UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 00-4582
KEVIN E. BALL,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Charleston.
John T. Copenhaver, Jr., District Judge.
(CR-99-229)
Submitted: February 6, 2001
Decided: April 4, 2001
Before WILKINS, WILLIAMS, and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
COUNSEL
James M. Cagle, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellant. Rebecca
A. Betts, United States Attorney, John H. Tinney, Jr., Assistant
United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
2 UNITED STATES v. BALL
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Kevin Ball appeals his conviction and the twenty-four-month sen-
tence he received after a jury found him guilty of possession of a fire-
arm after being convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic
violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(9) (West 2000). Ball
raises numerous challenges to his conviction and sentence, all of
which we find to be without merit. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
Ball first asserts on appeal that the district court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction over his offense because § 922(g)(9) lacks a suffi-
cient connection to interstate commerce. We disagree. Section
922(g)(9) expressly requires a nexus with interstate commerce. Thus,
the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over Ball’s offense.
United States v. Lewis, ___ F.3d ___, 2001 WL 21227, at *1 (8th Cir.
2001); Fraternal Order of Police v. United States, 173 F.3d 898, 907
(D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 928 (1999); see United States v.
Bostic, 168 F.3d 718, 723 (4th Cir.) (rejecting Commerce Clause
challenge to 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(8) (West 2000), which prohibits
possession of firearm while subject to domestic violence order, and
stating that "jurisdictional element applies to all nine subsections in
Section 922(g)"), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1029 (1999).
II.
Ball contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to
dismiss the indictment because his prosecution violated the Ex Post
Facto Clause. He relies on the fact that his battery conviction occurred
before the enactment of § 922(g)(9). Ball’s argument is foreclosed by
our decision in United States v. Mitchell, 209 F.3d 319, 322 (4th Cir.),
cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 123 (2000) ("It is immaterial that [defen-
dant’s] firearm purchase and domestic violence conviction occurred
prior to § 922(g)(9)’s enactment because the conduct prohibited by
§ 922(g)(9) is the possession of a firearm.").
UNITED STATES v. BALL 3
Ball attempts to distinguish Mitchell by arguing that, because West
Virginia law allows a person charged with domestic battery to legally
possess a firearm after any protective order expires, he cannot be
prosecuted under § 922(g)(9). To the extent that Ball contends that his
prosecution violated the Due Process Clause because he did not have
notice that his conduct was illegal, Mitchell is dispositive. Id. at 323
(finding no due process violation where "[defendant’s] conduct in
assaulting his wife—the act that led to his misdemeanor domestic vio-
lence conviction—put [defendant] on sufficient notice . . . [that] he
could not ‘reasonably expect to be free from regulation when possess-
ing a firearm’") (quoting Bostic, 168 F.3d at 722). We therefore find
that the district court did not err in denying Ball’s motion to dismiss
the indictment.
III.
Next, Ball argues that the district court erred in denying his motion
to dismiss the indictment because he had not committed the requisite
predicate offense—a "misdemeanor crime of domestic violence," as
defined in 18 U.S.C.A. § 921(a)(33)(A) (West 2000). Ball contends
that he was convicted under W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-2-9 (Michie
2000), and that § 61-2-9 does not require the battery to be against a
current or former spouse.
Assuming, as Ball contends, that he was convicted of simple bat-
tery under § 61-2-9 rather than domestic battery under W. Va. Code
Ann. § 61-2-28 (Michie 2000),1 we find that his conviction for simple
battery meets the § 921 definition. Section 921(a)(33)(A) requires the
predicate offense to have only one element—the use or attempted use
of physical force; the relationship between perpetrator and victim
need not appear in the formal definition of the predicate offense.
United States v. Chavez, 204 F.3d 1305, 1313-14 (11th Cir. 2000);
United States v. Meade, 175 F.3d 215, 218-21 (1st Cir. 1999); United
States v. Smith, 171 F.3d 617, 619-21 (8th Cir. 1999). Because Ball
1
There was some discrepancy in the record regarding under what sec-
tion of the West Virginia Code Ball was convicted. Although the charg-
ing papers and guilty plea reflected that Ball pled guilty to domestic
battery under § 61-2-28, the criminal case history referred to the convic-
tion as simple battery under § 61-2-9.
4 UNITED STATES v. BALL
committed a battery against his wife, the district court did not err in
finding, as a matter of law, that Ball had been convicted of a misde-
meanor crime of domestic violence.
IV.
Ball asserts that he did not voluntarily consent to the search of his
home. Testimony at the suppression hearing disclosed that at the time
Ball consented, he had a blood alcohol level of approximately .24 but
that he understood and answered the officers’ questions. Ball also
could stand and walk on his own and appeared to be oriented to his
surroundings. See United States v. Scheets, 188 F.3d 829, 839-40 (7th
Cir. 1999) (finding consent voluntary despite apparent intoxication
where there was no evidence in record that defendant was not aware
of what he was doing or failed to appreciate significance of his
actions), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1096 (2000); United States v. Gipp,
147 F.3d 680, 686 (8th Cir. 1998) (same); United States v. Gay, 774
F.2d 368, 376-77 (10th Cir. 1985) (finding consent voluntary even
though defendant was intoxicated, staggered, swayed, and slurred his
speech). In addition, the four officers with Ball did not draw any
weapons nor did they handcuff or restrain him. After they talked with
Ball for about thirty minutes, Ball told the officers the location of the
gun and permitted them to enter his house to retrieve it.
