ABC, Incorporated v. Primetime 24

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

ABC, INCORPORATED, 
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.  No. 99-2314
PRIMETIME 24, Joint Venture,
Defendant-Appellant.

ABC, INCORPORATED, 
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.  No. 00-1189
PRIMETIME 24, Joint Venture,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of North Carolina, at Durham.
Frank W. Bullock, Jr., District Judge.
(CA-97-90-1)

Argued: September 28, 2000

Decided: November 3, 2000

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and WIDENER and
MOTZ, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
2 ABC, INC. v. PRIMETIME 24

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Andrew Zane Schwartz, FOLEY, HOAG & ELIOT,
L.L.P., Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellant. Wade H. Hargrove,
BROOKS, PIERCE, MCLENDON, HUMPHREY & LEONARD,
L.L.P., Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Richard
W. Benka, FOLEY, HOAG & ELIOT, L.L.P., Boston, Massachu-
setts; W. Andrew Copenhaver, WOMBLE, CARLYLE, SAN-
DRIDGE & RICE, P.L.L.C., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for
Appellant. Reid L. Phillips, Jennifer K. Van Zant, BROOKS,
PIERCE, MCLENDON, HUMPHREY & LEONARD, L.L.P.,
Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

In 1997, ABC sued PrimeTime 24 for infringement of ABC’s
copyrighted broadcasts. The district court held that PrimeTime’s
actions violated 17 U.S.C. § 119, the Satellite Home Viewer Act
(SHVA). See ABC, Inc. v. PrimeTime 24, 17 F. Supp.2d 467
(M.D.N.C. 1998). This court affirmed the decision, holding that
PrimeTime had "engage[d] in a willful or repeated pattern or practice"
of violating the SHVA and had acted in "gross disregard" of the stat-
ute. ABC, Inc. v. PrimeTime 24, 184 F.3d 348, 353-54 (4th Cir. 1999).
ABC then sought and received an award of attorney’s fees and costs
totaling $670,521.18. See ABC, Inc. v. PrimeTime 24, 67 F. Supp.2d
558 (M.D.N.C. 1999). PrimeTime appeals.

The SHVA gives the district court discretion to award costs and
fees. See 17 U.S.C. § 505 (1996). An award of fees is improper, how-
ever, if it is explicitly prohibited by another part of the Act. See id.
For example, 17 U.S.C. § 412 (1996) explicitly prohibits an award of
fees for:
 ABC, INC. v. PRIMETIME 24 3

(1) any infringement of copyright in an unpublished work
commenced before the effective date of its registration; or

(2) any infringement of copyright commenced after first
publication of the work and before the effective date of its
registration, unless such registration is made within three
months after the first publication of the work.

Thus, § 412(1) prohibits an award of fees if the infringed upon
work was neither registered nor published when infringement began.
PrimeTime believes that § 412(1) applies here. PrimeTime now con-
cedes that its infringement occurred simultaneously with ABC’s
broadcast. PrimeTime claims, however, that at the time of broad-
cast/infringement ABC’s works were both unpublished and unregis-
tered. According to PrimeTime, this means that § 412(1) applies and
that ABC cannot recover its costs and fees.

The district court disagreed. First, the district court noted that
ABC’s registration certificates listed the date of publication as being
the date of broadcast. Under 17 U.S.C. § 410(c), "[i]n any judicial
proceedings[,] the certificate of registration . . . shall constitute prima
facie evidence of the validity of the copyright and of the facts stated
in the certificate." Thus, the district court began with the mandated
presumption that ABC’s broadcasts were in fact published on the date
of broadcast.

In support of this presumption, the district court found that ABC
offered to distribute copies of the broadcasts in the hours before the
programs were actually aired. Under 17 U.S.C. § 101, "offering to
distribute copies . . . for purposes of further distribution . . . consti-
tutes publication." The district court found that ABC’s offer to distrib-
ute copies constituted publication. Moreover, the district court held
that since these offers occurred during business hours on the date of
broadcast, thus preceding the actual broadcast/infringement, § 412(1)
did not apply.

Finally, the district court held that an award of costs and fees was
justified given PrimeTime’s infringement of the theatrical films aired
by ABC. According to ABC, the materials infringed upon by Prime-
Time included 85 movies originally released in theaters. These 85
4 ABC, INC. v. PRIMETIME 24

movies were both published and registered well before being rebroad-
cast by ABC and infringed upon by PrimeTime. Infringement of the
films, therefore, would independently support an award of costs and
fees. PrimeTime claimed that infringement of the 85 films was not
specifically proven in the liability phase of the trial. The district court
disagreed, concluding that the original dispute encompassed all of
ABC’s programming, including the 85 theatrical films.

Having established that § 412(1) does not apply because ABC pub-
lished its works before infringement began, the only remaining issue
is the applicability of § 412(2). Under § 412(2), infringement of pub-
lished works cannot support a fee award if the works were neither
registered at the time of infringement nor registered within three
months of publication. The district court found, and PrimeTime does
not dispute, that ABC uniformly registered the infringed upon works
within three months of publication. Thus, § 412(2) does not bar the
award of costs and fees.

We have reviewed the opinion of the district court and have heard
oral arguments by the parties. Finding no error in the judgment or rea-
soning of the district court, we affirm on the basis of its careful opin-
ion.

AFFIRMED