UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 08-4219
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
LARRY ELKINS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern
District of West Virginia, at Charleston. Joseph R. Goodwin, Chief
District Judge. (2:07-cr-00119-1)
Submitted: September 29, 2008 Decided: October 14, 2008
Before TRAXLER, GREGORY, and SHEDD, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Mary Lou Newberger, Federal Public Defender, Jonathan D. Byrne,
Appellate Counsel, Edward H. Weis, Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellant. Charles T.
Miller, United States Attorney, Karen L. Bleattler, Assistant
United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Larry Elkins pled guilty to knowingly taking a motor
vehicle that had been transported, shipped, and received in
interstate commerce from the person and presence of a person by
force, violence and intimidation, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119
(2000). Elkins was sentenced to a total of 180 months
imprisonment. He challenges his sentence on appeal.
Elkins argues that his sentence is procedurally
unreasonable because the district court erred in applying the
vulnerable victim enhancement. Elkins also argues that his
sentence is substantively unreasonable because it is greater than
necessary to comply with the purposes of 18 U.S.C.A. § 3553(a)
(West 2000 & Supp. 2008).
Following United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005),
a district court must engage in a multi-step process at sentencing.
First, it must calculate the appropriate advisory Guidelines range.
It must then consider the resulting range in conjunction with the
factors set forth in 18 U.S.C.A. § 3553(a) and determine an
appropriate sentence. United States v. Davenport, 445 F.3d 366,
370 (4th Cir. 2006). The appellate court reviews the sentence for
abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597
(2007). The court must first ensure that the district court
committed no procedural error, such as “failing to calculate (or
improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the
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Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors,
selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing
to adequately explain the chosen sentence--including an explanation
for any deviation from the Guidelines range.” Id.
With respect to a district court’s application of the
Sentencing Guidelines, this court reviews factual determinations
for clear error, and legal questions de novo. United States v.
Blake, 81 F.3d 498, 503 (4th Cir. 1996). Section 3A1.1 of the
Sentencing Guidelines provides for a two-level increase if the
defendant knew or should have known that a victim of the offense
was “unusually vulnerable due to age, physical or mental condition,
or who is otherwise particularly susceptible to the criminal
conduct.” USSG § 3A1.1, comment. (n.2). The commentary explains
that “Subsection (b) applies to offenses involving an unusually
vulnerable victim [when] the defendant knows or should have known
of the victim’s unusual vulnerability.” USSG § 3A1.1, comment.
(n.2).
The probation officer recommended a two-level enhancement
under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3A1.1 (2007), finding
that the victim of the offense was unusually vulnerable due to her
age. Elkins was a passenger in a car that rear-ended the car of an
off-duty Logan County Sheriff’s deputy. While waiting for police
to arrive at the accident scene, Elkins left the car and ran to
another parking lot in the shopping center and approached Clara
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Finley, a seventy-one year old woman, sitting in her Jeep Cherokee
with the ignition on and her seat belt off. Elkins brandished a
knife and placed the knife at Finley’s throat. Elkins forced
Finley from the vehicle and cut her right tricep as he pushed her
out of the car. Elkins then entered the car and drove away.
Elkins referred to Finley as an “old lady” in his post-arrest
statement.
Elkins objected to the vulnerable victim enhancement at
sentencing. The district court found that Elkins noted Finley’s
age at the time he removed her from her car and considered the
circumstances of her car running, her apparent age, that her
seatbelt was off and window open, and that she was about to exit
her car, and found for these reasons she was an unusually
vulnerable victim. The court further found that older persons’ age
and appearance make them obviously susceptible to physical force
from those more youthful. In this case, due to the size of the
defendant, the vulnerability of the victim would have been apparent
due to her age and physical ability. The court held that,
generally, older persons are not as strong as younger persons, that
older women in particular are not as strong as this very large
defendant, and that the disparity would be apparent.
After overruling Elkins’ objection to the vulnerable
victim and other enhancements, the court considered the advisory
sentencing guidelines range of 130 to 162 months. The court
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informed the parties that it was imposing an upward variance based
on the facts surrounding the offense and the history of the
defendant. The court imposed a sentence of 180 months--an upward
variance of eighteen months.
Elkins contends that age was not a factor in his
selection of Finley as a victim, nor did her age facilitate the
completion of the crime, and therefore the court erred in finding
that Finley was a vulnerable victim. There must be some nexus
between the victim’s vulnerability and the crime’s ultimate
success. United States v. Hawes, 523 F.3d 245, 255 (3d Cir. 2008).
In this case, the district court appeared to rely only on Finley’s
age and the fact that her age and size and physical strength
difference would be apparent to Elkins as he approached the
vehicle.
A victim is not considered vulnerable based only upon the
victim’s membership in a defined class. United States v. Frank,
247 F.3d 1257, 1260 (11th Cir. 2001). “The enhancement still
requires a fact-based explanation of why advanced age or some other
characteristic made one or more victims ‘unusually vulnerable’ to
the offense conduct, and why the defendant knew or should have
known of this unusual vulnerability.” United States v. Anderson,
349 F.3d 568, 572 (8th Cir. 2003).
Here, Elkins clearly observed that Finley was elderly.
While there is no specific information about Finley’s size in the
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record, there was evidence that Elkins was a tall and larger man,
likely able to overcome an older smaller person. Finley has not
disputed the size differential. “When a vigorous young defendant
inflicts a crime of violence on an elderly person, the defendant's
knowledge that the victim was unusually vulnerable to this crime
due to age is often obvious for purposes of clear error review.”
Anderson, 349 F.3d at 572. Finley was in full view when Elkins
ordered her out of her car and he made the decision to remove her
from the car after observing her size and appearance. The facts of
Finley’s age and obvious disparity in size and ability are adequate
to support the court’s decision. Accordingly, there was no
procedural error.
If there is no procedural error, the court then considers
the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed, taking into
account the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Evans,
526 F.3d 155, 161 (4th Cir. 2008). Elkins claims that his sentence
is substantively unreasonable because his sentence is greater than
necessary to comply with § 3553(a). While the court may presume a
sentence within the guidelines range to be reasonable, it may not
presume a sentence outside the range to be unreasonable. Gall, 128
S. Ct. at 597. Moreover, it must give due deference to the
district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors justify the
sentence. Id. Even if the reviewing court would have reached a
different sentencing result on its own, this fact alone is
insufficient to justify reversal of the district court. Evans, 526
F.3d at 160.
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The court considered that Elkins committed the offense
while fleeing from police, he risked human life in taking Finley’s
vehicle, his criminal history included two prior robberies
involving threats of violence, and that the sentence must be
sufficient to deter Elkins from further criminal activity. We
conclude that the sentence may be affirmed as the district court
did not abuse its discretion in applying an eighteen-month upward
variance based on the totality of the circumstances.
We therefore affirm the sentence. We dispense with oral
argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately
presented in the materials before the court and argument would not
aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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