “there [were] well over 200” injuries to Tammie.

Tammie described to Hamilton appellant’s exhibiting “control and patterns of

control,” including alienating her from her loved ones, which Hamilton explained are “signs of

[an] abusive relationship.” Hamilton testified that abusers commonly exert control, that it is

common for abuse victims not to leave a partner, and that many victims recant or seek to have

charges against their abusers dropped. Tammie told her that she had gotten into a fight with

appellant “over some statues.” When asked “who did that to her body,” Tammie replied that she

“knew it was [appellant] and his brother.” She said that appellant had hit her in the face before

and had emotionally abused her and called her names. She also told Hamilton that she could

leave but had not tried to do so, that appellant had deleted contacts from her phone, and that he

had a way of tracking her location.

On cross-examination, Hamilton testified that Tammie also stated that her body

was not “like this when we took off” and that she “wasn’t like that when we left.” Tammie also

told her that it did not “get physical” when she and appellant were arguing; that he calmed down

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after the argument over the statue, and she and appellant left for Killeen; that he did not apply

pressure to her throat; that she did not remember anyone touching her body; that no pressure was

applied to her neck; that she did not believe that she was strangled; and that she was not touched

on her neck in a manner that made it hard to breathe.

On redirect, Hamilton testified that it was her opinion that Tammie “just wasn’t

able to recollect what happened during the assault” and that her denials resulted from trauma

brain. She also testified that the medical evidence supported a conclusion that Tammie was

assaulted and that based on that evidence, she had no doubt that the assault occurred.

Misty Bennett similarly testified about Tammie’s injuries and second SAFE. Her

injuries consisted of a bucket-handle injury, two pattern injuries indicative of a shoe or boot print

to her hip and side, a ligature mark, and petechiae consistent with strangulation or suffocation.

The injuries created a substantial risk of death. Tammie’s memory was not intact, which is

“fairly normal” because “[i]t’s very common for victims to not have memory of the events that

happened to them or have lapses in memory. Some don’t even remember the majority of the

assault.” In Bennett’s professional opinion, Tammie was incorrect when she stated that she had

not been strangled, that no one had hurt her by touching her, and that no one had impeded her

breath by touching her. Rather, Tammie’s understanding of what happened “was related to being

in a significant stressor and trauma situation.” Bennett did not think the statements were lies but

did not think “you can rely on the outcry being so soon after the assault.” She testified that her

medical opinion was that Tammie was assaulted by another person using an unknown weapon in

a manner capable of causing death and that caused prolonged impairment of the use of a bodily

member or organ.

15
 During the second exam, Tammie told Bennett that she remembered being at

home, and “[t]hen they said [she] was in Killeen”; that she remembered getting into a car to go to

Killeen, and her body felt fine; that she remembered arguing with appellant while they were

alone; and that she broke appellant’s statue, and he was upset with her. She also related that she

was only allowed to have contact with family, that her phone contacts were deleted, and that she

was not allowed to leave the apartment. Bennett testified that appellant’s reported behavior was

“[p]art of intimate partner violence” and “very much manipulation tactics to control the partner.”

Bennett also testified that Tammie’s injuries would be consistent with having

been inflicted by someone “who had reached a manic stage after using cocaine.” When asked if

her opinion would change if appellant had used both cocaine and Xanax, she testified that it

would depend on the order in which the drugs were taken. If he used Xanax and then cocaine,

she would expect to see a mania afterward. In the reverse, “he would go down quicker,” and she

“probably wouldn’t see the mania.” If the cocaine were ingested in the morning and the Xanax

in the afternoon, he would be “more chilled that afternoon.”

Teresa Padilla, Tammie and appellant’s neighbor, testified that she went to work

around 6:30 a.m. on November 20, 2020, and noticed that the couple’s living room lights were

on, which was unusual. When she returned home at approximately 4:30 p.m., a Hispanic male

and Hispanic female—in her early or mid-20’s—were at the duplex. Padilla saw Tammie

through the screen door and observed two vehicles at the residence: a tan SUV and a black

Camaro. Before going to bed, Padilla heard appellant yell, “Where is it? Where is it,” and heard

Tammie yell, “I don’t know.” She never heard a “physical fight” and would have heard any

altercation through their shared wall. When she awoke on November 21st around 4:30 a.m.,

there were no vehicles at the couple’s apartment, but it appeared that a TV was on. Padilla

16
testified that she was not aware that police recovered broken items or cuttings of a woman’s hair

from inside the home and that she did not want to come to court or be involved.

Mills County Sheriff’s Office (MCSO) Deputy John Fincher testified about his

identification of appellant, the search of Tammie and appellant’s duplex, appellant’s

apprehension, and his interview of appellant. Fincher had previously investigated concerns for

Tammie’s safety. When Detective Martinez told Fincher that the men who dropped off Tammie

were covered in tattoos, Fincher—who knew that Tammie was in a dating relationship with

appellant and that appellant and his brother Edward have face tattoos—told Martinez that he

believed that it was the brothers. He provided Martinez with their mugshots, which “made it

possible to identify them.”

It appeared from the search of the apartment that a “violent altercation” had

occurred in the living room. He observed soil from a potted plant strewn about the floor, torn

papers and pills scattered around, and cut hair on the floor. Officers discovered blood in several

locations around the apartment: in the master bedroom, on envelopes and clothing, smeared on a

towel hanging on the master bedroom door, on a mattress, and on a sheet where it was mixed

with “some other type of bodily fluid.” Hair was found in every room of the apartment,

including a large clump at the bottom of a trash can. A TV in the master bedroom had “fat

whore” scratched into its screen.

In a large “dumpster-style” trash can outside the apartment, officers located items

that they believed were associated with the alleged assault, including more hair; scissors; a

Ziploc bag containing hair that was labeled with the name of Tammie’s deceased ex; pieces of

broken colored glass matching other pieces seen in the apartment; ripped funeral programs for

three of Tammie’s relatives; torn photographs of her family; ripped pieces of her sister’s death

17
certificate; a hard wooden object; Tammie’s stepdaughter’s ripped birth certificate; and “an

entire photo album” apparently belonging to Tammie. Several of the items were marked or

stained with apparent blood. From the items as well as trash bags and piles of sweepings in the

apartment, Fincher testified that it appeared that someone had been trying to clean up the duplex.

Based on the evidence, officers concluded that appellant and his brother were

fleeing. Edward was arrested at a South Texas border checkpoint. GPS tracking of appellant’s

phone was unsuccessful, and police learned that appellant had pawned an iPhone in a border

town on November 28th. They recovered the pawned phone on the same day that appellant

turned himself in in Hidalgo County; a second phone was found on him.

Fincher interviewed appellant on December 1st. Appellant stated that he and

Tammie argued on November 20th, that she attacked him with keys when he walked through the

door of their apartment, that she hit him on the arms and chest, that he defended himself by

slapping and hitting her, that he punched her in the face, and that something involving his

mother’s photographs made him “lose it.” Fincher noted that appellant had no visible injuries.

Appellant stated that Tammie had been under the influence of Xanax during the entirety of the

incident. He told Fincher that following the fight, appellant took Tammie to his father’s home

and left her on the bedroom floor because he could not get her into the bed. He stated that the

next morning, she was still lying on the floor and was “moaning and kind of out of it.” He stated

that Edward and their sister Diana came to the residence and that he drove Tammie to the

hospital in her Camaro while Edward and Diana followed in an SUV. According to appellant,

Edward did not want to help him, so after dropping off Tammie, appellant got out of the SUV

and walked to the house of a friend, who drove him to Houston. Appellant stated that another

18
friend gave him a ride from Houston to Hidalgo County. He also stated that he turned himself in

to tell law enforcement that Edward was not involved.

On cross-examination, Fincher testified that although Tammie initially told him

that she had been sexually assaulted, she later clarified that she had been told that information.

He did not think that she was lying but rather that, owing to her impaired memory, she was

merely repeating what she had heard. He testified that despite the statements made in her

affidavit of non-prosecution, he did not investigate her for making a false statement to law

enforcement. With respect to his investigation, he testified that officers did not test any hair or

blood samples for DNA, that they did not test the scissors for fingerprints, that they never

recovered a steel-toed boot, and that they never tested the torn documents for fingerprints.

On redirect, Fincher testified that Daniela Valencia, Edward’s girlfriend, told

police that after leaving the hospital she, appellant, and Edward went to appellant and Edward’s

brother’s home in South Texas, that she took a photo of a palm tree, that Edward got angry and

removed her phone’s SIM card, and that he and appellant also removed the SIM cards from their

own phones and burned them with a torch.

Keith Brooks, the foreman of the grand jury that indicted appellant, testified that

an officer told the grand jury the information known to him but explained that officers were

uncertain of the manner and means of the alleged offense. As a result, the indictment returned

by the grand jury included language that certain facts were unknown to it. The indictment’s

language reflected the information known to officers when they presented evidence to the grand

jury. Brooks testified that the burden of proof to indict is whether the grand jury feels that there

is “enough evidence to bring it to court.” When asked by defense counsel where probable cause

19
“ranks as far as the burden of proof goes,” Brooks testified, “[I]f we believed it was enough

evidence to bring it to trial, but we w[ere]n’t the ones doing the trying.”

MCSO Chief Deputy Chris Green testified about a jail call between appellant and

Tammie made following his arrest for the charged offense. Green testified that on the call,

appellant and Tammie discussed the indicted offense, that appellant several times stated that he

had no regrets about what he did, and that he did so even as Tammie listed various acts of

violence committed against her. On cross-examination, Green testified that appellant “never

admits to doing anything” but says only that he has no regrets for what he did. He also testified

that there was no context for appellant’s references.