Based on the totality of the circumstances, Schneckloth v. Busta-
monte, 412 U.S. 218, 227 (1973), there was sufficient evidence pre-
sented at the suppression hearing on which the district court could
base its finding that Ball voluntarily consented to the search. Id. at
219; United States v. Lattimore, 87 F.3d 647, 650-51 (4th Cir. 1996)
(en banc) (discussing factors and recognizing that "when the lower
court bases a finding of consent on the oral testimony at a suppression
hearing, the clearly erroneous standard is particularly strong since the
[court] had the opportunity to observe the demeanor of the wit-
nesses") (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We there-
fore find that the district court did not clearly err in denying Ball’s
motion to suppress. United States v. Elie, 111 F.3d 1135, 1144 (4th
Cir. 1997) (stating standard of review).
UNITED STATES v. BALL 5
V.
Ball also challenges his conviction on the ground that the evidence
was insufficient to convict him. To convict Ball of a § 922(g)(9)
offense, the Government must prove that: (1) he was convicted of a
misdemeanor crime of domestic violence; (2) he knowingly possessed
a firearm after his conviction; and (3) the firearm traveled in interstate
commerce.2 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(9). Our review of the record leads
us to conclude that the Government met its burden of proof on each
element of the offense. United States v. Wilson, 198 F.3d 467, 470
(1999) (providing standard) (citing United States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d
849, 862-63 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc)), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 1693
(2000); Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942).
With regard to the first element, Ball asserts that the district court’s
finding, as a matter of law, that simple battery meets the definition of
misdemeanor crime of domestic violence deprived him of the right to
have the jury decide every element of the offense. We reject his con-
tention. After hearing the evidence presented at trial, the jury found
that the evidence established that Ball had been convicted of a misde-
meanor crime of domestic violence—he was convicted of battering
his wife in May of 1995.
Although Ball contends that he relied in good faith on the fact that
West Virginia authorities returned his gun to him after his 1995 con-
viction and asserts, therefore, that he did not know his conduct was
illegal, the Government is not required to prove that Ball was aware
of the illegality of his conduct. United States v. Beavers, 206 F.3d
706, 710 (6th Cir.) (holding that § 922(g)(9) "does not require the
government to prove that the defendant had actual knowledge that his
possession of a firearm was illegal"), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 1989
(2000); see Bostic, 168 F.3d at 722-23 (interpreting mens rea element
in 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(8) (West 2000)). Here, it is undisputed that
Ball knowingly possessed a firearm on August 30, 1999, when he
held it to his wife’s head and threatened to kill her.
2
Contrary to Ball’s assertion, the Government is not required to prove
that Ball’s civil rights had not been restored.
6 UNITED STATES v. BALL
Ball also contests the Government’s proof with regard to the inter-
state commerce element of the offense. An agent of the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms testified that the firearm Ball pos-
sessed was manufactured in Hungary and was imported into Vermont.3
We therefore find that the firearm traveled in interstate commerce.
United States v. Nathan, 202 F.3d 230, 234 (4th Cir.) (noting that
interstate commerce element of § 922(g) satisfied where gun manu-
factured in one state and used in another), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct.
1994 (2000). Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to support Ball’s
conviction. Wilson, 198 F.3d at 470 (providing standard).
VI.
Ball next asserts that the district court erred in refusing to give cer-
tain proffered instructions relating to Ball’s good faith and requiring
the Government to prove that Ball’s civil rights had not been restored.
We find no reversible error in the district court’s instructions, as
Ball’s requests mischaracterized the law. United States v. Frazier-El,
204 F.3d 553, 562 (4th Cir.) (providing standard), cert. denied, 121
S. Ct. 487 (2000).
VII.
Ball’s last arguments on appeal challenge the district court’s appli-
cation of the sentencing guidelines. We review the district court’s fac-
tual findings for clear error and legal interpretations de novo. United
States v. Colton, 231 F.3d 890, 911 (4th Cir. 2000).
Ball first contends that the district court erred in establishing a base
offense level of fourteen under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
§ 2K2.1(a)(6) (1998). He asserts that he was not a "prohibited person"
3
Contrary to Ball’s assertion, the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in admitting the agent’s testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 703. United
States v. Ward, 171 F.3d 188, 195 (4th Cir.) (stating standard of review),
cert. denied, 528 U.S. 855 (1999); Redman v. John D. Brush & Co., 111
F.3d 1174, 1179 (4th Cir. 1997) (stating that Rule 703 "permits the
admission of expert opinion testimony even though the expert has relied
on evidence that is inadmissible . . . [provided that] the expert has relied
on information of a kind reasonably relied on by experts in the field").
UNITED STATES v. BALL 7
because his simple battery conviction was not a misdemeanor crime
of domestic violence. Because his assertion is incorrect, USSG
§ 2K2.1, comment. (n.6(vii)), we find no clear error. Colton, 231 F.3d
at 911.
Nor did the district court clearly err in applying a four-level
enhancement under USSG § 2K2.1(b)(5) for possession of a firearm
in connection with another felony offense—here, wanton endanger-
ment involving a firearm under W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-7-12 (Michie
2000). The district court found by a preponderance of the evidence
that Ball committed the felony offense of wanton endangerment
involving a firearm under § 61-7-12 when he put a loaded gun to his
wife’s temple and threatened to kill her. See United States v. Nale,
101 F.3d 1000, 1003-04 (4th Cir. 1996) (interpreting "in connection
with" as it applies to USSG § 2K2.1(c) and finding that firearm must
facilitate or potentially facilitate offense to sustain conclusion that
defendant possessed firearm in connection with another offense). We
therefore find that the district court did not clearly err in applying the
enhancement. Colton, 231 F.3d at 911.
VIII.
Accordingly, we affirm Ball’s conviction and sentence. We dis-
pense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are
adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument
would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED