UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 05-4707
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
OSWIN ABRAHAM,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern
District of West Virginia, at Martinsburg. W. Craig Broadwater,
District Judge. (CR-04-66)
Argued: September 21, 2006 Decided: January 22, 2007
Before WILKINSON and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges, and Richard L.
VOORHEES, United States District Judge for the Western District of
North Carolina, sitting by designation.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ARGUED: Matthew McGavock Robinson, ROBINSON & BRANDT, P.S.C.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. Paul Thomas Camilletti, OFFICE OF
THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Martinsburg, West Virginia, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Robert C. Stone, Jr., Martinsburg, West
Virginia, for Appellant. Thomas E. Johnston, United States
Attorney, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Appellant-Defendant Oswin Abraham (“Defendant”)challenges his
convictions for violations of 21 U.S.C. §841 and 18 U.S.C. §924(c)
on multiple grounds. Defendant also challenges his sentence on the
substantive drug offense count (Count I) pursuant to United States
v. Booker / Fan Fan1 based upon the sentencing court’s findings
with respect to relevant conduct. For the reasons stated herein,
the convictions and sentence are AFFIRMED.
I.
West Virginia State Police undertook investigation of a
shooting that occurred in December of 2003. State Trooper Nathan
Harmon (“Harmon”) was one of the officers assigned to the
investigation. Victims of the shooting reported that the shooter
fired at them from a Black Acura automobile. Physical evidence
recovered from the scene included shell casings for a 9 millimeter
gun.
“Troy Brammah” (a/k/a “Troy Ray Ferguson” or “T”) was later
identified as a possible suspect by one of the shooting victims.
The victim advised the police that the suspect lived in the
Wildflower or Wildflower Ridge community but the exact location of
Brammah’s residence was unknown.
1
United States v. Booker / Fanfan, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005).
2
Law enforcement developed a relationship with a confidential
informant (“CI” or “Informant”) during the investigation. The CI
had worked with other law enforcement agencies in the past and
began to work directly with Officer Harmon. Reportedly, the
informant had known Brammah for approximately two years. The CI
knew that Brammah operated several different vehicles, including a
Black Acura. The CI advised Harmon that a Haitian who was
supposedly with Brammah on the night of the shooting was providing
the CI with information. The CI provided details about the shooting
that had not been made available to the media and that were
consistent with the information provided to Trooper Harmon by one
of the victims.
The informant, who knew where Brammah lived because of past
dealings, took Harmon to Brammah’s residence. The CI had observed
Brammah dealing in crack cocaine and had also seen drugs and guns
at the residence. The CI told Harmon that Brammah was “heavily
involved in drug trafficking” and that he had personally seen
approximately 30 to 70 grams of crack cocaine in Brammah’s
possession. According to the informant, Brammah was known to hide
firearms and drugs in a safe within his bedroom closet on the
second floor of his residence.
In addition to identifying and observing Brammah’s residence
while in the presence of the informant, Harmon independently
conducted surveillance of the residence on at least one other
3
occasion. During the latter event, Harmon observed a Black Acura
with Pennsylvania registration in the driveway as well as a White
SUV.
On March 4, 2004, at approximately 8:30 pm, Harmon applied for
a warrant to authorize the search of Brammah’s residence and the
Black Acura seen on the premises. He submitted an affidavit in
support of the search warrant application. Based upon the
affidavit, including information provided by the CI, a search
warrant was issued by a Berkeley County Magistrate. (J.A. at 34-
36, 81.) The warrant authorized the search of the Black Acura as
well as the residence. Harmon and other officers executed the
search warrant at the residence at approximately 11:30 p.m. that
same evening. The officers located and seized from one of the
bedroom closets a Glock Model 19, approximately 70 grams of crack
cocaine, and 40 grams of marijuana. The bedroom involved was later
described as the bedroom opposite Brammah’s room. Officers also
discovered 40-caliber ammunition and a 40-caliber magazine. The
Glock pistol was positioned beside two duffle bags which contained
the contraband as described below.
Both duffle bags were together on the closet floor.