Appellant’s niece, A.P., 6 testified for the defense about the events of

November 20, 2020. She had been on Thanksgiving break and spent the night of the 19th at the

duplex. On the morning of the 20th, appellant left for work, and she called her grandfather to

pick her up. Around lunchtime, appellant texted her and asked her to pick up his mother’s

photographs from the apartment. Her grandfather drove her, but Tammie would not open the

door, so they returned to her grandfather’s home. That afternoon, appellant came home from

work and drove her once more to the apartment. When they entered, Tammie was in the kitchen

and began yelling at appellant. He tried to enter their bedroom, but Tammie kept him from

doing so. A.P. also tried to go into the bedroom, and Tammie pushed her into the living room

and then outside. She did not see Tammie or appellant hit each other and did not hear “any sort

of physical fight.” Outside the apartment, she heard appellant say, “Where was – where is it,

where is it?” Appellant left the home crying and drove her back to her grandfather’s.

6 Because A.P. was a minor at the time of the alleged offense, we will refer to her by her
initials in the interest of privacy. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.10(a)(3).
20
 That night, appellant asked her and her grandfather to return to the apartment with

him. Appellant and her grandfather escorted Tammie—who appeared tired and intoxicated—

from the apartment. She could not talk or move her feet, and appellant and A.P.’s grandfather

were carrying her. Tammie did not appear to have any injuries, and her hair was not unusual.

However, she fell twice down the stairs at the apartment, and the first time she fell face-first onto

the ground. After arriving at A.P.’s grandfather’s house, Tammie again had a “hard fall” on the

stairs there and hit her stomach on “the pointy side of the stairs.” She fell a fourth time in the

living room and hit her head against the edge of the TV stand. Appellant and A.P.’s grandfather

carried Tammie into the bedroom.

On cross-examination, the State questioned A.P. about discrepancies between her

trial testimony and statements made during an interview with police on December 4, 2020. A.P.

testified that she did not tell the interviewing officers that Tammie fell because she was confused

about what was happening, did not remember everything, and did not think that she was going to

be interviewed. She testified that she “[p]robably” remembered what happened back then but

that she remembered better at trial and that her memory had improved over the intervening year

and a half. She testified that she did not remember telling officers that Tammie’s hair had been

chopped off when she arrived at A.P.’s grandfather’s house.

Diana Gonzalez, appellant’s sister, testified during the defense’s case-in-chief

about what occurred after she was called to her father’s house on the morning of November 21st.

When she arrived, appellant was attempting to wake up Tammie, who was slumped on the couch

and was “highly intoxicated.” Tammie did not appear injured but would not respond to her.

Diana and appellant tried to help Tammie up, but she collapsed onto her knees and could not

stand. Diana told appellant that she could not help him and had to go to work.

21
 On cross-examination, Diana testified that Tammie’s hair had been chin- or

shoulder-length but was short that morning. She did not notice that Tammie’s hair had been

chopped or hacked off. She testified that like Tammie, appellant had no visible injuries or

marks. However, she also testified that she remembered telling officers that Tammie’s lip was

swollen and that she was moaning. She testified that after taking Tammie to the hospital,

appellant went to work with their brother in Edinburg. She did not know if Edward went

with him.

The State called Fincher again as a rebuttal witness to testify to contradictions

between A.P.’s and Diana’s statements in their interview with him and their trial testimony. In

the interview, A.P. never indicated that she spent the night of the 19th with Tammie and

appellant, never told him that she observed Tammie fall multiple times, and never alleged that

Tammie pushed her. A recording of the interview was admitted, in which A.P. stated that she

noticed that Tammie’s hair had been cut off, that Tammie had asked appellant if A.P. could leave

the apartment during their argument, that appellant had been the only one to help Tammie walk

out of the apartment, that she hit her head once on the car door, and that A.P. observed light bite

marks on appellant’s arms. On the recording, Diana stated that Tammie’s lip had been swollen

on the morning of the 21st, that she could still open her eyes a little, and that it was clear that she

needed to go to the hospital.

The jury convicted appellant of the charged offense. Following a hearing on

punishment, it sentenced him to 70 years’ confinement. This appeal followed.

22
 DISCUSSION

I. Admissibility of Hospital Photographs

In his first issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting

33 photographs depicting Tammie’s injuries “in violation of [Texas Rule of Evidence] 403.” See

Tex. R. Evid. 403. He argues that “[b]ecause the balancing test was conducted without the

necessary facts before the trial court for each exhibit or group of exhibits, the balancing test was

applied improperly when it was applied to thirty-[three] photographs with differing factual

predicates for each photo.” Citing Distefano v. State, he concludes that “because the exhibits

contained differing scenarios and fact patterns, the admission of thirty-[three] exhibits without

facts from the supporting witness and different predicates for introduction constitutes reversible

error.” See 532 S.W.3d 25, 38 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d).

We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion.

Henley v. State, 493 S.W.3d 77, 82–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); see also Dabney v. State,

492 S.W.3d 309, 316 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). An abuse of discretion does not occur unless the

trial court acts “arbitrarily or unreasonably” or “without reference to any guiding rules and

principles.” State v. Hill, 499 S.W.3d 853, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (quoting Montgomery

v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)). In other words, we may not reverse the

trial court’s ruling unless the “decision falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.”

Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); see also Henley, 493 S.W.3d at

83. An evidentiary ruling will be upheld if it is correct on any theory of law applicable to the

case. Henley, 493 S.W.3d at 93 (citing De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2009)).

23
 Rule 403 provides that a trial court “may exclude relevant evidence if its

probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair

prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting

cumulative evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 403. Evidence is unfairly prejudicial when it has “an

undue tendency to suggest that a decision be made on an improper basis.” Montgomery,

810 S.W.2d at 389. The rule favors the admission of relevant evidence and carries a

presumption that relevant evidence will be more probative than prejudicial. Davis v. State,

329 S.W.3d 798, 806 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 762 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2007). Under the rule, trial courts have “considerable freedom in evaluating proffered

evidence’s probative value in relation to its prejudicial effect,” and there should be “a

corresponding reluctance on the part of an appellate court to reverse trial court decisions which

admit or exclude evidence.” Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 378.

In conducting a Rule 403 analysis, the trial court must balance the

claimed probative force of the proffered evidence along with the proponent’s need for the

evidence against:

(1) any tendency of the evidence to suggest that the case would be decided on an
improper basis; (2) any tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury
from the main issues; (3) any tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight
by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the
evidence; and (4) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an
inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence already admitted.

Henley, 493 S.W.3d at 93 (citing Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006)). These factors may blend together in practice. Gigliobianco, 210 S.W.3d at 642. A

trial judge need not conduct the analysis on the record; rather, by overruling a Rule 403

objection, he is assumed to have applied the balancing test and determined that the evidence was
24
admissible. See State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 444 n.8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Hitt v. State,

53 S.W.3d 697, 706 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d).

When reviewing a trial court’s decision to admit photographs over a Rule 403

objection, we may consider many factors, including: “the number of exhibits offered,

their gruesomeness, their detail, their size, whether they are in color or in black and white,

whether they are close-up and whether the body depicted is clothed or naked.” Hayes v. State,

85 S.W.3d 809, 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 29 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000)). We are not limited to this list, however, and should also note “[t]he availability of

other means of proof and the circumstances unique to each individual case.” Id. Photographs

are generally admissible where verbal testimony about the same matters is admissible. Jones

v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Moreover, a trial court “does not err

merely because it admits into evidence photographs which are gruesome.” Paredes v. State,

129 S.W.3d 350, 540 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (quoting Sonnier v. State, 913 S.W.2d 511, 519

(Tex. Crim. App. 1995)).

Here, the trial court held a hearing on the photographs’ admissibility outside of

the jury’s presence. After being shown the exhibits, Dr. Barrero, the ER director at Advent

Health, testified that they fairly and accurately depicted Tammie’s injuries as well as some of the

medical interventions that he performed. When the State offered the exhibits for purposes of the

hearing, defense counsel objected under Rule 403 that “the probative value is severely

outweighed by any prejudicial value that these pose”; that the State was “clearly trying to pull on

the emotional strings”; that the photographs were “cumulative” and “repetitive” of prior

testimony; and that because Barrero could not testify to the injuries’ cause, the photographs

would “plant the seeds in these jurors’ minds that this Defendant, Mr. Gonzalez, is the one that

25
did this offense.” The State responded that any prejudice resulted from the severity of the

charged offense, that the jury’s hearing testimony concerning the injuries would be less effective

than its seeing them, and that they were akin to a lab report in a drug case. The trial court,

having reviewed the exhibits, ruled that “after conducting the balancing test required by law,

the Court overrules the objection of the Defense and the State’s Exhibits 45 through 77

are admitted.”

The photographs were highly probative and depicted the extent of Tammie’s

injuries, including the ligature mark around her neck, her shorn hair and black eyes, the petechiae

in and around her eyes, and the bruising to her entire body. The photographs’ probative value

was particularly strong in that defense counsel’s principal argument at trial was that the injuries

resulted from Tammie’s accidentally falling, a theory contradicted by several witnesses through

reference to the nature and extent of the injuries. Although Barrero testified to the photographs’

contents and to Tammie’s injuries more generally, his testimony did not render the photographs

redundant. The State still had need for them as “powerful visual evidence, probative of various

aspects of [its] theory of the offense including the brutality and heinousness of the offense.” See

Sonnier, 913 S.W.2d at 519. Relatedly, the Court of Criminal Appeals has held that “[t]he fact

that the jury also heard testimony regarding the injuries depicted does not reduce the relevance of

the visual depiction.” Gallo, 239 S.W.3d at 762.

To the extent that appellant asserts that the graphic nature of the photographs had

the potential to confuse or mislead the jury, they “depict no more than the injuries inflicted upon

the victim and are no more gruesome than the facts of the offense itself.” Sexton, 51 S.W.3d at

616 (citing Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d 186, 196 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Sonnier, 913 S.W.2d

at 519). As the Court of Criminal Appeals has explained, “[W]hen the power of the visible

26
evidence emanates from nothing more than what the defendant has himself done[,] we cannot

hold that the trial court has abused its discretion merely because it admitted the evidence.”

