NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 24a0189n.06
Nos. 23-5421/5465
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Apr 30, 2024
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk
)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) ON APPEAL FROM THE
v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DEVONTE CORTEZ WELCH, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
Defendant-Appellant. )
) OPINION
Before: MOORE, KETHLEDGE, and BLOOMEKATZ, Circuit Judges.
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Devonte Welch appeals the sentences imposed by the
district court for his drug-trafficking conviction and for violating the conditions of his supervised
release. We affirm in part and vacate in part.
I.
A.
In 2018, Welch pled guilty to possession of a firearm as a felon. The district court
sentenced him to 38 months’ imprisonment and three years of supervised release. Welch began
his period of supervision in July 2020.
In February 2021, while still under supervision, Welch tested positive for oxycodone and
marijuana. A few days later, police stopped Welch’s car and found marijuana along with just under
$1,000 in cash and 23 fentanyl pills. Two months later—on four occasions in April 2021—Welch
sold fentanyl to a confidential informant. Police later obtained a search warrant for Welch’s home
and discovered 121 fentanyl pills, about $1,400 in cash, an AK-47 style rifle, two pistols, and
Nos. 23-5421/5465, United States v. Welch
ammunition. A federal probation officer thereafter petitioned the district court to revoke Welch’s
supervised release, alleging seven separate violations of his release conditions. Specifically, the
officer alleged one violation for testing positive for drug use, one for failing to obey a probation
officer’s instructions, two for possessing controlled substances, one for interacting with a person
engaged in criminal activity, one for drug trafficking, and one for possessing firearms.
In July 2022—based on the fentanyl pills discovered during the search of Welch’s home—
a federal grand jury indicted him on one count of possession with intent to distribute fentanyl in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a). Welch pled guilty.
B.
In April 2023, the same district-court judge who had sentenced Welch for his 2018
conviction held a consolidated sentencing and revocation hearing for Welch’s more recent charges.
The court first addressed the sentence for Welch’s § 841(a) conviction and heard his objections to
the presentence investigation report. Welch objected that the probation officer had miscalculated
the drug quantity for which he was responsible, arguing that the 23 pills found during the February
2021 traffic stop had been for his “personal use,” not distribution. ECF No. 37, PageID 423. Welch
explained that, eight months before the traffic stop (in July 2020), an unknown person had shot
him several times, severely wounding him—both of his femurs were “shattered,” and he was shot
in the hip and in the knee. Id., PageID 430. Welch said that he had possessed the 23 fentanyl pills
for self-medication to “try to relieve his pain.” Id., PageID 423-24.
The government, for its part, agreed that Welch had been seriously injured and that he
would have needed painkillers because of those wounds. But the government pointed to several
aspects of the record to argue that the 23 pills were for distribution, not personal use. Specifically,
Welch had used several drugs in the past—including oxycodone and marijuana—but he had never
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tested positive for fentanyl. Those 23 pills had a street value of about $600, and Welch had about
$1,000 in his possession during the traffic stop—all at a time when his only employment was a
part-time job at a furniture warehouse. And Welch had recently sold fentanyl pills to a confidential
informant on four occasions.
After listening to those arguments and asking follow-up questions about the extent of
Welch’s injuries and the treatment he received, the district court acknowledged that he had been
seriously injured. The court then reasoned that, after eight months, Welch’s wounds would no
longer have required “very powerful painkilling medication,” especially since he was a “relatively
young” man. Id., PageID 431-33. The court also referenced Welch’s work history, and found it
improbable that Welch’s warehouse job would have supplied him with the $1,000 police
discovered during the traffic stop. For those reasons, the district court overruled Welch’s drug-
quantity objection.
Welch next objected that seven of the pills included in the probation officer’s drug-quantity
calculation—which Welch had sold to a confidential informant in April 2021—should have been
labeled as containing fentanyl instead of “fluorofentanyl,” a more potent chemical. The
government responded that, under either label, the drug-quantity calculation yielded the same
guideline range. Welch’s counsel agreed, and the court did not rule on that objection.
Welch’s final objection was that the probation officer should not have recommended a two-
level enhancement based on Welch having used his apartment as a drug-distribution premises.