Specifically, the gray duffle bag contained: 70 grams of crack
cocaine (in “cookie” form), 40-caliber ammunition in a clear case,
clothing, and $1,830 in U.S. currency. The blue duffle bag
contained clothing, a loaded 40-caliber magazine with nine rounds
4
of ammunition, and a cleaning kit for a 40-caliber Glock or Beretta
pistol. Four individuals were detained on site as a result of the
search of the residence. The search of the residence concluded at
approximately 2:44 a.m.
Prior to the search of the residence, around 11:15 p.m., law
enforcement officers conducting surveillance of the property had
observed the Black Acura leave the residence. Officers followed
the vehicle. Around 12:15 am, West Virginia State Police Troopers
were directed to stop the Black Acura pursuant to the search
warrant. Troopers James Burkhart (“Burkhart”) and James Douglas
Byrd (“Byrd”) were present during the stop.
The stop occurred in a Wendy’s parking lot drive-thru. A
preliminary search of the Black Acura was conducted in the Wendy’s
parking lot. Defendant was the driver and sole occupant of the
car. He advised the officers that he had a loaded pistol in the
glove compartment. The gun turned out to be a .40 caliber Beretta
pistol. Defendant was also in possession of approximately $2,000
in U.S. Currency. The car was towed to the police barracks
pursuant to the warrant.
Defendant was also detained. It is undisputed that Defendant
was “in custody” but had not been placed under arrest. Defendant
was transported to the Martinsburg State Police Barracks and held
in a processing room. Trooper Byrd maintained watch over Defendant.
According to Byrd, there was no attempt by law enforcement to
5
initiate conversation during transport or during the time Defendant
was held in the processing room pending the arrival of Trooper
Harmon.
Harmon and Special ATF Agent Doug Dean (“Dean”) interviewed
Defendant as soon as they had completed the search of the residence
and before interviewing any of the other detainees. They advised
Defendant that they wanted to ask him about the Black Acura, the
pistol in the vehicle, and the evidence recovered from the
residence during the search.
Before being questioned, at 3:23 a.m., Defendant signed a
waiver of rights form. (J.A. at 41, 148-49.) Defendant had been in
custody for approximately three (3) hours. Defendant stated that
he and Brammah were cousins; that he had been staying at Brammah’s
residence for several days; that Defendant was the owner of the
1999 Black Acura and the 40-caliber Beretta pistol found in the
glove box of the car; and that he had put the extra magazine for
the Beretta in his duffle bag located in an upstairs closet of
Brammah’s residence. After being asked about the crack cocaine
discovered during the search, Defendant asked to phone his mother
and was permitted to do so. Immediately following the phone call,
Defendant invoked his right to counsel and the interview ceased.
The entire interview (up until the phone call) lasted approximately
twenty (20) to thirty (30) minutes.
6
After Harmon interviewed Brammah and the other detainees,
Defendant was advised that he was under arrest. By that time,
Defendant had been held in custody for approximately five (5)
hours. Defendant was later charged in state court with possession
with intent to distribute cocaine.
On November 17, 2004, Defendant was named in a three-count
Bill of Indictment issued in the Northern District of West
Virginia. Defendant was charged with violations of 21 U.S.C. §841,
18 U.S.C. §§924(c) and 922(j). Specifically, the Indictment alleged
in Count I that Defendant possessed with intent to distribute 67.1
grams of cocaine base (“crack” cocaine); in Count II that Defendant
used and carried a firearm and possessed a firearm in furtherance
of the drug trafficking crime charged in Count I; and in Count III
that Defendant possessed a stolen firearm. Both of the firearm
offenses alleged that the firearm involved was a Glock, Model 19,
9 x 19 mm pistol, serial #AMV-904US.2
Defendant exercised his right to jury trial. Trial commenced
on February 16, 2005. At the conclusion of the trial, on February
17, 2005, the jury convicted Defendant of Counts I and II of the
indictment and acquitted Defendant on Count III.
2
Defendant was not charged with possession of the 40-caliber
Beretta.
7
II.