Sonnier, 913 S.W.2d at 519; see Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

(concluding trial court did not abuse its discretion because photographs “depicted both the crime

scene and the victim’s injuries” and “portrayed no more than the gruesomeness of the injuries

inflicted by appellant”). Similarly, the number of photographs—which were in color, detailed,

close-up, and depicted Tammie both clothed and partially nude—merely reflects the extent and

location of her injuries.

Despite the number of exhibits, little time was spent on their presentation, which

amounted only to eight pages of an approximately 1,000-page transcript of the guilt-innocence

phase of trial. Moreover, although taken in a medical setting, they were not of such a technical

or complex nature as to be given undue weight by the jury.

With respect to appellant’s argument that the photographs’ “differing factual

predicates” rendered the trial court’s balancing test improper, we note that the case to which he

cites is inapposite and unsupportive of his conclusion. In Distefano, the defendant asserted that

the trial court had failed to conduct a Rule 403 balancing test, insisting that a statement from the

court indicated that it had not conducted the test “separate from its admissibility determination

under article 38.37.” 532 S.W.3d at 31. Our sister court found that the court’s statement

“merely show[ed] that the trial court considered and overruled [the defendant]’s objections under

both Rule 403 and article 38.37” and that the defendant had not overcome the presumption that

the court conducted the balancing test. Id. at 32. The court of appeals then weighed the

Gigliobianco factors and determined that the trial court had not abused its discretion by

admitting the challenged evidence. Id. at 34.

27
 Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the photographs. See

Henley, 493 S.W.3d at 82–83. We overrule appellant’s first issue.

II. “Victim-Impact” Testimony

In his second issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting

Barrero’s testimony regarding the effect that Tammie’s injuries had on him and a hospital nurse.

Appellant argues that the testimony was irrelevant and constituted “impermissible victim

impact testimony.”

Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable

than it would be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.

Tex. R. Evid. 401. Relevant evidence is admissible unless otherwise prohibited by the Rules of

Evidence or constitutional or statutory law. Id. R. 402. “Victim impact” evidence is evidence of

the effect of an offense on people other than the victim. Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 531

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The Court of Criminal Appeals has held that such evidence lacks “any

tendency to make more or less probable the existence of any fact of consequence at the guilt

stage of trial.” Miller-El v. State, 782 S.W.2d 892, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).

The State asked Barrero if the “extent of Tammie’s injuries significantly affect[ed

him] and the nurses that were involved in [her] treatment,” and defense counsel objected that the

question was irrelevant, that it did not concern Barrero’s expertise, and that he was “not called to

give his emotions on the witness stand.” The State responded that the anticipated testimony

would constitute evidence of serious bodily injury, and the trial court overruled the objection.

Barrero testified that Tammie’s injuries affected him for weeks and caused a travel nurse to give

up nursing. He testified that the nurse cried in the bathroom for an hour and a half, told other

28
staff “how emotional it made her and how she has never seen anything this horrific or graphic in

her life,” and resigned that afternoon.

Appellant analogizes his claim to that in Cantu v. State, a death-penalty case in

which the defendant objected that victim-impact testimony from the mother of the victim of an

unindicted murder during the punishment phase was not relevant to the special issues and was

more prejudicial than probative. 939 S.W.2d 627, 635–36 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The Court of

Criminal Appeals held that the mother’s testimony was irrelevant because the defendant “was

not on trial for [her daughter’s] murder and such evidence serves no purpose other than to

inflame the jury.” Id. at 637. However, the Court also determined that the error was harmless

given the evidence’s sparsity, the fact that it was not mentioned by the State during argument,

and the overwhelming focus during the punishment phase on appellant’s behavior and the

circumstances of the offense. Id. at 637–38.

Although Cantu is distinguishable in part because the challenged testimony in that

case occurred in the punishment phase and involved the victim of an unindicted offense, we

nevertheless agree with appellant that the admission of Barrero’s testimony regarding the impact

of Tammie’s injuries on hospital staff was error. Barrero testified in great detail about the nature

and extent of Tammie’s injuries, including that they posed a substantial risk of death and caused

the protracted loss or impairment of a bodily function. See Tex. Penal Code § 1.07(a)(46)

(defining “serious bodily injury” as “bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that

causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function

of any bodily member or organ”). How the injuries subjectively affected him or others who

observed them did not make it more probable that they met the statutory definition of serious

bodily injury. One may be strongly affected by an injury that does not threaten death or cause

29
disfigurement. Conversely, the fact that a healthcare professional remains personally unmoved

does not mean that an injury is minor. The trial court therefore abused its discretion by admitting

the testimony.

Having concluded that the testimony’s admission was error, we must next

determine whether that error was harmful. The erroneous admission of evidence is generally

considered non-constitutional error, Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 219 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007), which requires reversal only if it affects the substantial rights of the accused, Tex. R. App.

P. 44.2(b); Barshaw v. State, 342 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see also Tex. R. Evid.

103 (stating that trial court error admitting or excluding evidence must affect “substantial right of

the party”). A defendant’s substantial rights are affected “when the error had a substantial and

injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266,

271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). In making this determination, the reviewing court “should consider

everything in the record, including any testimony or physical evidence admitted for the jury’s

consideration, the nature of the evidence supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error

and how it might be considered in connection with other evidence in the case.” Morales v. State,

32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002). The court “may also consider the jury instructions, the State’s theory and any

defensive theories, closing arguments and even voir dire, if applicable,” as well as “whether the

State emphasized the error.” Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355–56. If the court, “after examining the

record as a whole, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight

effect,” then the defendant’s substantial rights were not affected. Id. at 355 (quoting Solomon

v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417

(Tex. Crim. App. 1998)).

30
 The defense’s principal theories at trial were that Tammie was not credible and

that her injuries were either self-inflicted or caused by her falling repeatedly while under the

influence of Xanax. The objected-to testimony, however, did nothing to undermine these

theories as it included no assignation of blame for the injuries. Nor was the testimony

emphasized by the State. Barrero was the only witness to testify about the injuries’ effect on

hospital staff, and the State did not mention the challenged testimony in its closing argument.

Insomuch as the testimony emphasized the gruesomeness and severity of the

injuries, it did so no more than other evidence. See Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d 713, 717 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1998) (en banc) (noting that improper admission of evidence is not reversible error if

same facts are shown by other evidence which is not challenged). The jury saw detailed

photographs of each of Tammie’s injuries, and physical copies of 11 of the photographs were

circulated to jurors. Barrero, who testified about each of Tammie’s injuries, also testified that

they were consistent with a car accident or major trauma. Waldrep likewise testified that

Tammie’s abdominal injury was something most commonly seen in high-speed vehicle

accidents. Multiple members of her family testified to their horror and shock on seeing her in

the hospital.

Moreover, the evidence of appellant’s guilt was overwhelming. See Motilla,

78 S.W.3d at 356–57 (evidence of guilt is relevant factor in Rule 44.2(b) harm analysis). The

record reflects that after lying repeatedly to Tammie’s family members about following her

ambulance to the hospital, he dropped her off at the ER partially nude, fled to the border, and

pawned his cell phone. Trash bags at the couple’s apartment and items in a nearby dumpster

suggested that someone had attempted to clean up evidence of a struggle before his flight, and

“fat whore” was scratched into a TV screen in the apartment. Tammie’s injuries included two

31
black eyes, a bucket-handle injury to her small bowel, pattern injuries to her hip and belly

resembling a shoe or heel, a clump of hair forcibly lodged in her trachea, petechiae in the back of

her throat and around her eyes, a ligature mark around her neck, drag marks to her buttocks,

bruising to her entire body, hemorrhaging in her eyes, a nail-like object in her ear canal, roughly-

shorn hair, a laceration across the memorial tattoo on her chest, and dirt or sand in her vagina.

Both Barrero and Waldrep testified that they believed the injuries to be consistent with, and the

result of, assault; that Tammie appeared to have been strangled; that the injuries were too severe

to have been caused by falling; and that they could not all have been self-inflicted. The defense

offered no convincing explanation for the evidence that Tammie was strangled and kicked or that

hair had been shoved down her throat. She testified extensively about appellant’s history of

violence toward her and about his controlling and abusive behavior. She also testified that he

used drugs on the day of the alleged assault; that he sent her threatening texts; that he kicked her

in the mouth with a steel-toed boot; that he became enraged when she broke his Santa Muerte

statute; that she remembered him hitting her face, head, and body with his fists before her

memory “cut[] off”; and that he later admitted to cutting off her hair. Further, a jail call was

admitted into evidence in which appellant repeatedly stated that he regretted nothing as Tammie

questioned him about the assault.

For these reasons, the admission of Barrero’s testimony regarding his and

the nurse’s reactions to Tammie’s injuries was harmless error. We overrule appellant’s

second issue.

32
III. Mental-State Hypothetical

In his third issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by requiring defense

counsel to use a hypothetical question when cross-examining Dr. Waldrep “regarding the effect

of ingesting dozens of benzodiazepine pills on Ms. Duffy’s mental state.”

During a pretrial hearing, the trial court admitted an exhibit consisting of

21 photographs of a November 20, 2020 text exchange between Tammie and appellant recovered

from appellant’s phone. The exchange documented an argument between the couple, in which

they traded insults and accused one another of being unfaithful. Tammie stated that appellant

was not “moving nowhere” and sent him a photograph of an assortment of pills followed by the

message, “You think that’s enough?”

When cross-examining Waldrep, defense counsel questioned the surgeon about

the photograph of the pills. Waldrep testified that he had not seen the exhibit before, that he did

not know what the pills were, that there appeared to be at least two types of pills, and that there

looked to be 40 to 50 pills shown. He also testified that if the pills were benzos, 7 a person

ingesting them would be “pretty relaxed,” and the pills would have a “pretty significant impact

on your body and the way that it’s functioning.” On recross, defense counsel asked whether it

would be safe to say that someone prescribed benzos was “having some sort of a mental

episode,” and Waldrep responded, “Yes, in general anxiety is mental.”

Both parties questioned Waldrep as to why someone would be prescribed a benzo

such as Xanax and what was meant by the term “mental.” Defense counsel then asked, “[S]ince

we’re talking about benzos and the effects of people and talking about mental episodes, those

7 Tammie later testified that the pills were in fact antidepressants and that she had not
taken them.
33
types of things, okay, if you were to read this text string that was sent from the complainant –.”

The State objected and requested an in camera hearing.

The nature of the State’s objection, defense counsel’s intended question, and the

trial court’s ruling are unclear from the record. Defense counsel explained that he would “ask

[Waldrep] if he prescribes prescriptions and those types of things, but is it possible that someone

sending these types of text messages might be going through some sort of mental issue.” The

trial court cautioned that counsel could not get into the “specific text messages” or “read this text

message and what they’re saying” but could pose the question as a hypothetical. Counsel

clarified, “So you’re okay with me asking him about – not specifically about these text messages,

but creating a hypothetical using, I guess, an analogy with the text messages and just ask him one

brief question?” On the State’s request, counsel provided the anticipated hypothetical: “if

someone was to send a text message to you, Doctor, and there was a picture of a stack of pills,

and they – the question below it said, ‘Do you think this is enough,’ would you in your medical

opinion think that this person might be dealing with something mentally?” The State replied that

it would not object if that were the extent of the question. Counsel’s hypothetical following the

resumption of cross-examination was substantively identical to the one proposed during the in

camera hearing, and Waldrep testified that he could not answer because he did not know what

was meant by “is that enough” or what the pills were.

First, from this record it does not appear that appellant’s issue was preserved on

appeal. To preserve a claim for appellate review, there must generally be a timely, specific

objection that comports with the complaint on appeal as well as an adverse ruling from the trial

court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

Defense counsel seemingly intended to ask a hypothetical question initially and did not object to

34
the trial court’s requirement that he do so; neither did counsel object—as appellant now argues

on appeal—that his proposed hypothetical had been “stripped of any pertinent facts” and did not

“mirror the facts of the case.” The State, which vaguely objected to the direction of counsel’s

questioning, withdrew its objection after hearing the proposed hypothetical. Consequently, the

trial court did not make an explicit ruling from which to appeal.

Even if the issue were preserved, we would not conclude that the trial court

abused its discretion by limiting defense counsel’s cross-examination. Cantu, 939 S.W.2d at

635; Cruz–Escalante v. State, 491 S.W.3d 857, 860 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016,

no pet.) (“[W]e review a trial court’s decision to limit cross-examination under an

abuse-of-discretion standard.”). “[T]he trial judge has wide discretion in limiting the scope and

extent of cross-examination,” Hammer v. State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 561 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009),

and the defendant is not entitled to cross-examination that is effective in whatever way and to

whatever extent he might wish, Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 909–10 (Tex. Crim. App.

2016). A trial judge may impose restrictions “based on such criteria as harassment, prejudice,

confusion of the issues, the witness’s safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally

relevant.” Id.

Defense counsel was allowed not only to ask in effect his desired question—

whether it was possible that “someone sending these types of text messages might be going

through some sort of mental issue”—but was allowed to reference the specific content of the

texts in formulating the hypothetical. While he did not use Tammie’s name in the question, such

specificity would have been inappropriate—the question would no longer have been a

hypothetical—and the identity of the messages’ sender was nevertheless made clear to the jury

35
both from context and from counsel’s original interrupted question. Thus, to the extent that

counsel’s cross-examination was limited, it was not an abuse of discretion.

Furthermore, any error would have been harmless. When asked about the texts,

Tammie testified that “it’s safe to say that [she] was having a bit of a mental episode on the

morning of November 20th.” She also testified that she had been prescribed Xanax for anxiety.

Her sons similarly testified that she suffered from depression and anxiety and was dealing with

“mental issues.”

Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s third issue.

IV. Burdens of Proof

In his fourth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by prohibiting

defense counsel from cross-examining the grand-jury foreman about the “differing burdens of

the grand jury and petit jury.”

At trial, the State called the foreman of the grand jury that indicted appellant,

Keith Brooks, who testified that the officers who presented evidence to the grand jury were

uncertain of the manner and means by which Tammie’s injuries were caused and that the

indictment’s language reflected this uncertainty. The following exchange concerning burdens of

proof then occurred between defense counsel and Brooks:

Q. Okay. [The State] mentioned that the burden of proof [to indict] is probable
cause, correct?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. You – you weren’t a part of my voir dire yesterday, but do you have any idea
where probable cause ranks as far as the burden of proof goes? Is it high on the
burden of proof in order to prove a case, or is it fairly low, if you know?

36
 A. If I know – I feel like – when I say I feel like – if we – if we believed it was
enough evidence to bring it to trial, but we wasn’t the ones doing the trying.

Q. Okay. If I was to tell you that probable cause is pretty low on the totem pole –

THE STATE: We’re gonna object to counsel trying to testify about what the
burden is, Judge.

THE COURT: I’m gonna sustain that objection. The discussion of the burden of
the grand jury versus the burden of trial is not relevant here.

Appellant, citing Payne v. State, argues on appeal that when an indictment alleges

that the object used to inflict injury on a complainant is unknown, the State must prove both that

the object was unknown to the grand jury and that the grand jury exercised due diligence to

ascertain its nature. See 487 S.W.2d 71, 72 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). Because the State failed to

perform its inquiry, appellant asserts, “defense counsel was entitled to ask the foreman of the

standard of his investigation.”

Appellant misstates the due-diligence rule, which originated over a century ago

and was elaborated by the Court of Criminal Appeals with greater clarity in Hicks v. State:

When an indictment alleges that the manner or means of inflicting the injury is
unknown and the evidence at trial does not establish the type of weapon used, a
prima facie showing is made that the weapon was unknown to the grand jury.
Matson v. State, 819 S.W.2d 839, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). However, if the
evidence at trial shows what object was used to inflict the injury, then the State
must prove that the grand jury used due diligence in attempting to ascertain the
weapon used.

860 S.W.2d 419, 424 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en banc), overruled by Sanchez v. State,

376 S.W.3d 767, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Under the rule, if the State failed to meet its

burden, a fatal variance arose between the pleading and proof, requiring reversal. Huffman

v. State, 775 S.W.2d 653, 661–62 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1989, pet. ref’d).

37
 The due-diligence rule, however, “is no longer viable” in light of the Court’s

decision in Malik v. State, which held that a proper sufficiency review should compare the

evidence at trial to a hypothetically-correct jury instruction rather than the indictment. Rosales

v. State, 4 S.W.3d 228, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 239

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997); see also Sanchez, 376 S.W.3d at 772; Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243,

253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Fagan v. State, 89 S.W.3d 245, 249 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002,

pet. ref’d) (“The rule requiring the state to show that the grand jury exercised due diligence in

determining the instrumentality of the offense is no longer relevant to our analysis.”). “Malik

and Hicks are both rules for determining the sufficiency of the evidence.” Sanchez, 376 S.W.3d

at 772. Under the new rule:

[s]o long as the essential elements of the crime charged have to be found by the
jury in order for a guilty verdict to be returned, the State does not have to
additionally and separately prove the good faith and due diligence of the grand
jury in determining non-essential elements of the charge, such as what kind of
weapon was used.

Mireles v. State, No. 13-02-00706-CR, 2005 WL 1492078, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg June 23, 2005, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Malik,

953 S.W.2d at 240).

Thus, because the State was not required to prove that the grand jury exercised

due diligence in attempting to discover the object used to cause Tammie’s injuries, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion by not permitting defense counsel to cross-examine Brooks about the

burdens of proof applicable to grand and petit juries. 8 We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

8 Even were the due-diligence rule still in effect, a grand-jury foreman’s understanding
of differing burdens of proof would not be relevant to whether the grand jury exercised due
diligence in ascertaining the identity of an object used to cause injury. See Tex. R. Evid. 401.
38
V. Extraneous-Offense Evidence

In his fifth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting

“character evidence of [his] prior drug use, his prior treatment of Ms. Duffy, and his religious

preferences under [article 38.371 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure] and Rule 403.”

A. Article 38.371

The nature of appellant’s contention with respect to article 38.371 is difficult to

construe. He argues:

As previously discussed, the method and manner of Ms. Duffy’s injuries could
not be ascertained. Yet under [article] 38.371, the trial court allowed Ms. Duffy’s
testimony to further elucidate the jury in determining whether Mr. Gonzalez
committed the offense. No method of the offense was alleged by the grand jury,
yet multiple methods are hypothesized by the state’s witnesses. Additionally, at
least three types of character evidence of Mr. Gonzalez are admitted under
[article] 38.371: his prior drug use, his alleged past violence toward Ms. Duffy,
and Mr. Gonzalez’[s] veneration of the Santa Muert[e] statue. The admission of
these facts under [article] 38.371 warrant a limiting instruction under Rule of
Appellate Procedure 44.2(b). Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Rankin v. State, 995
S.W.2d 210, 215 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d).

The first portion of the argument, which seemingly pertains to a perceived

interplay between the admissibility of evidence under article 38.371 and the manner and means

by which the offense was committed, was not preserved for appellate review. At trial, appellant

objected that the extraneous-offense evidence was irrelevant and inadmissible under Rules 403

and 404(b) of the Rules of Evidence. “An objection stating one legal theory may not be used to

support a different legal theory on appeal.” Broxton v. State, 909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1995) (quoting Johnson v. State, 803 S.W.2d 272, 292 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), overruled

on other grounds by Heitman v. State, 815 S.W.2d 681, 685 n.6 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).