Welch pointed out that he sold most of the fentanyl pills at locations other than his apartment. He
also argued that the 121 pills that police found in his apartment were not involved in the April 2021
controlled buys. Based on those facts, Welch said that his home did not “play a significant role”
in his drug trafficking and that the enhancement should not apply. Id., PageID 439.
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In response, the government referred the court to the undisputed facts in the presentence
investigation report—namely that, on three occasions, police officers had observed Welch leaving
his apartment before making sales to a confidential informant. In addition, police had discovered
the 121 pills in his apartment (in addition to about $1,400) “less than a month” after those
controlled buys. Id., PageID 440. The government added—after the court asked several questions
about ordinary drug-trafficking behavior—that it was typical for drug sales to take place outside
of a defendant’s home, but for the drugs and cash to be stored inside of it.
After listening to those arguments and again asking more follow-up questions, the district
court recited the details surrounding the April 2021 controlled buys. It then found that Welch had
used his apartment “as a storage facility for the drugs” because the record showed that he would
“take drugs from his residence to make deliveries” and then “bring the money back into his
residence.” Id., PageID 445-46. The court also found that the $1,400 police discovered in Welch’s
apartment were the “proceeds” of his drug sales. Id., PageID 446. For those reasons, the court
overruled Welch’s premises objection.
Having ruled on all of Welch’s objections, the district court adopted the presentence
investigation report and explained that Welch’s guideline calculation for his § 841(a) conviction
was 57 to 71 months’ imprisonment, based on a total offense level 19 and a criminal history
category V. (Both Welch and the government agreed that guideline calculation was correct.) The
court noted that Welch’s guideline range was only advisory, but that the court was required to take
it into account, as well as the other sentencing factors “listed in 18 U.S.C. Section 3553, in arriving
at an appropriate sentence.” Id., PageID 447.
The court then allowed Welch to address the § 3553(a) factors. Welch’s counsel
acknowledged that the court had sentenced him for his 2018 conviction and was therefore familiar
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with his background. He argued for a bottom-of-the-guidelines sentence, reiterating that Welch
suffered from the “residual effects from being shot” and was “suffering from pain.” Id., PageID
449. He also made several undeveloped arguments for leniency based on Welch’s “very difficult
childhood,” “inability to work,” and “the nature and circumstances of the offense,” which were
not “aggravated.” Id., PageID 448-49. Welch himself then explained that he had sold drugs
because he was “just trying to survive.” Id., PageID 449.
The government responded that Welch had a history of violent offenses, including a 2014
assault on a pizza deliveryman. It said that Welch had moved on from his “violent ways” only
because he had been severely injured—and that he had turned to selling drugs due to his “new
physical condition.” Id., PageID 450. The government then asked the court to take those facts
into account when arriving at “whatever sentence the Court feels is appropriate.” Id.
At that point in the proceedings, the court began to discuss Welch’s supervised-release
violations. But Welch said that he had not had time to discuss the revocation petition with his
attorney. Welch’s counsel added that he and his client had not discussed the petition “very much,”
and asked for a “continuance.” Id., PageID 452-53. The court granted that request and continued
the revocation hearing for two weeks.
The court then returned to Welch’s § 841(a) sentence, stating:
The Court has considered the nature and circumstances of the offense. The Court
has considered the defendant’s history and characteristics. The Court has
considered the guideline range as well as the other factors listed in 18 U.S.C.
Section 3553.
Id., PageID 455. The court then sentenced Welch to 71 months’ imprisonment and recommended
that he receive substance-abuse treatment and vocational training.
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The court then asked if either party had objections to its sentence. Welch answered that he
objected to the “procedur[al] and the substantive reasonableness” of the sentence. Id., PageID
458. The court acknowledged the objection and then adjourned the hearing.
C.
Two weeks later, the parties returned to court and Welch said that he had reviewed the
revocation petition. Welch also admitted all seven violations of his supervised-release conditions.
His counsel pointed out that Welch’s guideline range for those violations was 18 to 24 months’
imprisonment, and that the court could run that sentence either concurrently or consecutively to
Welch’s § 841(a) sentence. Welch’s counsel argued for a bottom-of-the guidelines 18-month
sentence, with nine months running concurrently to his § 841(a) sentence and nine months
consecutively. Welch himself repeated his previous explanation for his violations: namely, that
he had just been “trying to survive.” ECF No. 66, PageID 731.
The government responded with the same arguments it had made during the § 841(a)
sentencing hearing. It then said that it would “leave it up to the Court as to what the specific
sentence should look like.” Id., PageID 732.
The court then announced its sentence, stating as follows:
The Court having found that the defendant has violated the conditions of his
supervised release, the Court therefore revokes the defendant’s supervision, and the
Court orders the defendant be committed to the custody of the Bureau of Prisons to
be imprisoned for a term of 24 months. And this sentence shall run consecutive to
his [§ 841(a) sentence].
Id. The court then ended the hearing without asking whether either party had objections to the
sentence. This appeal followed.
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II.
A.
Welch argues that both of his sentences are procedurally unreasonable because, he says,
the district court did not adequately explain its reasons for either of them. We begin with Welch’s
71-month sentence for the § 841(a) conviction. The government argues that we should review that
sentence for plain error; Welch concedes the point. See Appellant’s Br. at 15; United States
v. Simmons, 587 F.3d 348, 358 (6th Cir. 2009). To be plain, an error must be obvious or clear and
must affect the defendant’s substantial rights and the fairness of the judicial proceedings. United
States v. Russell, 26 F.4th 371, 376 (6th Cir. 2022).
Typically, a district court adequately explains a sentence when it addresses the relevant
factors from 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v. Solano-Rosales, 781 F.3d 345, 351 (6th Cir.
2015). A district court need not discuss every § 3553(a) factor. United States v. Husein, 478 F.3d
318, 330 (6th Cir. 2007). Rather, the court’s explanation should be enough to demonstrate that it
has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for its decision. Rita v. United
States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007).
Here, the district court said that it had imposed Welch’s 71-month sentence after
considering “the nature and circumstances of the offense,” Welch’s “history and characteristics,”
and “the guideline range as well as the other factors listed in 18 U.S.C. Section 3553.” ECF No.
37, PageID 455. We have no reason to think otherwise. Indeed, during the first hearing, the court
addressed in some detail three arguments involving facts relevant to those factors. Specifically,
the court-initiated colloquies on the drug-quantity and drug-distribution premises objections show
an engagement with Welch’s guidelines-based arguments for a lower sentence. See Rita, 551 U.S.
at 358. And the court’s discussion of the § 3553(a) factors for the § 841(a) sentence is nearly
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identical to one which we deemed sufficient in United States v. Vonner. See 516 F.3d 382, 386
(6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). Vonner controls our decision here.
The record also shows that the court considered Welch’s principal argument for leniency:
namely, that he remained severely injured from being shot in July 2020. The court discussed (and
discounted somewhat) those injuries when determining Welch’s drug quantity, and did not plainly
err in not discussing them further. See id. at 387. And Welch’s other assertions in support of
leniency—namely, that he had a difficult childhood and that his offense conduct involved no
“aggravating factors”—were undeveloped. See United States v. King, 914 F.3d 1021, 1026-27 (6th
Cir. 2019). The record as a whole shows that the district court did not plainly err when it imposed
Welch’s 71-month sentence. See Vonner, 516 F.3d at 388; United States v. Coleman, 835 F.3d 606,
616 (6th Cir. 2016).
B.
Welch also challenges his sentence for his supervised-release violations. The district court
did not ask whether Welch had any objections to that sentence, so we review it for an abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Morris, 71 F.4th 475, 481 (6th Cir. 2023).
As noted above, the court sentenced Welch for his supervised-release violations two weeks
after it imposed his 71-month sentence on his § 841(a) conviction. At that second hearing, Welch
argued that only half of his supervised-release violations sentence should run consecutively to his
§ 841(a) sentence. The court did not acknowledge or otherwise address that argument. Instead,
without explanation, the court abruptly proceeded to sentence Welch to 24 months’ imprisonment,
to run consecutively to his 71-month sentence. Cf. King, 914 F.3d at 1025-26. Nor—contrary to
the government’s assertion—does the record impliedly provide any basis for the court’s sentence.
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Welch’s sentence for his supervised-release violations was procedurally unreasonable. See Morris,
71 F.4th at 483.
* * *
We affirm Welch’s sentence for the § 841(a) charge, vacate his sentence for the violations
of his supervised release, and remand for resentencing on those violations.
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