Lazar v. Mor

Lazar v Mor
2024 NY Slip Op 30128(U)
January 10, 2024
Supreme Court, New York County
Docket Number: Index No. 654538/2019
Judge: Andrea Masley
Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip
Op 30001(U), are republished from various New York
State and local government sources, including the New
York State Unified Court System's eCourts Service.
This opinion is uncorrected and not selected for official
publication.
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SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
COUNTY OF NEW YORK: COMMERCIAL DIVISION PART 48
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GABRIEL LAZAR, INDIVIDUALLY AND DERIVATIVELY INDEX NO. 654538/2019
ON BEHALF OF ATTENA LLC, HEMERA LLC AND
NESSA LLC, JOEL SHEINBAUM, INDIVIDUALLY AND
DERIVATIVELY ON BEHALF OF ATTENA LLC, and MOTION DATE
HEMERA LLC AND NESSA LLC,
MOTION SEQ. NO. 003
Plaintiffs,

- V -
DECISION+ ORDER ON
MOTION
ARIK MOR and URIEL ZICHRON,

Defendants.

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HON. ANDREA MASLEY:

The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 003) 115, 116, 117, 118,
119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137
were read 1 on this motion to/for AMEND CAPTION/PLEADINGS

In motion sequence number 003, plaintiffs Gabriel Lazar and Joel Sheinbaum,

derivatively on behalf of Attena LLC (Attena), Hemera LLC (Hemera) and Nessa LLC, 2

1 The court has reviewed and where appropriate considered additional documents
mentioned in the parties' papers but omitted in this autogenerated caption.

2 Plaintiffs brought this action individually and derivatively on behalf of Attena, Hemera

and Nessa. (See NYSCEF Doc. No. [NYSCEF] 1, Summons and Complaint; NYSCEF
48, Amended Complaint [AC].) The court dismissed plaintiffs' individual claims after
plaintiffs conceded "that their claims for relief are all derivative by not submitting
opposition." (NYSCEF 110, Decision and Order at 14 [mot. seq. no. 002].) While this
decision was appealed, it was a limited appeal and plaintiffs did not challenge this
ruling. Thus, the individual claims remain dismissed. To the extent that the proposed
Second Amended Complaint alleges that the claims are brought both individually and
derivatively, the individual claims have been dismissed. Plaintiffs shall cease
repleading them. This also holds for plaintiffs' 18th through 23 rd causes of action which
were dismissed by this court and dismissal unanimously affirmed by the Appellate
Division, First Department. (Id., affd Lazar v Mor, 213 AD3d 491 [1st Dept 2023].)
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move, pursuant to CPLR 3025 (b), for leave to file a second amended complaint 3

adding two breach of contract claims against defendants Arik Mor and Uriel Zichron. 4

Background

This action arises from a dispute among real estate investors. Plaintiffs are

residents of Israel and co-managing members of Attena and Hemera, which were

formed in 2011 and 2012, respectively, for the purpose of acquiring multifamily

properties in Manhattan. (NYSCEF 48, AC ,m 4-5, 12.) Defendants are also residents
of Israel and co-managing members of the three LLCs. (Id. ,m 6-7.) 5

Plaintiffs seek to add two causes of action (24th and 25th), alleging that

defendants breached Attena and Hemera's operating agreements. Plaintiffs allege that,

although article V (,I7) of Attena's operating agreement and article V (,I10) of Hem era's

operating agreement provide that distributions to any member shall be made in

accordance with the monetary value of the member's capital account in proportion to

the total value of all members' capital accounts, defendants' distributions exceeded the

amounts to which they were entitled based on their capital contributions. ( See NYSCEF

3The initial complaint was filed on August 9, 2019. (NYSCEF 1, Summons and
Complaint.) The operative amended complaint was filed on January 30, 2020.
(NYSCEF 48, AC.)

