UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
MEDIKO, P.C.; DR. KAVEH OFOGH,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v. No. 99-1768
LIBERTY HEALTHCARE CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
James R. Spencer, District Judge.
(CA-99-5)
Argued: February 28, 2000
Decided: April 13, 2000
Before LUTTIG and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges, and
G. Ross ANDERSON, Jr., United States District Judge
for the District of South Carolina,
sitting by designation.
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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
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COUNSEL
ARGUED: Earle Duncan Getchell, Jr., MCGUIRE, WOODS, BAT-
TLE & BOOTHE, L.L.P., Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. Brian
Hamrick Jones, KAESTNER, PITNEY & JONES, P.C., Richmond,
Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: John S. Barr, William H. Bax-
ter, II, Laura Clark McCoy, MCGUIRE, WOODS, BATTLE &
BOOTHE, L.L.P., Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. Joseph W.
Kaestner, KAESTNER, PITNEY & JONES, P.C., Richmond, Vir-
ginia, for Appellees.
_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
_________________________________________________________________
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
In this breach of contract action, Liberty Healthcare Corporation
("Liberty") appeals the district court's judgment entered in favor of
Mediko, P.C. ("Mediko") and Kaveh Ofogh, M.D. ("Dr. Ofogh") after
a bench trial. We affirm.
I.
Central State Hospital ("Central State"), a state psychiatric hospital
located in Hopewell, Virginia, has a maximum security, inpatient
forensic unit which provides psychiatric services to state prison
inmates. In the summer of 1997, a Department of Justice investigation
revealed overcrowding issues at the unit, prompting Central State
Hospital to open a thirty-five person, satellite unit at the Riverside
Regional Jail (the "Riverside Unit"), also in Hopewell, Virginia.
In November 1997, the Virginia Department of Mental Health,
Mental Retardation, and Substance Abuse Services entered into a
two-year, multi-million dollar contract with Liberty to provide health
care services for Central State's forensic unit, including the Riverside
Unit satellite. This controversy arises out of a two-year Subcontract
Agreement (the "Agreement") which Liberty entered into with Dr.
Ofogh and Mediko to provide healthcare services to the inmates at the
Riverside Unit. Dr. Ofogh is the sole officer and employee of Mediko.
At the time that Liberty subcontracted with Dr. Ofogh, he was also
employed part-time at the Lunenburg Correctional Center, where he
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was scheduled to work between twenty and thirty hours per week. In
the Agreement with Liberty, Dr. Ofogh similarly agreed to perform
scheduled healthcare services at the Riverside Unit a minimum of
three days per week and a maximum of twenty hours per week. He
also agreed to be "on-call" for the Riverside Unit around the clock.
In exchange, Dr. Ofogh was to be paid $120,000 per year for two
years.
After the Agreement was signed, Central State issued"Hospital
Instruction No. 5300.4" which required, effective January 1, 1998,
that all new inmate-patients be assessed by a physician within eight
hours of their admission. The origin of the eight-hour assessment pol-
icy, however, was the Department of Justice's Plan of Correction
issued as a result of the investigation begun in the summer of 1997.
It is undisputed that Dr. Ofogh knew nothing about this impending
new policy when he entered the Agreement with Liberty. It also
appears that Liberty was unaware of the impending change.
On June 9, 1998, Liberty sought to require Dr. Ofogh, pursuant to
the new policy, to complete all new inmate-patient assessments at the
Riverside Unit within eight hours of admission. Dr. Ofogh refused.
An average of six to twelve new inmates arrived at the Riverside Unit
each week at various times of the day and night and Dr. Ofogh
claimed that the eight-hour assessment requirement constituted an
additional duty that was neither contemplated nor required by his
Agreement with Liberty. Liberty disagreed, and in September 1998,
terminated Dr. Ofogh for his refusal to perform under the Agreement.
Dr. Ofogh's attempts to find substitute work failed and, in Decem-
ber 1998, he instituted this breach of contract action in the circuit
court for the City of Hopewell, seeking the balance of the compensa-
tion due under the two-year Agreement. The action was removed to
the district court on the basis of diversity of citizenship and a bench
trial was conducted. The district court issued findings of fact and con-
clusions of law, ruling that the language of the Agreement did not
require Dr. Ofogh to comply with the mandates of the new eight-hour
assessment policy without additional compensation and, therefore,
that Liberty breached the Agreement when it terminated Dr. Ofogh.
Dr. Ofogh was awarded damages in the amount of the balance due
under the Agreement. Liberty appeals.
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II.
A.
The crux of Liberty's appeal is its assertion that the language of the
Agreement required Dr. Ofogh to comply with the mandates of the
new eight-hour assessment policy and that the district court erred in
concluding otherwise. We review the district court's findings of fact
for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. See Hendricks v.