Because appellant’s complaint on appeal does not comport with his objections at trial, nothing is

39
presented for review. See Williams v. State, 191 S.W.3d 242, 255 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no

pet.); see Lovill v. State, 319 S.W.3d 687, 691–92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

In the latter portion of his argument, appellant appears to assert that the trial court

erred by not providing the jury with a limiting instruction at the time the extraneous-offense

evidence was admitted. However, unlike the defendant in Rankin, appellant did not request a

contemporaneous limiting instruction. See 995 S.W.2d at 215–16. Because he failed to do so,

the extraneous-offense evidence was admitted for all purposes. See Hammock v. State,

46 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Fears v. State, 479 S.W.3d 315, 331 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christ–Edinburg 2015, pet. ref’d) (citing Arrington v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 842 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2015)). Consequently, he has likewise not preserved error with respect to this

argument. See Thompson v. State, No. 14-07-00374-CR, 2008 WL 2841675, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] July 24, 2008, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(“[B]ecause appellant failed to request a contemporaneous limiting instruction at trial, he has not

preserved error with respect to this argument.”).

B. Rule 403

Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not conducting a

separate Rule 403 balancing test for each extraneous offense:

The issue of Mr. Gonzalez[’s] alleged prior drug use is distinct from alleged
violence toward Ms. Duffy, as are his religious preferences. The evidence does
not establish the court individually considered these inflammatory subjects, as
each are distinct and the differing basis for admitting each item are unique.

As with appellant’s arguments under article 38.371, this argument was not raised

in the trial court and is therefore not preserved on appeal. At trial, defense counsel made only a

40
general objection, asserting variously that the State’s proffer was not admissible under Rule 403,

that the evidence’s “prejudicial value far – far outweighs any sort of probative value,” and that

“we’ve got a 403 objection to [evidence of appellant’s drug use].” Appellant did not request that

separate balancing tests be performed, nor did he object to the trial court’s overruling his

objections in a single ruling. Because the argument was not preserved, we will not address its

merits. 9 See Diruzzo v. State, 581 S.W.3d 788, 797 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019) (“Preservation of

error is a systemic requirement.”); Ford v. State, 305 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)

(“If an issue has not been preserved for appeal, neither the court of appeals nor this Court should

address the merits of that issue.”). Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s fifth issue.

VI. Tammie’s Alleged Drug Use and Criminal History

In his sixth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by excluding

evidence of Tammie’s “substance use and arrests for DWI and family violence” under Texas

Rule of Evidence 609. See Tex. R. Evid. 609.

Rule 609(a) provides that, when attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence of

a prior criminal conviction shall be admitted only if (1) the crime was a felony or involved moral

turpitude, (2) the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to a party, and

(3) it is elicited from the witness or established by public record. Id. R. 609(a); Delk v. State,

855 S.W.2d 700, 704 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Moreno,

245 S.W.3d 419, 425 & n.18 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

9 Appellant offers no authority in support of his assertion that the trial court must
conduct a discrete balancing test for evidence of each extraneous offense. Regardless, we cannot
conclude from this record that the trial court did not do so, as the trial judge performed his
analyses off the record. See State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 444 n.8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)
(although “it is most helpful to reviewing courts,” “a trial judge is not required to articulate his
Rule 403 analysis on the record”)
41
 The Court of Criminal Appeals, however, established an exception to the rule 10 in

Ochoa v. State, 481 S.W.2d 847, 850 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). Where a witness “makes blanket

statements concerning his exemplary conduct such as having never been arrested, charged or

convicted of any offense, or having never been ‘in trouble,’ or purports to detail his convictions

leaving the impression there are no others,” “the State may refute such testimony despite the

nature of the convi[c]tion used or its remoteness.” Id.; see Delk, 855 S.W.2d at 704 (extending

exception to Rule 609). The exception allows a party to “expose the falsehood” where a witness

“creates a false impression of law abiding behavior,” thereby opening the door “on his otherwise

irrelevant past criminal behavior.” Delk, 855 S.W.2d at 704. The Court further explained the

rationale for the exception in Hammett v. State:

Ordinarily the question of whether or not the accused has a criminal past or has
otherwise been “in trouble” before is irrelevant to any material issue in the case,
and hence, is collateral. Should the accused nevertheless falsely insinuate during
his direct examination that he has never been “in trouble,” the State may expose
that falsehood just as it may any other falsely asserted collateral matter. The
inference that is permissible from such exposure is that if the accused lied or was
in error as to a collateral matter (especially one implicating his aptitude for getting
in trouble with the law), he is likely to have lied or been in error in the balance of
his testimony—those aspects of his testimony that are relevant to material issues
in the case. This is a proper impeachment function.

713 S.W.2d 102, 105–06 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc).

Here, Tammie’s medical records—over 1,200 pages of which were admitted into

evidence—included notations that she “reported drinking no alcohol” and “uses marijuana

periodically” but “denies abusing any other drugs or alcohol.” In a proffer during an in camera

10 Ochoa concerned the statutory predecessor to Rule 609, former article 38.29 of the
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which was repealed in 1986, when the rules of evidence first
went into effect in criminal cases. Leyba v. State, 416 S.W.3d 563, 566 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d).
42
hearing, she testified that she had been arrested in 2017 for misdemeanor assault; that “[n]othing

happened” with the case; and that she had been arrested a second time for DWI, for which she

had a pending case. The State objected to the admission of evidence of her criminal history

under Rules of Evidence 403, 404(b), and 609. Arguing against the objections, defense counsel

asserted that the pending DWI case impeached Tammie’s credibility because she had stated that

she does not drink alcohol; that the assault arrest was relevant “to show that she’s not this

innocent angel that the State is painting a picture for;” and that “[i]f she’s gonna sit here and

make accusations against [his] client, then [he] ha[d] every right to cross-examine her as to

her credibility.”

First, as is evident from Hammett and other decisions from the Court of Criminal

Appeals, the Ochoa exception requires that the impeachable statement be made during a witness’

testimony. See Ochoa, 481 S.W.2d at 850 (explaining that when witness makes exemplary

statements, State may “refute such testimony” through prior conviction (emphasis added)); see

also Delk, 855 S.W.2d at 705 (examining “intonation” and “tenor” of inquiries on direct

examination to determine whether question opened door to impeachment of witness); Theus

v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 878 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (observing that exception applies when

witness creates false impression of criminal history “during direct examination”); Prescott

v. State, 744 S.W.2d 128, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (finding that defendant’s testimony that

“this is [his] first time going through this” when responding to question about his attorney’s

decision to secure two statements on one day did not suggest he had never been subject of

criminal proceeding); Hammett, 713 S.W.2d at 105 (describing rule that “when an accused

testifies gratuitously as to some matter that is irrelevant or collateral to the proceeding, as with

any other witness he may be impeached by a showing that he has lied or is in error as to that

43
matter” (emphasis added)); Nelson v. State, 503 S.W.2d 543, 545 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) (noting

that exception arises when “the witness, by his direct testimony, leaves a false impression of his

‘trouble’ with the police” (emphasis added)). Thus, because the purportedly impeachable

statements in the present case were buried within over a thousand pages of exhibits, the

exception is inapplicable.

Likewise, to the extent that appellant argues that defense counsel should have

been allowed to cross-examine Tammie about her drug or alcohol use and criminal history and

impeach her anticipated testimony, such a tactic has been expressly prohibited by the Court of

Criminal Appeals:

While great latitude is allowed in cross-examination in attempts to discredit the
witness, the witness may not be cross-examined as to any fact that is collateral
and irrelevant to the issue merely for the purpose of laying a predicate for the
introduction of independent evidence to impeach him by a showing that, as to the
matter embraced in the question, the witness has answered falsely.

Hoffman v. State, 514 S.W.2d 248, 252 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974) (citing Corpus v. State,

463 S.W.2d 4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971)).

Moreover, even if the Ochoa exception could be used to impeach statements not

made in testimony, Tammie’s reported remarks to hospital staff did not concern the extent of her

prior arrests, convictions, charges, or trouble with law enforcement. See Theus, 845 S.W.2d at

878. She stated only that she did not drink alcohol or abuse alcohol or a drug other than

marijuana. Accordingly, the exception would not have applied to the statements in any event.

We overrule appellant’s sixth issue.

44
VII. Improper Lay Opinion

In his seventh issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by “allowing

Ms. Duffy to testify about why she cannot remember events of November 20, 2020, as this

call[ed] for an expert medical opinion.”

Rule of Evidence 701 provides that a lay witness’ opinion must be “limited to one

that is rationally based on the witness’ perception and helpful to clearly understanding the

witness’ testimony or to determining a fact in issue.” Tex. R. Evid. 701. “Perceptions refer to a

witness’s interpretation of information acquired through his or her own senses or experiences at

the time of the event,” Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), and an

opinion is rationally based on perceptions if it is one that a reasonable person could draw,

Fairow v. State, 943 S.W.2d 895, 900 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). There is no “distinct line”

between lay and expert opinions. Rhomer v. State, 569 S.W.3d 664, 669 (Tex. Crim. App.

2019). “As a general rule, observations that do not require significant expertise to interpret and

which are not based on scientific theory can be admitted as lay opinions.” Davis v. State,

313 S.W.3d 317, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The admissibility of such testimony is within the

discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Id.

Tammie testified that her memory “cut[] off” approximately 15 to 20 minutes

after she took up to 15 Xanax pills and that during the interval, appellant verbally abused her and

hit her on her head, face, and body with his fists. The following exchange then occurred:

Q. As best you know – and I know you’re not a doctor – but as best you know, do
you know – or what is your opinion on why you can’t remember anything after
that 15 to 20 minutes?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: I’m gonna object, Judge. She’s not qualified to testify
towards that.

45
 THE COURT: Response?

THE STATE: She is qualified to give a lay opinion based on her own experience,
and I think that she’s more qualified than anybody, because this is her situation
she went through, and she is entitled to give her opinion about her experiences.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: It’s not a lay opinion she’s asking for. She’s asking for a
medical opinion.

THE COURT: Objection, overruled.

....

TAMMIE: I think that a lot of it’s my brain blocking out the trauma.