4 Plaintiffs' counsel is reminded that "an affirmation may be filed, under penalties of
perjury, not in place of a brief but in place of an affidavit, by an attorney admitted to
practice in New York. Affirmations, like affidavits, are reserved for a statement of the
relevant facts; a statement of the relevant law and arguments belongs in a brief (i.e., a
memorandum of law)." (Tripp & Co., Inc. v Bank of NY (Del), Inc., 28 Misc 3d 1211 [A],
911 NYS2d 696, 2010 NY Slip Op 51274[U], *6 [Sup Ct, NY County 2010] [citation
omitted], citing 22 NYCRR 202.8 [c] ["Affidavits shall be for a statement of the relevant
facts, and briefs shall be for a statement of the relevant law"].) A failure to file a
memorandum of law in the future may result in denial of the motion.

5The background of this action is set forth more fully in this court's previous decision.
(NYSCEF 110, Decision and Order at 1-5 [mot. seq. no. 002].)
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117, Second Amended Complaint [SAC] ,m 224-235, 238-248.) Specifically, plaintiffs
allege that Mor and Zichron's capital contributions to Attena were 9.2% and 10.5%,

respectively, but they took distributions as though they each contributed 21.5% of

Attena's capital. (Id. ,i 228.) Also, despite each having a capital account balance of

negative $241,500 at Hemera, defendants allegedly took distributions as though they

each contributed 15% of its capital. (Id. ,i 242.)

Legal Standard

"[L]eave to amend a pleading should be freely granted in the absence of

prejudice to the nonmoving party where the amendment is not patently lacking in merit .

. . , and the decision whether to grant leave to amend a complaint is committed to the

sound discretion of the court." (Davis v S. Nassau Communities Hosp., 26 NY3d 563,

580 [2015] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see also CPLR 3025 [b].)

"[L]eave to amend a complaint should be denied if the proposed complaint could not

survive a motion to dismiss. A proposed amended complaint that would be subject to

dismissal as a matter of law is, by definition, 'palpably insufficient or clearly devoid of

merit' and thus should not be permitted under CPLR 3025." (Olam Corp. v Thayer,

2021 WL 408232, 2021 NY Misc LEXIS 476, 2021 NY Slip Op 30345[U], *3-4 [Sup Ct,

NY County 2021].)

Discussion

Statute of Limitations

Defendants argue that the proposed breach of contract claims are time-barred

because the alleged distributions occurred more than six years ago and do not relate

back to the initial complaint or amended complaint. Plaintiffs contend that the proposed

claims relate back to the amended complaint.
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"A motion to amend a complaint ... to add a cause of action or theory of

recovery that is time barred under the applicable statute of limitations is patently devoid

of merit." (Schwartz v Walter, 171 AD3d 969, 970 [2d Dept 2019] [internal quotation

marks and citation omitted].) "[A]n action upon a contractual obligation or liability,

express or implied" must be commenced within six years. (CPLR 213 [2].) The breach

of contract claim accrues at the time of the breach and not on the date of discovery.

(Yarbro v Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 140 AD3d 668, 668 [1st Dept 2016] [citation

omitted]).

A claim in an amended pleading relates back to "the original pleading [if the

original pleading gives] notice of the transactions, occurrences ... to be proved

pursuant to the amended pleading." (CPLR 203 [fj.) "[T]he [relation back] doctrine

enables a plaintiff to correct a pleading error - by adding either a new claim or a new

party- after the statutory limitations period has expired." (Buran v Coupal, 87 NY2d

173, 177 [1995] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted].) Where an amendment

"contains an untimely claim against a defendant who is already a party to the litigation,

the relevant considerations are simply (1) whether the original complaint gave the

defendant notice of the transactions or occurrences at issue and (2) whether there

would be undue prejudice to the defendant if the amendment and relation back are

permitted." (O'Halloran v Metro. Transp. Auth., 154 AD3d 83, 87 [1st Dept 2017]

[citations omitted].)

Here, to the extent that the breach of contract claims allege distributions to

defendants made after July 13, 2016, that is, within six years of July 13, 2022, when the

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present motion to amend was filed, these claims are timely. 6 (See CPLR 213 [2]; Perez

v Paramount Communications, 92 NY2d 749, 754-56 [1999] [filing of motion to amend

complaint tolls statute of limitations for proposed claims].)