Defendant raises the following issues on appeal: 1) Whether
the district court erred in denying Defendant’s motion to suppress;
2) Whether the district court erred in denying Defendant’s motion
for judgment of acquittal; 3) Whether the district court abused its
discretion in its response to a jury question during deliberations
requesting clarification with respect to Count II; 4) Whether the
district court abused its discretion in denying defense counsel’s
request to conduct an individualized voir dire examination of two
prospective jurors; 5) Whether the sentence imposed on Count I is
reasonable; and 6) Whether the sentencing judge erred by employing
a preponderance of the evidence standard in determining relevant
conduct. Defendant’s arguments are addressed in turn.3
III.
A. Brammah’s Residence Was Searched Pursuant To A Valid &
Sufficiently Particular Search Warrant
Defendant challenges the search warrant on several grounds,
including lack of indicia of probable cause and lack of
particularity in the description of the property to be searched.
Defendant also appears to challenge the absence of a nexus between
the shooting investigation and the residence searched.
3
Any issues not fully discussed herein are found to have no
merit.
8
Our review is limited to considering whether there is a
“substantial basis” in the record to support the magistrate’s
probable cause determination and issuance of the warrant. Illinois
v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236 (1983).
The search warrant in this case was supported by indicia of
probable cause. Probable cause to search is described as a “fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found
in a particular place.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 230. Probable cause is
determined based upon a “totality of circumstances” test and,
therefore, turns on “the assessment of probabilities in particular
factual contexts.” Id.,at 238. Probable cause may be established
through information from any reliable source or sources. Draper v.
United States, 358 U.S. 307, 313 (1959).
The information provided to Trooper Harmon by the victims and
the CI was consistent. The confidential informant, who had known
Brammah for 2 years and had proven to be reliable, stated that
Brammah was heavily into drug dealing and that he had personally
observed drugs and guns within the house. The information provided
by the CI was corroborated by Harmon’s investigation and
independent surveillance. The presence of the Black Acura,
assertedly belonging to Brammah, linked the residence to the
shooting incident under investigation.
The search warrant was also “sufficiently particular.”
The residence was described as follows:
9
The complete interior and exterior of a blue in
color, vinyl sided, two story residential home, with an
attached rear wooden deck. [T]his residence is described
as being located Four houses on right, once entering into
a caldasac[sic] off Virgo Lane in the Wildflower Ridge
Sub-Division, within the Martinsburg area of Berkeley
County. This residence can further be described as
having a paved driveway, having contained therein, a
black in color Acura and a White in color SUVs[sic],
resided by a Mr. Troy Ray Ferguson, his fiancé wht.
Female), and a young child.
(J.A. at 36, ¶1) The warrant also authorized the search of the
Black Acura and included the following description:
“Any and all contents and storage areas within a
black in color Acura, bearing possible PA registration or
WV registration, and currently located at the residence
listed above.”
(J.A. at 36, ¶4)
Defendant’s lack of particularity challenge is based in part
on discrete inaccuracies within Harmon’s description of the
residence. For instance, Trooper Harmon admitted that Brammah’s
residence did not have a rear wooden deck. (J.A. at 102, 104-05.)
Harmon had observed the rear of the house from an incline
approximately 300 to 400 yards away and saw a wooden gate which
appeared to be a wooden deck. The mention of a rear wooden deck
can be attributed to “human error” based upon Trooper Harmon’s
observation. The parties’ disagreement regarding the true color of
the residence does not create a problem either as a person’s
description of color is somewhat subjective. Harmon simply
10
disagreed with defense counsel’s description of the house color
(grey rather than blue).
Furthermore, the fact that Trooper Harmon inaccurately
described the address does not render the search warrant invalid.
United States v. Owens, 848 F.2d 462, 463 (4th Cir.1988) (upholding
warrant and search even though the address identified provided an
address / apartment number that did not exist where officers relied
on common sense and reliable information known to them outside the
four corners of the warrant and affidavit to ascertain residence to
be searched). Harmon explained that while the address he provided
within his affidavit was “52 Virgo Lane,” he later learned that the
cul-de-sac where the house was located had a missing or damaged
street sign and was actually called “Pluto Place,” making the
correct address 52 Pluto Place. Virgo Lane was adjacent to Pluto
Place.