Cent. Reserve Life Ins. Co., 39 F.3d 507, 512 (4th Cir. 1994); Scar-
borough v. Ridgeway, 726 F.2d 132, 135 (4th Cir. 1984). The parties
agree that, pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, Pennsylvania law
controls this contract dispute. Under Pennsylvania law, "[w]hen inter-
preting a contract, the court's paramount goal is to ascertain and give
effect to the intent of the parties as reasonably manifested by the lan-
guage of their written agreement." Halpin v. LaSalle Univ., 639 A.2d
37, 39 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1994). If "the words used in a contract are
ambiguous, [the] court may examine the surrounding circumstances
to ascertain the intent of the parties." Id. However, if "the language
of [the] writing is clear and unequivocal . . ., its meaning must be
determined by its contents alone." Id.
"`[I]n construing [the] contract, each and every part of it must be
taken into consideration and given effect, if possible, and the intention
of the parties must be ascertained from the entire instrument.'" Beth-
lehem Steel Corp. v. Matx, Inc., 703 A.2d 39, 42 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1997)
(first alteration in original) (quoting Marcinak v. Southeastern Greene
Sch. Dist., 544 A.2d 1025, 1027 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1988)). Also, in ascer-
taining the intent of the parties, "`the court will adopt an interpretation
which under all circumstances ascribes the most reasonable, probable,
and natural conduct of the parties, bearing in mind the objects mani-
festly to be accomplished.'" Id. (quoting Village Beer & Beverage,
Inc. v. Vernon D. Cox, Inc., 475 A.2d 117, 121 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1984)).
This case centers on two paragraphs in the Agreement which
address the "medical services" that Dr. Ofogh was required to provide
at the Riverside Unit. J.A. 161. Specifically, the Agreement provided
that:
[Dr. Ofogh] shall furnish coverage for the medical service
of Forensic Unit for patients assigned by [Liberty]. . . . Said
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services shall include but not be limited to performing phys-
icals, providing medical consultations, attending to the med-
ical needs of the Forensic Unit patients and other related
duties as approved by [Liberty]. In addition,[Dr. Ofogh]
agrees to provide a minimum of three (3) days per week
(Monday through Sunday on-grounds at Forensic Unit), a
maximum of twenty (20) hours total per week, during times
as agreed upon and scheduled by [Liberty] and State for 156
days per year providing MD's medical services. . . .
Id. The Agreement also imposed an "on-call" requirement, stating that
Dr. Ofogh must provide:
on-call coverage during all additional hours, seven days per
week, 24 hours per day, 365 days per year. [Dr. Ofogh] shall
respond to a Forensic Unit page by telephone within a rea-
sonable amount of time which shall not exceed fifteen (15)
minutes. If required by Staff at the Forensic Unit or medi-
cally indicated, [Dr. Ofogh] shall appear at the Forensic
Unit on a timely basis given the circumstances.
Id. Finally, the Agreement provided that "[i]t is understood and
agreed that the standards of professional practice and areas of respon-
sibility of [Dr. Ofogh] from time to time shall be set by State or [Lib-
erty]. [Dr. Ofogh] shall abide by the bylaws, rules and regulations of
State." Id.
Liberty acknowledges that the eight-hour assessment policy would
have constituted a substantial change in the medical services required
of Dr. Ofogh by the Agreement, and that the Agreement perhaps
turned out to be a "bad deal" for Dr. Ofogh. It contends, however, that
this type of risk was nevertheless allocated to Dr. Ofogh by the broad
language of the Agreement and that, in ruling otherwise, the district
court impermissibly rewrote the contract in an attempt to reach a
fairer result. In support of this contention, Liberty primarily points to
(1) the "on-call" provision which provides that Dr. Ofogh must
respond "[i]f required by Staff at the Forensic Unit or medically indi-
cated . . . given the circumstances"; and (2) the language contemplat-
ing that "standards of professional practice and areas of
responsibility" would be set by the Commonwealth or by Liberty
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from time to time, and the accompanying requirement that Dr. Ofogh
"abide by the bylaws, rules and regulations of[the] State." J.A. 161.
We disagree.
First, in concluding that the Agreement did not cover this situation,
the district court found "it impossible to square[Liberty's] construc-
tion with the intent of the parties," J.A. 127, because the eight-hour
assessment policy did not exist when the Agreement was entered, nei-
ther party had reason to expect it, and the parties obviously contem-
plated that Dr. Ofogh would perform physicals and other routine
services up to three days per week during "scheduled" hours, for a
maximum of twenty hours per week. J.A. 127. To point out the unrea-
sonableness of Liberty's position, the district court recognized that:
[u]nder Liberty's construction, the Agreement required Dr.