To the extent that plaintiffs allege distributions made prior to July 13, 2016, the

breach of contract claims relate back to the amended complaint because the amended

complaint placed defendants on notice of these transactions, namely, that defendants

took distributions that exceeded the amounts to which they were entitled based on their

capital contributions to Attena and Hem era. ( See NYSCEF 48, AC ,i 3 ["Defendants

either made no capital contributions or only a fraction of what was required from them ..

. [yet] allocated to themselves equity and profit distributions as if they had in fact made

their required capital contributions"]; id. ,i,i 33, 51, 60, 66, 67.) Specifically, in the fraud

and breach of fiduciary duty claims alleged in the amended complaint, 7 plaintiffs alleged

that defendants caused plaintiffs to contribute nearly all the capital that Attena and

Hemera needed to acquire certain properties by overstating the purchase prices (id. ,i,i

176-178, 185-187, 200-202, 211-212), defendants made no or negligible capital

contributions to Attena and Hemera (id. ,i,i 180,190,204, 214), and, accordingly, all or

almost all of defendants' equity in Attena and Hemera and resulting profit distributions

should have been allocated to plaintiffs. (Id. ,i,i 181, 191, 205, 215.) The new breach of

contract claims are similarly predicated on defendants' alleged insufficient capital

contributions and excessive distributions. (NYSCEF 117, SAC ,i,i 228, 242.) Further,

6 Defendants concede that the following alleged distributions fall with the statute of
limitations: November 23, 2016, July 28, 2017, and September 13, 2017 distributions
from Attena; and November 23, 2016 and June 6, 2019 distributions from Hemera.
(NYSCEF 121, Opp memo at 13 n 1, 2 [NYSCEF pagination].)

7The court refers to causes of action numbered 18, 19, 21, and 22, which were
ultimately dismissed. (NYSCEF 110, Decision and Order at 21 [mot. seq. no. 002].)
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defendants will suffer no undue prejudice if the amendment and relation back are

permitted. (Infra at 9-10.) Accordingly, the breach of contract claims relate back to the

amended complaint filed on January 15, 2020. (See CPLR 203 [fj; see e.g. O'Halloran,

154 AD3d at 87-88 ["Defendants need not have been put on notice of every factual

allegation on which the subsequent claims depend, because the original complaint put

them on notice of the occurrences that underlie those claims"] [citation omitted].) As all

of the alleged distributions to defendants occurred within six years of January 15, 2020,

the breach of contract claims are timely.

Defendants' argument that the amended complaint did not allege breach of the

entities' operating agreements is unavailing because the relevant inquiry "is not whether

defendant had notice of the claim, but whether ... the original pleading gives notice of

the transactions (or) occurrences ... to be proved pursuant to the amended pleading."

( Giambrone v Kings Harbor Multicare Ctr., 104 AD3d 546, 548 [1st Dept 2013] [internal

quotation marks and citations omitted].) 8

Merits of Breach of Contract Claims

Defendants next argue that the proposed claims are palpably insufficient

because the alleged distributions were not wrongful. Defendants argue that the entities'

operating agreements, entitled them to pro rata distributions in proportion to their

8 Indeed, as one commentator opines, "[t]he Second and Fourth Departments seem to
insist that the original pleading place the adversaries on notice of the specific claim
sought to be added by the amendment. The other two Departments appear to believe
that this is a too narrow interpretation of CPLR 203(f), which, after all, only requires
notice of the 'transactions and occurrences' to be proved pursuant to the amended
pleading." (Commercial Litigation in New York State Courts, 4th ed., 2023, § 8: 158
[footnote omitted], citing Giambrone, 104 AD3d 546 [1st Dept 2013]; Anderson v
Camey, 161 AD2d 1002 [3d Dept 1990].)
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Membership Capital Accounts' value, which was based on their capital contributions

and corresponding membership interests. Defendants maintain that their membership

interests were based on "services rendered" in locating investment opportunities and

investors and obtaining financing. Defendants contend that for their monetary and

service contributions, they each received 21.5% and 15% stakes in Attena and Hemera,

respectively, which correspond to the alleged distributions.