Similarly, Defendant contends that Harmon’s affidavit
erroneously identified Brammah by his alias of “Troy Ferguson” and
asserts that Harmon should have taken additional steps to try to
identify the owner of the Black Acura. To uphold the search
warrant and subsequent search(es), it is not necessary for the
court to find that law enforcement had exhausted all of its
conceivable investigatory resources before applying for the search
warrant. It is sufficient if the information presented in support
of the warrant application points in a significant way to a
11
connection between the target of the investigation and the place or
items to be searched.
In addition, we are satisfied that a sufficient nexus existed
between the shooting investigation and the subjects of the search
warrant. See United States v. Anderson, 851 F.2d 727, 729 (4th
Cir.1988)(U.S. Constitution requires a sufficient nexus between the
criminal conduct, items to be seized, and the place to be
searched). It is true that Harmon did not observe any illegal
activity occurring at the house. The fact that Harmon learned that
the shooting suspect (previously known only as “Troy” or “T”) lived
there, combined with the presence of the alleged shooter’s vehicle
on at least 2 occasions, provides a sufficient nexus. United
States v. Lalor, 996 F.2d 1578 (4th Cir.1993) (“the crucial element
is not whether the target of the search is suspected of a crime,
but whether it is reasonable to believe that the items to be seized
will be found in the place to be searched.”) Here, it would have
been logical to believe that the items to be seized - particularly
the gun allegedly used in the shooting - might be found in the
residence or in the Black Acura.
Finally, notwithstanding any supposed error within Trooper
Harmon’s affidavit, the search warrant is valid pursuant to the
good faith exception enunciated in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S.
897, 920 (1984). The good faith exception may be recognized “when
an officer acting with objective good faith has obtained a search
12
warrant from a judge or magistrate and acted within its scope.”
Id.; United States v. Perez, 393 F.3d 457 (4th Cir.2004) (reversing
district court’s decision granting motion to suppress and finding
that good faith exception cured the problems raised regarding the
search warrant). There was abundant evidence to support the
officer’s objective good faith belief that the search warrant was
well grounded. Under such circumstances, the good faith exception
applies.
B. The Pre-Arrest Seizure Of Defendant Pursuant To A Search
Warrant Authorizing The Search & Seizure Of His 1999 Black
Acura Was Reasonable
Defendant moved to suppress physical evidence as well as his
subsequent statements to law enforcement on the grounds that he was
subject to an unreasonable seizure when law enforcement detained
him pursuant to the search warrant for his car. Defendant
challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress.
With respect to the suppression decision, the district court’s
factual findings are reviewed for clear error and the legal
conclusions are reviewed de novo. United States v. Simons, 206
F.3d 392, 398 (4th Cir.2000).
The district court’s analysis was brief, commenting only that
if Defendant had been taken back to the house pending completion of
the search, “there would be little doubt that the detention was
permissible.” (J.A. at 72.) See Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692
13
(1981). Applying a totality of the circumstances test, the
district court upheld the seizure.
In Michigan v. Summers, a pre-arrest seizure of a resident of
the house subject to a search warrant was upheld based on 1) law
enforcement’s interest in preventing flight in the event that
incriminating evidence is found; and 2) the existence of a search
warrant.4 Summers, 452 U.S. at 702-03. The Supreme Court
recognized that “some seizures admittedly covered by the Fourth
Amendment constitute such limited intrusions on the personal
security of those detained and are justified by such substantial
law enforcement interests that they may be made on less than
probable cause, so long as police have an articulable basis for
suspecting criminal activity.” Id. at 699 (emphasis added). Both
the nature of the “articulable facts” supporting detention and the
law enforcement interest are relevant. The Supreme Court held that
“a warrant to search for contraband founded on probable cause
implicitly carries with it the limited authority to detain the
occupants of the premises while a proper search is conducted.”
Id., at 705.
4
In the instant case, because a valid search warrant had been
issued authorizing the seizure of Defendant’s car (as well as the
search of the residence where he had been temporarily residing), a
Terry v. Ohio reasonable suspicion inquiry is not required and
United States v. Brown is not controlling. United States v. Brown,
401 F.3d 588 (4th Cir.2005). For the same reason, we need not
decide whether, or at what point, probable cause to arrest
Defendant may have existed.