Q. Do you think that the Xanax may play some role in it?

A. It could have.

Tammie was well-positioned to opine on her own memory loss. Her opinion was

based on her perceptions, and she had personal knowledge of the events from which the opinion

was drawn. She had earlier testified that one pill was enough for her to sleep and on

cross-examination testified that Xanax was a “memory loss drug” and that she had taken five

times her normal daily dose. The inference that her memory loss was caused by both ingesting

so many pills and being punched in the head was one a reasonable person could have drawn. See

Fairow, 943 S.W.2d at 900. For these reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

overruling defense counsel’s objection.

Even if the trial court’s ruling were error, however, it was harmless.

“Inadmissible evidence can be rendered harmless if other evidence at trial is admitted without

objection and it proves the same fact that the inadmissible evidence sought to prove.” Anderson

v. State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 628 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); see Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259,

289 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) (“Error in the admission of evidence may be rendered

46
harmless when substantially the same evidence is admitted elsewhere without objection.”). As

noted above, Tammie testified without objection that Xanax was a memory-loss drug and that

“taking a lot of pills can mess with you mentally.” Dr. Barrero testified that Xanax was a

memory-loss drug; that “a victim testif[ying] that she does not have a lot of memory of some of

the assault” would “be consistent with [his] lab results”; and that Tammie’s having taken Xanax

was “consistent with her testifying that she can’t remember all of the assault.” He also testified

that memory loss could be caused by “other factors,” such as “[b]eing knocked unconscious.”

Dr. Waldrep testified that “if the victim hypothetically cannot remember all of what happened to

her, [that would] be consistent with her having taken benzos.”

The SANEs, Hamilton and Bennett, both testified that Tammie’s memory loss

was likely caused by the alleged assault. Hamilton testified that Tammie was suffering from

“trauma brain,” which she explained was a “protective mechanism” by which a person

experiencing trauma “shuts down the memory-making abilities of the brain.” Bennett likewise

testified that Tammie had trauma brain, that it explained her not remembering parts of the

alleged assault, and that “[s]ome [victims] don’t even remember the majority of the assault.”

Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s seventh issue.

VIII. Patient-History Statements

In his eighth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting “a

nurse’s statement of what Ms. Duffy told the nurse about her relationship with Mr. Gonzalez,

after Ms. Duffy had previously testified about her relationship with Mr. Gonzalez.” From

appellant’s briefing, we understand him to argue that Hamilton’s testimony relating Tammie’s

statements about abuse in her relationship with appellant was inadmissible hearsay and that the

47
testimony was unnecessary or cumulative. The latter argument, however, was not made at trial

and was therefore not preserved for appellate review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Clark,

365 S.W.3d at 339.

Defense counsel made the following objection after the State asked Hamilton

about Tammie’s disclosure of prior incidents of violence by appellant:

Objection, Judge. She has no knowledge of that. If the [State] wanted to get into
that, then Tammie was the witness to do that with. So, I don’t think that she can
get up there and talk about something that she should have gotten into with the
complaining witness in this case. So, the expert has no knowledge of that. 11

Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at

trial, that is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tex. R. Evid. 801(d); Sandoval,

409 S.W.3d at 281. Hearsay is inadmissible except as provided by statute or the rules of

evidence. Tex. R. Evid. 802. One such exception is found in Rule of Evidence 803(4), which

allows for the admission of statements that are made for—and are reasonably pertinent to—

medical diagnosis or treatment and that describe medical history; past or present symptoms or

sensations; their inception; or their general cause. Id. R. 803(4). To establish the exception, the

proponent must show that:

(1) the out-of-court declarant was aware that the statements were made for
purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment, and that proper diagnosis or treatment

11 It is arguable whether defense counsel’s objection was to Hamilton’s lack of personal
knowledge or to the question’s calling for hearsay. See McIntyre v. State, No. 14-13-00407-CR,
2014 WL 6602420, at *11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 20, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.,
not designated for publication) (“Rule 602 is often confused with Rules 801 and 802 regarding
hearsay; however Rule 602 provides a separate basis for evidentiary objection.” (citing 1 Edward
J. Imwinkelried, McCormick on Evidence § 10, at 62 (7th ed. 2013) (“This [personal-knowledge]
requirement can easily be confused with the rule barring the in-court repetition of out-of-court
statements considered hearsay.”)). On appeal, appellant does not assert that Hamilton lacked
personal knowledge, and we will not address the matter.
48
 depended upon the veracity of the statements, and (2) the statements are pertinent
to diagnosis or treatment, that is, it was reasonable for the care provider to rely on
the statements in diagnosing or treating the declarant.

Faglie v. State, No. 03-17-00281-CR, 2019 WL 847812, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 22, 2019,

pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d 571,

588–89, 91 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)).

“The essential ‘qualification’ expressed in the rule is that the declarant believe

that the information he conveys will ultimately be utilized in diagnosis or treatment of a

condition from which the declarant is suffering, so that his selfish motive for truthfulness can be

trusted.” Taylor, 268 S.W.3d at 587. Courts have repeatedly held that statements given to a

SANE during a forensic examination can qualify for admission under Rule 803(4). Leon

v. State, No. 03-19-00883-CR, 2021 WL 2149630, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin May 27, 2021,

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing San German-Reyes v. State,

No. 03-15-00432-CR, 2017 WL 2229873, at *11 (Tex. App.—Austin May 17, 2017, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication); Fahrni v. State, 473 S.W.3d 486, 499 (Tex. App.—

Texarkana 2015, pet. ref’d); Franklin v. State, 459 S.W.3d 670, 678 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2015, pet. ref’d)); see Zurita v. State, Nos. 01-17-00274—00275-CR, 2018 WL 3625425, at *8

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 31, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for

publication) (“Texas courts routinely admit testimony from sexual-assault nurse examiners under

Rule 803(4).”).

The record demonstrates that Tammie was aware of the importance of

truthfulness and that her statements were made for purposes of medical diagnosis and treatment.

“Unlike statements made to non-medical professionals, which require affirmative evidence in the

49
record on the issue of veracity, courts can infer from the record that the victim knew it was

important to tell a SANE the truth in order to obtain medical treatment or diagnosis, particularly

in the absence of evidence to the contrary.” San German-Reyes, 2017 WL 2229873, at *10.

There is no evidence in the present case to rebut this inference. Moreover, her forensic interview

was performed while she was still in the hospital after being moved out of the ICU. The Court of

Criminal Appeals has recognized that in such a setting “it seems only natural to presume that

adults . . . will have an implicit awareness that the doctor’s questions are designed to elicit

accurate information and that veracity will serve their best interest.” Taylor, 268 S.W.3d at 589.

It is also evident from the record that Tammie’s patient-history statements were

relevant to her diagnosis and treatment. Hamilton testified that the forensic interview is “the

most important part of a forensic exam, because that it what leads us, when we’re looking at a

victim.” She explained that a detailed history allows the SANE to “try and get the information

on what happened to the victim’s body, what led up to the events that brought the victim into the

hospital, and kind of brought them to us.”

Her understanding of Tammie’s relationship with appellant was particularly

relevant. Hamilton testified at length about the challenges and demands of examining a victim of

abuse or intimate-partner violence and explained that SANEs go through “specific training that

relates to victims staying with abusers.” She also testified that part of a SANE’s responsibility is

to work with abuse victims on an “escape plan” rather than telling them that they have to leave a

relationship. Similarly, Bennett—another SANE who examined Tammie—testified that SANEs

ask about patients’ “social situation[s] to ensure their safety, in that [SANEs] can help facilitate a

safe disposition outside of the hospital if [patients] need one.” Bennett further testified that “[i]n

the beginning of any forensic interview,” SANEs “ask a standard [] four questions regarding

50
history of abuse” “to establish a baseline of what the patient may have gone through.”

Consistent with the purposes of a forensic interview, Hamilton testified that Tammie and

appellant’s relationship exhibited the signs of an abusive relationship and that Tammie’s having

filed an affidavit of non-prosecution did not affect Hamilton’s “medical evaluation” that she was

an abuse victim.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding that the

challenged statements fell within the Rule 803(4) exception to the prohibition against hearsay.

See Gutierrez v. State, No. 03-21-00627-CR, 2023 WL 5622098, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin

Aug. 31, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding that trial court did

not abuse its discretion because “questions about fear, threats, and coercion help assess what

resources might be needed for safety planning and mental-health treatment” and because “threats

and comments about the patient’s fear helped [the SANE] develop a safety plan to provide for

future physical and mental health”); Fahrni, 473 S.W.3d at 499 (concluding “that it is at least

within the zone of reasonable disagreement that the history was taken for the purpose of medical

treatment or diagnosis”).

Regardless, even were the admission of Tammie’s patient-history statements

error, it was harmless because substantially the same evidence was admitted elsewhere without

objection. See Leday, 983 S.W.2d at 717; Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 289. Defense counsel

objected to the State’s asking Hamilton what Tammie told her “about previous incidents of

violence that [appellant] had committed towards her.” After the trial court overruled the

objection, Hamilton testified that Tammie had stated that appellant had hit her in the face,

emotionally abused her, and called her names; that she had not tried to leave him; that he had

deleted the contacts in her phone; and that she was concerned that appellant had a way of

51
tracking her. However, Bennett later testified without objection that Tammie had told her that

she was only allowed to have contact with family; that the contacts in Tammie’s phone were

deleted; that “she was not allowed to leave the house, so she would be assaulted”; that “[p]art of

intimate partner violence is secluding the person and not allowing them to have interaction with

other people”; and that she had mentioned that appellant had tracked her before.

For these reasons, we overrule appellant’s eighth issue.

IX. Neighbor’s Testimony

In his ninth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by allowing the

State to question his neighbor, Teresa Padilla, about items recovered from appellant’s apartment.

Padilla testified without objection that she was not aware that law enforcement

had recovered broken items from inside the apartment. However, when the State asked, “And

are you aware that law enforcement recovered—,” defense counsel objected:

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Judge, that is leading. [The State]’s just offering
evidence. Ms. Padilla said that she didn’t hear anything, and she didn’t hear a
fight. She didn’t hear anything broken. The State is just using this as an
opportunity to offer in evidence.