The entities' operating agreements provide that defendants are entitled to pro

rata distributions based on the monetary value of their Member Capital Accounts. ( See

NYSCEF 86, Hem era OA, Article V [1 O] ["The profits and losses of this Company and all

other distributions shall be allocated among the members on the basis of the ratio of the

monetary value of the Member Capital Account of each member to the total value of all

Member Capital Accounts in this Company"]; NYSCEF 87, Attena OA, Article V [7]

[same].) A Member Capital Account is an account that

"shall be maintained for each member. Each Member Capital Account shall be
increased by the value of each Capital Contribution made by such member,
allocations to such member of the net profits and any other allocations to such
member of income pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code. Each Member
Capital Account will be decreased by the value of each distribution made to the
member of this Company, allocations such member of net losses and other
allocations to such member pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code."

(NYSCEF 86, Hemera OA, Article V [2]; NYSCEF 87, Attena OA, Article V [2].)

Even though per the entities' operating agreements, each defendant acquired

21.5% Membership Interest in Attena (NYSCEF 87, Attena OA at Schedule A) and

15.738% in Hemera (NYSCEF 86, Hemera OA at Schedule A), the agreements

unambiguously state that distributions are allocated based on Member Capital

Accounts' monetary values, and not on the basis of Membership Interests. (NYSCEF

86, Hemera OA, Article V [10]; NYSCEF 87, Attena OA, Article V [7].) Accordingly, the
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entities' operating agreements do not demonstrate that the breach of contract claims

are palpably insufficient. (See CPLR 3211 [a] [1]; At1 & Fashion Group Corp. v Cyclops

Prod., Inc., 120 AD3d 436,438 [1st Dept 2014] ["A cause of action may be dismissed

under CPLR 3211 (a) (1) only where the documentary evidence utterly refutes [the]

plaintiff's factual allegations, conclusively establishing a defense as a matter of law"

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)].)

Defendants' reliance on Santelli v Spitzer, 2021 WL 2209390, 2021 NY Misc

LEXIS 3102, 2021 NY Slip Op 31855(U) (Sup Ct, NY County 2021) is misplaced.

Santelli held that alleged distributions to an LLC member were not wrongful because the

agreement in question "provided that 'the parties will distribute income to each of the

owners of the LLCs on a 50%/50% basis in accordance with their ownership interests in

the LLC."' (Id. *5 [citation omitted].) Here, however, there is no such language in the

agreements. (See CPLR 3211 [a] [1]; At1 & Fashion Group Corp., 120 AD3d at 438.) 9

Further, contrary to defendants' argument, Santelli does not stand for a proposition that

because an LLC member is permitted to make capital contributions in the form of

services, other members cannot challenge distributions to such an LLC member.

Preiudice

Plaintiffs argue that defendants cannot show prejudice because fact discovery is

ongoing 10 and relevant capital contributions records are within defendants' possession,

custody, or control. Defendants contend that that they would be prejudiced by the

9 The court need not reach the issue of whether defendants were permitted to make or
in fact made capital contributions to Attena and Hemera in form of services, given that
defendants proffer no documentary evidence of any such capital contributions.
10 To date, a note of issue has not been filed.
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amendment because they already expended significant time and expense in opposing

plaintiffs' claims and would need to prepare defense for an entirely different case.

"[P]rejudice occurs when the party opposing amendment has been hindered in

the preparation of [its] case or prevented from taking some measure in support of [its]

position." (Jacobson v McNeil Consumer & Specialty Pharms., 68 AD3d 652, 654-55

[1st Dept 2009] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted].) "[M]ere lateness ... is

not a barrier to amendment. Lateness must be coupled with significant prejudice to [a

non-moving party]." (Seda v New York City Housing Authority, 181 AD2d 469,470 [1st

Dept 1992] [citation omitted], Iv denied 80 NY2d 759 [1992].)

"The kind of prejudice required to defeat an amendment ... must ... be a
showing of prejudice traceable not simply to the new matter sought to be added,
but also to the fact that it is only now being added. There must be some special
right lost in the interim, some change of position or some significant trouble or
expense that could have been avoided had the original pleading contained what
the amended one wants to add."

(Jacobson v Croman, 107 AD3d 644, 645 [1st Dept 2013] [internal quotation marks and

citations omitted].)

Defendants fail to demonstrate prejudice: how the amendment will hinder their

case or pursuit of their position. For instance, there is no indication that defendants no

longer have access to any relevant documents or witnesses. Instead, during oral

argument, defendants' counsel represented that if the new claims were to proceed, he

would need to reopen Lazar's deposition, depose an accountant, and reserve right for

expert disclosure. (NYSCEF 137, tr at 32:20-33:2.) The need for additional discovery,

however, "does not constitute prejudice sufficient to justify denial of an amendment."

(Jacobson, 68 AD3d at 654 [citation omitted].) Finally, the court is unpersuaded by

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defendants' argument that they are surprised by the amendment, given that the

amended complaint alluded to defendants' excessive distributions.

Finally, defendants argue that plaintiffs provide no excuse for their delay in filing

the new claims or indicate that they were unaware of the facts supporting these claims.

The amended complaint filed on January 30, 2019, indicates that plaintiffs at

least suspected that defendants' capital contributions were excessive. In support of the

present motion, plaintiffs' counsel affirms that plaintiffs confirmed that defendants'

distributions were inflated during discovery. (NYSCEF 116, Tripodi aff ,i 4.) In his

affidavit, Lazar explains that his initial attempts to receive capital contribution records

were thawrted by defendants and an accounting firm that Mor retained. (NYSCEF 126,

Lazar aff ,i,i 6-9.) Lazar avers that without the requisite records, which he ultimately

received directly from Investors Bank in New York in 2022, he was unable to confirm the

shortfall in funds contributed by defendants. (Id. ,i 9.) Lazar also avers that delay in

"this process" is attributable to COVI D-19-related travel restrictions and his health

issues. (/d.) 11 Given that plaintiffs' efforts to access capital contribution records

contributed to a delay in asserting the new claims, the delay is excusable. ( See Yong

Soon Oh v Hua Jin, 124 AD3d 639, 640 [2d Dept 2015] ["In exercising its discretion, the

court should consider how long the party seeking the amendment was aware of the

11During oral argument, plaintiffs' counsel represented that "[to receive] bank
statements that predated 2013, [plaintiffs] had to come to New York and meet with bank
officials to go through that process to get the statements ... in order to properly assert
this claim, to go through the various bank statements and make sure that capital
contributions had not been made by the defendants. So the pandemic and Mr. Lazar's
health problems ... caused a delay in this matter. They ... couldn't get all the bank
statements to assert this particular claim." (NYSCEF 137, tr at 9:24-10: 11.)
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facts upon which the motion was predicated [and] whether a reasonable excuse for the

delay was offered" (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)].)

Accordingly, it is

ORDERED that the plaintiffs' motion for leave to amend the complaint is granted,

and the second amended complaint in the proposed form annexed to the moving

papers shall be deemed served upon service of a copy of this order with notice of entry

thereof. However, to avoid confusion, plaintiffs are directed to refile the second

amended complaint, removing "Individually" from the caption as well as the 18 th through

23 rd causes of action which were dismissed; and it is further

ORDERED that the defendants shall serve an answer to the second amended

complaint or otherwise respond thereto within 20 days from the date of this decision;

and it is further

ORDERED that the parties shall submit a proposed discovery schedule to the

court within 30 days from the date of this decision. If the parties cannot agree, they

shall submit competing schedules.

1/10/2024
DATE ANDREA MASLEY, J.S.C.
CHECK ONE: CASE DISPOSED NON-FINAL DISPOSITION

GRANTED □ DENIED GRANTED IN PART □ OTHER
APPLICATION: SETTLE ORDER SUBMIT ORDER

CHECK IF APPROPRIATE: INCLUDES TRANSFER/REASSIGN FIDUCIARY APPOINTMENT □ REFERENCE

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