14
One might argue that Summers is distinguishable from the facts
here because although Defendant was seen leaving the residence
immediately prior to execution of the search warrant, he was not
detained on the premises of the residence. Therefore, the question
presented is whether the pre-arrest detention of Defendant at the
police barracks, as opposed to the residence that was the subject
of the search warrant, renders the seizure unconstitutional.
On these facts, we find the actual location of Abraham’s
detention inconsequential. The existence of the search warrant for
Defendant’s car, Defendant’s physical presence in the Black Acura
at the time the warrant was executed, the fact that car and driver
were already mobile, and the tight time frame between the
significant events - issuance of the warrant, Defendant’s departure
from the residence, and the actual vehicle stop - bring this case
within the rationale and holding of Summers.5 The search warrant
was executed during the late evening and early morning hours.
Legitimate concerns such as officer safety, and the desire to
prevent Defendant from communicating with the other detainees at
the residence weigh in favor of upholding the seizure. It is also
noteworthy that Defendant was merely moved to the same location as
his car. The close proximity between the actual location of the
5
Indeed, the Government agreed during oral argument that if a
Black Acura not been expressly identified within the search
warrant, its argument would be on “shaky ground.”
15
seizure and the local police barracks also weigh in favor of
upholding the district court’s ruling.6
For all of these reasons, we affirm the district court on this
issue.
C. Appellant’s Statements To Law Enforcement Were Voluntary
Despite his written Miranda7 waiver, Defendant also contends
that his oral statements to law enforcement were involuntary.
According to Defendant, the statements he made during the interview
to Troopers Harmon and Dean should have been suppressed pursuant to
the dictates of the Fifth Amendment.8 We disagree since
Defendant’s claim has no support in the record.
The Fifth Amendment guarantees that “[n]o person . . . shall
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself
. . . without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. V; United
States v. Braxton, 112 F.3d 777, 780 (4th Cir.1997)(en banc); Moran
v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 424 (1986) (Miranda warning is a measure
to insure that a suspect’s right against compulsory self-
incrimination is protected)(internal citations omitted). “A
6
It was established during trial that the police barracks was
approximately 2 - 2 ½ miles from Brammah’s residence. During oral
argument, the Government stated that the Wendy’s was even closer,
approximately 3/4 of a mile from the police barracks.
7
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
8
Defendant does not appear to challenge admissibility of the
statements made during the actual vehicle stop. According to the
law enforcement witnesses, Defendant volunteered the information
about the gun in the glove compartment.
16
statement is involuntary under the Fifth Amendment only if it is
involuntary within the meaning of the Due Process Clause.” Braxton,
112 F.3d at 780 (internal citations omitted). “The test for
determining whether a statement is voluntary under the Due Process
Clause “is whether the [statement] was ‘extracted by any sort of
threats or violence, [or] obtained by any direct or implied
promises, however slight, [or] by the exertion of any improper
influence.’” Braxton, 112 F.3d at 780 (quoting Hutto v. Ross, 429
U.S. 28, 30 (1976)). In other words, “coercive police activity is
a necessary predicate to the finding that a confession is not
‘voluntary’ within the meaning of the Due Process Clause.” Id.
(quoting Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167 (1986)).
In determining voluntariness, the Court employs a “totality of
the circumstances” inquiry, including examination of the
defendant’s individual characteristics and background, the setting
in which the statement occurred, and the details of the
interrogation or interview. Braxton, 112 F.3d at 781 (citing
United States v. Pelton, 835 F.2d 1067, 1071 (4th Cir.1987)); United
States v. Elie, 111 F.3d 1135, 1143-44 (4th Cir.1997).
Defendant’s claim of involuntariness has no support in the
record. There is no indication that the delay between the time
Defendant was initially detained and the time of interview was
significant in any way. Rather, as soon as the search of the
residence was complete, Trooper Harmon interviewed the Defendant.
17
Likewise, Defendant does not claim that the Miranda warnings were
deficient or unclear in any way. Indeed, both Harmon and Dean
testified that Abraham signed the waiver of rights form and
answered the questions posed without hesitation. Defendant Abraham
was also allowed to phone his mother as soon as he requested to do
so. The fact that he knew how to terminate the interview and
invoke his right to counsel indicates an awareness and
understanding of his rights and, therefore, supports our finding.
Most importantly, there is no evidence, nor any allegation, of any
coercive police conduct.
The fact that Defendant was detained and questioned at the
police barracks does not require a different result. While the
police barracks may be a somewhat more intimidating environment
than a residence, an interrogation does not have to be free from
any vestige of intimidation in order for the statements provided to
be deemed voluntary. Braxton, 112 F.3d at 782.
Moreover, even if we found that Defendant was subject to an
illegal seizure, Defendant’s waiver of his Miranda rights was
sufficient to purge any taint resulting from the Fourth Amendment
violation. Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590 (1975)(evidence
obtained as a result of an illegal arrest in violation of the
Fourth Amendment must be suppressed); Dunway v. New York, 442 U.S.
200 (1979) (relevant factors - temporal proximity of arrest and
confession, presence of intervening circumstances, and the purpose
18
and flagrancy of the official misconduct). If a “taint” analysis
were required, the same facts would be relevant: the brevity of
the interview, the fact that Abraham was allowed to go to the
bathroom immediately prior to beginning the interview, the purpose
of his illegal detention, namely, to secure him in the event
incriminating evidence turned up during the search of the house or
car, and the absence of any flagrant police misconduct. Defendant’s
argument on this issue fails.
D. Defendant’s Motion For Judgment Of Acquittal Was Properly
Denied
Defendant also contends that the district court erred in
denying his motion for judgment of acquittal. More specifically,
Defendant asserts that the Government failed to produce evidence
from which a reasonable jury could find that Defendant had
constructive possession of the crack cocaine and Glock pistol. We
disagree.
The district court’s denial of Defendant’s Rule 29 motion for
judgment of acquittal is reviewed de novo. United States v.
Gallimore, 247 F.3d 134, 136 (4th Cir.2001). A motion for judgment
of acquittal is ill-founded where the evidence, viewed in the light
most favorable to the Government, is sufficient to support the
verdict. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942); United
States v. Moye, 454 F.3d 390, 394 (4th Cir.2006)(en banc).
Possession may be actual, constructive or joint. Gallimore,
247 F.3d at 136-37; United States v. Rusher, 966 F.2d 868, 878 (4th
19
Cir.1992). In order to establish constructive possession, the
Government had to produce evidence showing “ownership, dominion, or
control over the contraband itself or the premises . . . in which
the contraband is concealed.” United States v. Blue, 957 F.2d 106,
107 (4th Cir.1992)(quotations and citation information omitted).
Discovery of contraband at a defendant’s home “permits an inference
of constructive possession.” United States v. Shorter, 328 F.3d
167, 172 (4th Cir.2003).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government, we find that sufficient evidence was presented from
which a reasonable jury could find that Defendant had constructive
possession of the drugs and Glock pistol. In this case,
circumstantial evidence was presented indicating that the bedroom
where the duffle bags were found was being used by the Defendant.9
Although there were other occupants of the residence, evidence was
presented that the cocaine and pistol were found with Defendant’s
personal possessions. Defendant admitted to Trooper Harper and
Agent Dean that the extra magazine for his 40-caliber Beretta could
be found in his duffle bag in an upstairs bedroom closet at
Brammah’s house - the same bags containing contraband. As already
noted, both of the duffle bags were found immediately adjacent to
the Glock firearm, both bags contained 40-caliber ammunition, and
9
Reportedly, the other bedroom upstairs was Brammah’s, and
another occupant, Whitney Nesbit, was using a downstairs room as a
bedroom.
20
the gray duffle bag contained crack cocaine. Defendant’s
statements, along with the proximity of these items to each other,
give rise to an inference that all of the objects in both bags
either belonged to, or were under the control of, the Defendant.
The fact that Defendant was not physically at the house when the
cocaine and Glock pistol were found is not determinative.
As for Defendant’s §924(c) conviction, sufficient evidence was
presented that the Glock pistol was possessed by the Defendant “in
furtherance of the drug trafficking crime” alleged in the
indictment. The type of firearm and proximity of the weapon in
relation to the crack cocaine provide the evidentiary bases for the
jury’s verdict on Count II. United States v. Lomax, 293 F.3d 701
(4th Cir.2002)(identifying factors indicating a connection between
defendant’s possession of a firearm and his drug trafficking
activity); See generally, United States v. Ceballos-Torres, 218
F.3d 409, 412 (5th Cir.2000).
E. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In The
Response To The Jury’s Question Regarding Count II
Defendant also contends that the district court erred in its
response to a jury question during deliberations. This claim is
also without merit.
The district court’s supplemental jury instruction in response
to a question arising during deliberations is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Smith, 62 F.3d 641, 646 (4th Cir.1995)
21
(district court should answer jury’s request for clarification of
a charge fairly and accurately without creating any prejudice).
In the midst of deliberations, the jury, presumably through
its foreperson, communicated a question to the court in writing
regarding the Section 924(c) offense alleged in Count II.10 The
jury’s question read:
“We need a clear understanding of count II. One
statement clearly states “Clock – which I think means
Glock the other is left open for any gun. Thank you.
Wayne Keiter.”
(J.A. at 355.)
Defendant contends that the trial court should have
specifically advised the jury that the Beretta pistol found in the
Black Acura could not be considered. Instead, the trial judge sent
a copy of the Bill of Indictment, which only identified a single
firearm - the Glock pistol, into the jury room in response to the
question. (J.A. at 356.) The district court answered the question
in a concrete, non-prejudicial manner and did not abuse its
discretion.
10
The question and supplemental instruction also pertained to
Count III, but the Appellant was acquitted on that charge.
22
F. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Denying
Request For Individualized Voir Dire Of Jurors Orndoff & Rose
Defendant contends that the trial judge abused his discretion
when he denied counsel’s request to explore further the potential
bias of two prospective jurors via individual questioning.
The Court reviews the trial judge’s decisions with respect to
voir dire for abuse of discretion. United States v. ReBrook, 58
F.3d 961 (4th Cir.1995).
Rule 24 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure prescribes
procedures for the examination of potential jurors. Rule 24(a)
reads in part:
(1) In General. The court may examine prospective
jurors or may permit the attorneys for the parties
to do so.
(2) Court Examination. If the court examines the
jurors, it must permit the attorneys for the
parties to:
(A) ask further questions that the court
considers proper; or
(B) submit further questions that the court
may ask if it considers them proper.
FED. R. CRIM. P. 24(a).
In this case, the trial judge conducted the voir dire by
questioning the array collectively. See United States v. Bailey,
112 F.3d 758, 769 (4th Cir.1997)(“It is well established that a
trial judge may question prospective jurors collectively rather
than individually.”)(quoting United States v. Bakker, 925 F.2d 728
(4th Cir. 1991)). The attorneys in the case were not allowed to ask
23
questions of the venire but instead were required to suggest
proposed questions to the court.
During voir dire, defense counsel requested that the trial
judge conduct individualized voir dire of Jurors Orndoff and Rose.
Juror Orndoff had been employed as a security guard “a long time
ago” and Juror Rose indicated she had been the victim of an arson,
as well as a witness to a robbery approximately twelve years prior.
(J.A. at 224-28.) The trial judge properly invited the attorneys to
persuade him that any individual follow-up was required and
declined to allow any additional questions of these particular
jurors. Defense counsel did not expressly challenge either juror
for cause, but now contends that he should not have been forced to
exercise a peremptory challenge to excuse these jurors. However,
the trial judge having properly exercised its discretion in the
matter, also properly left defense counsel to the remedy of use of
peremptory challenges. Neither of these potential jurors was
selected to serve on the Defendant’s case, and Defendant was not
prejudiced. Defendant’s argument on this issue is without merit.
G. Defendant’s Sentence Is Reasonable / The Sentencing Judge
Was Not Required To Apply A Beyond A Reasonable Doubt Standard
Of Proof In Determining Defendant’s Relevant Conduct
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in imposing a
sentence on Count I based upon a drug quantity which was greater
than the quantity of drugs established by the jury’s verdict and
24
in using the preponderance of the evidence standard to determine
that quantity.