THE COURT: Your response?

THE STATE: Your Honor, I’m gonna call the – the law enforcement officers to
testify about what they recovered. I think it’s a fair line of question to ask Ms.
Padilla if she heard things related to what was recovered in the house.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Which she responded to my question and she didn’t hear
anything. It’s very clear, Judge.

....

THE STATE: I will proffer to you that the law enforcement officers are going to
testify about the things that were recovered in the house. I think it’s fair to ask
her questions about whether or not she heard anything related to what was
actually physically recovered there.

52
 THE COURT: All right. Objection is overruled. You may continue.

The State then asked whether Padilla was aware that officers had recovered

“segments of the woman’s hair at various locations inside the residence,” and defense counsel

again objected that “[t]here’s no way she would know that.” The trial court overruled the

objection, and Padilla testified that she “did not know any of that.”

On appeal, appellant argues that “[b]ecause [Padilla] had no personal knowledge

of the law enforcement investigation, and did not hear anything else, the trial court erred in

allowing repeated questioning by the state into these matters.”

We need not address whether the trial court erred by admitting the testimony

because we conclude that any error was harmless. We do not see—nor does appellant explain—

how Padilla’s testimony that she was unaware of what officers seized from his apartment

following the alleged assault had a substantial or injurious effect on the jury’s verdict. See King,

953 S.W.2d at 271. Indeed, the testimony appears at worst irrelevant to any material issue, and

appellant asserts only that “[b]ecause Ms. Padilla’s testimony may have contributed to the jury’s

verdict, the case should be reversed and remanded to the trial court for further consideration of

this point of error.” In light of the ample evidence of appellant’s guilt, discussed above, we are

confident that the challenged testimony—if erroneously admitted—did not influence the jury or

had but a slight effect. See Motilla, 78 S.W.3d at 355. We overrule appellant’s ninth issue.

X. Search-and-Seizure

In his tenth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting

evidence of items seized from a dumpster outside of his apartment. Although he asserts that the

court erred by allowing officers to testify about the items in violation of his Fourth Amendment

53
rights, it is clear from his briefing that he in fact challenges the search of the dumpster and the

seizure of its contents. He argues that although officers had a warrant, it did not extend to the

dumpster, and the items could not have been seized pursuant to the Amendment’s “plain view”

exception. See Walter v. United States, 447 U.S. 649, 657 (1980).

Appellant’s claim is not preserved for appellate review. He did not file a motion

to suppress or otherwise object to the evidence’s admission on Fourth Amendment grounds.12

See Proenza v. State, 541 S.W.3d 786, 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (“Almost all error—even

constitutional error—may be forfeited if the appellant fails to object.”); Hooper v. State,

106 S.W.3d 270, 273 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, no pet.) (explaining that counsel must object

even to “incurable” or “constitutional” errors to preserve them on appeal); Perez v. State,

No. 06-21-00131-CR, 2022 WL 3452407, at *4 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Aug. 18, 2022, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (“The preservation requirement applies to challenges

asserted under the Fourth Amendment.” (citing Butler v. State, 300 S.W.3d 474, 480–81 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d))). Thus, we overrule his tenth issue.

XI. Jail Call

In his eleventh issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by admitting a

recording of a July 3, 2021 jail call between him and Tammie because it “occurred over seven

months after the assault and constituted inadmissible character evidence under Rules 403 [and]

404.” Appellant also appears to contend that the recording was irrelevant because “there was no

connection established between the call and a fact more or less likely.”

12 At trial, appellant objected only that the evidence was irrelevant and that its probative
value was substantially outweighed by a danger of unfair prejudice. See Tex. R. Evid. 401–03.

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 We have transcribed the call for purposes of this opinion:

Tammie: But I tell you, Daniela and your brother are going down for this shit just
as much as you are. Because I have memories of them being there. You can say
all you want—

Appellant: Well, you’ve got a fucking crazy memory ‘cause Daniela and my
brother were not there. That’s the [inaudible]. And I know everything that
happened. I know everything that happened. I know everything that happened.
Everything.

Tammie: Yeah, they were there.

Appellant: And you know what? I don’t regret shit. I’ll tell you that right now
over this recorded phone. I don’t regret not a goddamn thing. You know that?
Nothing. Nothing at all.

Tammie: Yeah?

Appellant: Nothing.

Tammie: You don’t regret shoving my hair down my throat?

Appellant: I don’t regret shit. Nothing. Nothing at all. And they can shove this
recording up their fucking ass. I don’t regret shit.

Tammie: You don’t regret kicking me in the gut with your steel-toed boot, busting
that vein?

Appellant: I don’t regret shit, fat bitch. I don’t regret shit.

First, with respect to appellant’s contention that the recording was “inadmissible

character evidence” under Rule 404(b), we note that other than mentioning the rule in the issue’s

title, the claim was not briefed on appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring brief to contain

“a clear and concise argument for the contentions made”); Lucio v. State, 351 S.W.3d 878, 898

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (holding that appellant’s point of error was “inadequately briefed and

presents nothing for review as this Court is under no obligation to make appellant’s arguments

for her”). Moreover, such an argument is meritless. Rule 404(b) pertains to extraneous offenses;

55
“[c]rimes or bad acts that are charged in the indictment are not extraneous and are not subject to

exclusion under Rule 404.” Hall v. State, No. 01-15-00870-CR, 2016 WL 3748733, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 12, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(citing Tex. R. Evid. 404(b); Segundo v. State, 270 S.W.3d 79, 87 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)).

Because the acts referenced in the jail call are precisely those that occurred as part of the indicted

assault, they are not covered by Rule 404(b). See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(2); Fischer v. State,

237 S.W.3d 897, 898 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.) (“By its terms, Rule 404(b) does

not apply to evidence that arises in the ‘same transaction’ as the charged offense.”).

Second, the record directly refutes appellant’s assertions that “the state did not

make a direct or logical connection between the call and the offense” and that “there was no

connection established between the call and a fact more or less likely.” See Tex. R. Evid. 401

(“Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would

be without the evidence, and the fact is of consequence in determining the action.”). As the State

explained during the in camera hearing on the recording’s admissibility, appellant is “admitting

virtually to this offense that he’s alleged to have done.” Although defense counsel attempted to

draw a specious distinction between an “admission” and appellant’s repeated professions that he

regretted nothing in response to Tammie’s detailing the constituent acts of the charged assault,

appellant’s statements are tantamount to a confession. His consciousness of guilt is likewise

evident in his statements, “I’ll tell you that right now over this recorded phone,” and, “[T]hey

can shove this recording up their fucking ass.” To the extent that appellant argues that he and

Tammie were discussing a different assault, there is no evidence in the record of any other

incident of abuse in which he shoved hair down her throat, kicked her with a steel-toed boot, and

severed the blood supply to her bowel.

56
 Third, the evidence’s probative value was not substantially outweighed by a

danger of unfair prejudice. See id. R. 403. The inherent probative value of the recording was

exceptionally high, as appellant could reasonably be inferred to be acknowledging his culpability

for the charged offense. Similarly, the State’s need for the evidence was great; appellant did not

testify at trial and did not otherwise confess to the offense or admit criminal wrongdoing. There

was little risk that the evidence would suggest a decision on an improper basis or confuse or

distract the jury, as appellant’s statements pertained exclusively to the indicted offense and

directly rebutted the defense’s principal theories. Nor was there a risk that the evidence would

tend to be given undue weight because it was not scientific or technical and involved matters that

could be easily comprehended by laypeople. See Gaytan v. State, 331 S.W.3d 218, 228 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2011, pet. ref’d). Lastly, the evidence was not overly time-consuming or

repetitive. The recording itself was only four minutes long, and testimony concerning the call

constituted approximately eight pages of an approximately 1,000-page transcript. See

Robisheaux v. State, 483 S.W.3d 205, 221 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, pet. ref’d) (concluding that

evidence did not consume “inordinate amount of time” where testimony was eight pages of

record that was “hundreds of pages long”).

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the recording.

We overrule appellant’s eleventh issue.

XII. Law-of-Parties Instruction

In his twelfth issue, appellant contends that the trial court erred by instructing the

jury on the law of parties “when there was no evidence at trial to substantiate that Mr. Gonzalez

could be liable for the actions of another.”

57
 We review alleged jury-charge error in two steps: first, we determine whether

error exists; if it does, we then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require

reversal. Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 333 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017), superseded by statute

on other grounds as recognized by Lopez v. State, 600 S.W.3d 43, 46 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020);

Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The degree of harm required for

reversal depends on whether the jury-charge error was preserved in the trial court. Mendez

v. State, 545 S.W.3d 548, 552 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); see Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157,

171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g) (setting forth procedure for appellate review of claim

of jury-charge error). Where, as here, the jury-charge error has been properly preserved by an

objection or request for instruction, see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 36.14, .15, reversal is

required if the appellant has suffered “some harm” from the error, which means the error “was

calculated to injure the rights of the defendant.” Jordan v. State, 593 S.W.3d 340, 346 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2020); see Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. In demonstrating that “some harm”

occurred, a defendant must also show that he suffered some actual, rather than merely

theoretical, harm from the error. See Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App.

2013). In assessing harm, we consider (1) the entire jury charge; (2) the state of the evidence,

including contested issues and the weight of probative evidence; (3) the argument of counsel;

and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the record as a whole. Taylor v. State,

332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.

The test for whether to submit a law-of-parties instruction to the jury was set forth

in McCuin v. State, 505 S.W.2d 827 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). See Goff v. State, 931 S.W.2d 537,

544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see also Brown v. State, 716 S.W.2d 939, 944 (Tex. Crim. App.