Ofogh to appear at Riverside not when "scheduled," but
whenever it told him to be there. If a new inmate arrived at
8:00 a.m. one morning, then Dr. Ofogh had to show up and
perform an examination before 4:00 p.m. If another inmate
arrived at 10:00 p.m. that evening, then Dr. Ofogh would
need to be back before 6:00 a.m. the next morning.
J.A. 127. "[D]eclin[ing] to find that the parties either expressly or
implicitly agreed to such an arrangement," J.A. 127, the district court
instead concluded that "[t]he term `scheduled' implie[d] that, as a
general rule, Dr. Ofogh would be able to predict when he would have
to be physically present at the jail." J.A. 127.
We, like the district court, believe this to be the most reasonable,
probable, and natural interpretation of the parties' intent. See Bethle-
hem Steel Corp., 703 A.2d at 42. Indeed, the district court's example
of the unreasonable nature of Liberty's proffered interpretation may
well be an understatement. It presumes only two admissions in a
twenty-four-hour period, whereas we can just as easily envision a sit-
uation in which Dr. Ofogh, depending upon when he was able to com-
plete a new patient assessment, could be required to report to the unit
multiple times in a twenty-four-hour period. As pointed out by the
district court, the end result of Liberty's interpretation simply obliter-
ates any meaning of the Agreement's reference to"scheduled" hours.
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Second, the district court declined to interpret the"on-call cover-
age" requirement as intending to cover the situation presented by the
new eight-hour assessment policy. Again, we agree with this conclu-
sion. Read as a whole, the Agreement contemplated that physical
assessments would be performed during the normal"scheduled"
hours, not as an on-call or on-demand function. The"on-call" lan-
guage, on the contrary, contemplates a need for Dr. Ofogh to appear
to handle an urgent or other unusual situation that could not, in the
interest of patient safety, be postponed until Dr. Ofogh's next sched-
uled appearance. Again, under Liberty's interpretation of the "on-call"
provision, there would have been no reasonable bounds to Dr.
Ofogh's duty to perform medical services, rendering the minimum
days and maximum hours provision meaningless. Dr. Ofogh would
have been obligated to appear at Riverside for any or no reason, at the
whim of the Liberty staff, and to stay for as long as they demanded.
Clearly, the language of the Agreement reveals that this was not the
intent of the parties at the time of contracting.
Finally, the district court rejected Liberty's assertion that the eight-
hour assessment policy falls under the Agreement's language direct-
ing Dr. Ofogh to abide by the Commonwealth's "bylaws, rules, and
regulations" and "standards of professional practice and areas of
responsibility" that might be set from "time to time." J.A. 161. As
noted by the district court, these terms are not defined by the Agree-
ment and, construing the contract as a whole, we agree that the parties
did not intend that the quoted language would encompass an eight-
hour assessment policy adopted by Central State as a result of the
Department of Justice's investigation and Plan of Correction.
B.
We next turn to Liberty's contention that the district court erred in
excluding evidence that Dr. Ofogh, during the Agreement negotia-
tions, sought language limiting his on-call duties. We review the dis-
trict court's decision to exclude evidence for abuse of discretion. See
Martin v. Deiriggi, 985 F.2d 129, 137 (4th Cir. 1993).
During the trial, Liberty sought to cross-examine Dr. Ofogh with
an exhibit reflecting his suggested changes to the proposed Agree-
ment. One such suggested change consisted of Dr. Ofogh's attempt
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to limit the "on-call" requirement to those calls which he believed, "in
[his] sole medical judgment," necessitated his presence. J.A. 181. The
district judge refused to allow the cross-examination, ruling that it
was not pertinent to the question of whether the"on-call" provision,
as ultimately agreed to, was intended to apply to the performance of
routine physical assessments.
We find no abuse of discretion in the district court's decision to
refuse the evidence. Like the district court, we fail to see how the pro-
posed change is pertinent to the issue of whether the parties intended
the "on-call" provision to apply to a staff member's demand, brought
about by a new hospital policy, that Dr. Ofogh perform a routine
physical assessment within eight hours of an admission. Additionally,
even if the district court erred in excluding the evidence, the assumed
evidentiary error was harmless. See Taylor v. Virginia Union Univ.,
193 F.3d 219, 235 (4th Cir. 1999) (en banc), cert. denied, 68
U.S.L.W. 3433 (U.S. Feb. 28, 2000) (No. 99-1092) (applying harm-
less error analysis to civil case). Under a harmless error analysis, "we
need only be able to say with fair assurance, after pondering all that
happened without stripping the erroneous action from the whole, that
the judgment was not substantially swayed by the error." United
States v. Heater, 63 F.3d 311, 325 (4th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation
marks omitted). We are satisfied that the proposed change to the
Agreement, sought to be introduced during the cross-examination of
Dr. Ofogh, would have had no effect upon the findings and conclu-
sions of the district court in this non-jury matter.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
affirmed.
AFFIRMED
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