Applicable post-Booker precedent in the Fourth Circuit
requires the sentencing court, in fashioning a reasonable sentence,
to consult the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines and determine the
advisory guideline range before consulting the other factors
specified in 18 U.S.C. §3553(a). United States v. Moreland, 437
F.3d 424, 432 (4th Cir.2006). The district court in so doing applies
the preponderance of the evidence standard in making factual
determinations.11 The Court below did not err in this regard.
Defendant was sentenced to a term of 102 months imprisonment
on Count I and a consecutive term of 60 months on Count II.12 (J.A.
at 440-42.) At trial, the jury found, beyond a reasonable doubt,
11
Post-Booker precedent in the circuit recognizes the need for
the sentencing judge to make factual findings for purposes of
accurately calculating the advisory guidelines. See United States
v. Davenport, 445 F.3d 366, 370 (4th Cir.2006)(upward departures
based upon judicial fact-finding by preponderance of the evidence
are consistent with Booker). However, we have not had occasion to
explicitly address the question of the applicable burden of proof.
The majority of other circuits to consider the issue post-
Booker have upheld the continued use of the preponderance standard.
See United States v. Garcia-Gonon, 433 F.3d 587, 593(8th
Cir.2006)(rejecting Fifth and Sixth Amendment challenges to
preponderance of the evidence standard being applied to sentence-
enhancing facts as long as sentence is within the statutory
maximum); United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 519 n.6 (5th
Cir.2005)(Commentary to Rule 32(I) calls for application of the
preponderance of the evidence standard in determining advisory
guidelines range); United States v. Tynes, 160 F.App’x 938 (11th
Cir.2005).
12
Defendant does not challenge the sentence imposed on Count
II.
25
that Abraham was responsible for 5 grams or more of cocaine base
but less than 50 grams of cocaine base. (J.A. at 485.) Based upon
the jury’s quantity finding, Defendant is subject to a statutory
mandatory minimum and maximum of not less than 5 years and not more
than 40 years. 21 U.S.C. §841(b)(1)(B) (prescribes penalty for 5
grams or more of a mixture or substance containing a detectable
amount of cocaine base). The 102 month sentence imposed fell
within this statutory range.
The sentencing judge, in considering relevant conduct, found
by a preponderance of the evidence that Defendant was responsible
for just less than 50 grams of cocaine base.13 This finding, as a
guideline matter, produced a base offense level of thirty,
resulting in an advisory guideline range of 97 to 121 months. See
U.S.S.G. §2D1.1(c)(5). At sentencing, the district court made no
adjustments to the base offense level, which therefore became the
final offense level. The trial judge ordered a sentence within
that range - 102 months.
Defense counsel, however, argues that the district court was
bound by the jury’s factual finding, which was founded on the
beyond a reasonable doubt standard, and that the court below thus
had no choice but to use the minimum quantity encompassed within
the verdict - five grams of cocaine base. As a guideline matter,
13
The district court explained that the jury’s finding
precluded the Court from finding an amount of 50 grams or more for
sentencing purposes. (J.A. at 413.)
26
five such grams would result in a base offense level of twenty-six
and custody range of 63 to 78 months. See U.S.S.G. §2D1.1(c)(7).
There is no merit to this contention. The fact that drug
quantity may be, as Defendant contends, an essential element of the
offense goes only to the determination of the statutory range, not
the guideline range. In arguing that the sentence imposed must be
consistent with the jury’s verdict, Defendant merely states the
obvious. As explained above, the sentence was squarely within the
statutory range and the guidelines range. There was no
inconsistency.
Defendant’s sentence is reviewed for reasonableness. United
States v. Booker, 125 S.Ct. 738 (2005); United States v. Hughes,
401 F .3d 540, 546-47(4th Cir. 2005).
Because Defendant was sentenced within the advisory guidelines
range, the sentence is presumed to be reasonable. United States v.
Green, 436 F.3d 449, 457 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126
S.Ct. 2309, 164 L.Ed.2d 828 (2006). The district court consulted
the advisory guidelines and then considered the factors within 18
U.S.C. §3553(a) in arriving at the sentence. There is nothing
either procedurally or substantively improper about the sentence
imposed. Moreland, 437 F.3d at 432.
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s convictions and
sentence are
AFFIRMED.
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