1986) (“The McCuin test is still a viable means for determining when a cause should be

58
submitted to the jury on the law of parties.”); Nunez v. State, 215 S.W.3d 537, 543 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2007, pet. ref’d) (applying McCuin test). In McCuin, the Court of Criminal Appeals

explained:

Where the evidence introduced upon the trial of the cause shows the active
participation in the offense by two or more persons, the trial court should first
remove from consideration the acts and conduct of the non-defendant actor.
Then, if the evidence of the conduct of the defendant then on trial would be
sufficient in and of itself, to sustain the conviction, no submission of the law of
[parties] is required.

On the other hand, if the evidence introduced upon the trial of the cause shows, or
raises an issue, that the conduct of the defendant then upon trial is not sufficient,
in and of itself, to sustain a conviction, the State’s case rests upon the law of
principals and is dependent, at least in part, upon the conduct of another. In such
a case, the law of principals must be submitted and made applicable to the facts of
the case.

505 S.W.2d at 830.

Alternatively, the Court has concluded that a law-of-parties instruction should be

submitted “whenever there is sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict that the defendant is

criminally responsible under the law of parties,” Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 564 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1999), or if the instruction has been requested by the State, and there is “some evidence in

the record” for that theory of liability, In re State ex rel. Weeks, 391 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2013).

Assuming without deciding that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the

law of parties, we conclude that appellant did not suffer “some harm” from the error. See

Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 346. As discussed above, there was abundant evidence that appellant was

the principal actor in committing the charged assault. See Ladd, 3 S.W.3d at 565 (“[B]ecause

there was no evidence tending to show appellant’s guilt as a party, the jury almost certainly did

59
not rely upon the parties instruction in arriving at its verdict, but rather based the verdict on the

evidence tending to show appellant’s guilt as a principal actor.”); Cathey v. State, 992 S.W.2d 460,

466 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (where “the evidence clearly supports a defendant’s guilt as

the primary actor, error in charging on the law of parties was harmless”); Black v. State,

723 S.W.2d 674, 675 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (same). Moreover, appellant fails to show actual

harm, arguing only, “This is not harmless error, as the inclusion of this extraneous charge

certainly likely [caused] jury confusion.” See Reeves, 420 S.W.3d at 816. Thus, we overrule his

twelfth issue.

XIII. Improper Comment on Failure to Testify

In appellant’s thirteenth issue, he contends that the trial court erred by allowing

the State in its closing argument to comment on his decision not to testify at the punishment

phase of trial.

A criminal defendant has a constitutional right not to testify. 13 U.S. Const.

amend. V; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.08 (providing that defendant’s failure to testify

“shall not be taken as a circumstance against him, nor shall the same be alluded to or commented

on by counsel in the cause”). Commenting on a defendant’s failure to testify violates both state

and federal law. See Randolph v. State, 353 S.W.3d 887, 891 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “The test

for determining whether prosecutorial argument is a comment on a defendant’s failure to testify

‘is whether the language used was manifestly intended or was of such a character that the

13 We will not review appellant’s state constitutional claims because he fails to
distinguish them from his federal claims. See Gonzalez v. State, 616 S.W.3d 585, 594 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2020); Lagrone v. State, 942 S.W.2d 602, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (declining to
address state constitutional claims where defendant did not distinguish them from federal claims
or argue that Texas Constitution provides greater protections than United States Constitution).
60
jury would necessarily and naturally take it as a comment on the defendant’s failure to

testify.’” Busby v. State, 253 S.W.3d 661, 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (quoting Cruz v. State,

225 S.W.3d 546, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)); see Kuhn v. State, 393 S.W.3d 519, 542 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2013, pet. ref’d). “It is not sufficient that the language used might impliedly or

indirectly be so construed.” Busby, 253 S.W.3d at 666. Rather, “the implication that the State

referred to the defendant’s failure to testify must be a clear and necessary one.” Randolph,

353 S.W.3d at 891 (citing Bustamante v. State, 48 S.W.3d 761, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).

“In applying this standard, the context in which the comment was made must be analyzed to

determine whether the language used was of such character.” Id. We “must view the State’s

argument from the jury’s standpoint and resolve any ambiguities in the language in favor of it

being a permissible argument.” Id.

“Where a defendant does not testify, a statement that he does not deserve leniency

because he has not shown remorse may constitute an impermissible comment on the failure to

testify.” Gonzalez v. State, 616 S.W.3d 585, 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Randolph,

353 S.W.3d at 892 (“[A] comment on the defendant’s failure to show remorse is generally not

proper if the defendant testifies at the guilt phase and presents some defense, but does not testify

at the punishment phase.”)). “Remorse” means “a deep, torturing sense of guilt felt for one’s

actions; the keen pain or anguish excited by a sense of guilt; compunction of conscience for an

evil act committed; self-reproach.” Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 892. It is the feeling of sorrow or

self-reproach, accompanied by guilt. Id.

During the punishment hearing, appellant’s niece and sister testified as character

witnesses for the defense. A.P. testified that appellant struggled with mental health issues when

he was with Tammie, that he was never violent toward her, that he is a “different man today,”

61
and that his mental state has improved from when he dated her. Diana testified that she had only

seen appellant be violent or vulgar when he was with Tammie; that he was in “a different place

mentally,” which had “to do with a lot of Tammie’s influence on his life”; and that he had

benefitted from medication.

Defense counsel emphasized their testimony during his closing argument,

asserting that appellant was “a different man,” “a changed man,” and “a complete 180 now

compared to when he was with Tammie.” Counsel also asserted that appellant had done or said

things that he regretted but that the “Michael that [the jury] knew . . . during the relationship with

Tammie” was not “the real Michael.”

In its closing argument, the prosecution made the following statement:

Let’s not judge [appellant] based on one day. Let’s judge him based on every
single thing he’s done in the sum total of his life, and that’s where we reach the
point of saying, ask yourself, did you hear anything – anything – and we’ve been
here a long time, and I know we’re tired. Did you hear anything in all that time
about one good thing Michael Gonzalez has done in the course of his life?

Did you hear about him being remorseful for what he’s done? You actually heard
the opposite in the jail phone call, “I don’t regret shit.” Did you hear about his
desire to change? You heard a lot from the Defense attorney saying, “Let’s help
him change, let’s help him change.” “Let’s get him rehab, let’s get him some
therapy, let’s get him counseling.” But where do you ever hear –

Defense counsel objected that the State was commenting on appellant’s decision

not to testify, and the trial court overruled the objection.

The State then clarified:

You heard from the two people in the world closest to the Defendant, sounds like,
his sister and his niece, who have talked to him since he’s been in jail every day.
Did either one of them say he wants rehab? He wants treatment? No, you heard
the exact opposite, which was it’s all Tammie’s fault. He hasn’t really done
anything wrong other than associate with Tammie.

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 The prosecution’s comments must be viewed in the light of A.P.’s and Diana’s

testimony as well as defense counsel’s closing argument. See id. at 891. The implication that

the State was referring to appellant’s failure to testify is neither clear nor necessary. Rather, the

jury could have reasonably construed the statements as referring to appellant’s failure “to present

evidence other than from [his] own testimony,” which “does not amount to [a] comment on [the]

failure to testify.” Swallow v. State, 829 S.W.2d 223, 225 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see Patrick

v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (explaining that, if prosecutor’s language

can reasonably be construed to refer to defendant’s failure to produce evidence other than his

own testimony, comment is not improper). Indeed, in context it appears that the State was

merely contrasting A.P. and Diana’s testimony that appellant was a changed man—and defense

counsel’s statements that appellant regretted his actions and would benefit from treatment more

than a lengthy sentence—with appellant’s jail-call statements, A.P. and Diana’s insinuations that

Tammie had contributed to appellant’s behavior, and the lack of witness testimony that appellant

had expressed remorse.

As we explained in Cooper v. State:

The State’s reference to a defendant’s failure to express remorse himself during
the trial is a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. On the other hand, the
State’s reference to the defendant’s failure to introduce evidence of remorse
through other witnesses may be erroneous for other reasons but does not
constitute a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify.

959 S.W.2d 682, 686 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, pet. ref’d) (internal citation omitted); see Duff

v. State, Nos. 02-11-00241—00242-CR, -00249-CR, 2013 WL 1457833, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth Apr. 11, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[W]hile a

prosecutor’s comment about a defendant’s failure to testify violates the federal and state

63
constitutions, a closing argument that refers to the failure of a defendant’s witnesses to testify

about the defendant’s remorse does not impermissibly comment on the defendant’s failure to

testify.”). The challenged statements in this case appear to amount to the latter.

Moreover, “comments about the failure to testify are permissible if they are a ‘fair

response’ to the defendant’s claims or assertions” or “if evidence in the record supports the

prosecutor’s remarks.” Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 892; see also Howard v. State, 153 S.W.3d 382,

385–86 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (“[I]f there is evidence in the record supporting the comment,

then no error is shown.”). Here, the prosecution’s remarks were a fair response to defense

counsel’s claim that appellant regretted his actions and were directly supported by appellant’s

own repeated assertions on the jail call that he regretted nothing.

Finally, even if the comments were error, any harm was minimal because the

State immediately clarified that it had been referring to A.P.’s and Diana’s testimony. See

Gonzalez, 616 S.W.3d at 594 (determining any harm from comment was minimal where

prosecutor “immediately clarified that she meant the reasonable inferences the jury could draw

from [defendant]’s statements to the police, the expert witnesses who interviewed him, family

members, and friends”); Cooper, 959 S.W.2d at 686 (concluding trial court and prosecutor cured

any harm because court instructed jury to disregard comments, and “the prosecutor’s continued

argument revealed that he was not speaking to Cooper’s absent testimony, but to the substance of

the testimony presented through other witnesses during the guilt phase of trial”).

For these reasons, we overrule appellant’s thirteenth issue.

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 CONCLUSION

Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment

of conviction.

__________________________________________
Rosa Lopez Theofanis, Justice

Before Chief Justice Byrne, Justices Triana and Theofanis

Affirmed

Filed: October 27, 2023

Do Not Publish

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