Filed: March 31, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 07-4727
(5:06-cr-00082-FL)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
DERRICK JOMELL PERRY, a/k/a Mel,
Defendant - Appellant.
O R D E R
The court amends its opinion filed March 23, 2009, as follows:
On page 13, last paragraph, line 3, “marijuana-trafficking”
is corrected to read “cocaine-trafficking.”
For the Court - By Direction
/s/ Patricia S. Connor
Clerk
PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 07-4727
DERRICK JOMELL PERRY, a/k/a Mel,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at New Bern.
Louise W. Flanagan, Chief District Judge.
(5:06-cr-00082-FL)
Argued: December 5, 2008
Decided: March 23, 2009
Before TRAXLER and AGEE, Circuit Judges, and Rebecca
Beach SMITH, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
Affirmed in part; vacated and remanded in part by published
opinion. Judge Traxler wrote the opinion, in which Judge
Agee and Judge Smith joined.
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Rudolph Alexander Ashton, III, MCCOTTER,
ASHTON & SMITH, P.A., New Bern, North Carolina, for
2 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
Appellant. Banumathi Rangarajan, OFFICE OF THE
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina,
for Appellee. ON BRIEF: George E. B. Holding, United
States Attorney, Anne M. Hayes, Assistant United States
Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
OPINION
TRAXLER, Circuit Judge:
Derrick Jomell Perry appeals his convictions and sentences
for distribution of crack cocaine, possession with intent to dis-
tribute marijuana, and possession of a firearm during and in
relation to a drug trafficking crime. We affirm Perry’s convic-
tions, but vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing.
I.
In May 2004, the Franklin County Sheriff’s Department,
working in cooperation with other law enforcement agencies,
obtained a search warrant for Perry’s Louisburg, North Caro-
lina house and surrounding area, after receiving information
from a reliable informant that the informant had personally
observed cocaine and crack cocaine being prepared and sold
there. Immediately prior to executing the warrant, two Frank-
lin County officers conducted visual surveillance of Perry’s
house, a three-bedroom, double-wide mobile home. Over the
course of approximately three hours, the officers observed ten
cars being driven to the back of the house. Each car stayed no
more than ten minutes. The officers observed Perry walking
out of the house, into the woods, and back to the house. This
activity was considered to be consistent with drug distribu-
tion.
During the ensuing search of Perry’s house, officers found
a small amount of marijuana in a jar in the kitchen and a brick
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 3
of marijuana weighing approximately 373.5 grams, an amount
consistent with distribution, in the kitchen island. Drug para-
phernalia, including a set of digital scales, a cutting agent, and
a crystal scanner, were also found in the kitchen. In the master
bedroom, officers found two pipes containing marijuana resi-
due on the night stand and a set of digital scales on the
dresser. A loaded SKS assault rifle and .25 caliber semiauto-
matic pistol were found in the master bedroom closet. A .38
caliber revolver with ammunition was also found in the mas-
ter bedroom. Officers also discovered that Perry’s house was
equipped with a television surveillance system. Cameras on
the front and back corners of the house allowed Perry to see
vehicles as they entered his driveway and traveled to the back
of the house. In the woods next to the house, officers found
a bucket containing 73.9 grams of powder cocaine, also an
amount consistent with distribution, and an additional quan-
tity of marijuana.
In May and June of 2005, SBI Agent Timothy Gay and
Franklin County law enforcement officers arranged for a dif-
ferent informant to make three purchases of crack cocaine
from Perry as follows: 26.1 grams on May 5, 2005; 5.8 grams
on May 18, 2005, and 52.9 grams on June 9, 2005. At trial,
the informant testified that he had purchased crack, powder
cocaine, and marijuana from Perry over the course of four
years, both at Perry’s house and at his place of business.
Perry was subsequently indicted on two counts of distribu-
tion of more than five grams of crack cocaine, in violation of
21 U.S.C.A. § 841(a)(1) (West 1999), arising from the con-
trolled buys on May 5, 2005 (Count 1) and May 18, 2005
(Count 2), and one count of distribution of more than 50
grams of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
arising from the controlled buy on June 9, 2005 (Count 3).
Three additional counts arose out of the search of Perry’s
house in May 2004. Perry was indicted on one count (Count
4) of possession with intent to distribute a quantity of cocaine
in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), one count (Count 5) of
4 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
possession with intent to distribute a quantity of marijuana, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and one count (Count 6)
of possessing firearms in furtherance of a drug trafficking
crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i) (West Supp.
2008).
Prior to trial, Perry moved to suppress evidence of the mar-
ijuana and firearms found in his house during the search, as
well as incriminating statements he made to officers that day.
The district court denied the motion. At the conclusion of the
government’s case, Perry moved for a judgment of acquittal
with respect to Count 6 on the ground that there was insuffi-
cient evidence that he possessed the firearms in furtherance of
any drug trafficking crime. The district court denied this
motion as well.
The jury found Perry guilty of the controlled buy on May
18, 2005 (Count 2), but acquitted Perry of the remaining two
controlled buys (Counts 1 and 3). The jury also convicted
Perry of possession with intent to distribute the marijuana
found in May 2004 (Count 5), and of possession of a firearm
in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime (Count 6). However,
the jury acquitted Perry of possession with intent to distribute
the cocaine found in May 2004 (Count 4). Perry was sen-
tenced to concurrent 170-month sentences on Counts 2 and 5,
a consecutive 60-month sentence on Count 6, and a five-year
term of supervised release.
II.
On appeal, Perry first challenges the district court’s denial
of his motion to suppress the marijuana and firearms found
during the search of his house, as well as the incriminating
statements he made that same day. On appeal from the district
court’s denial of such a motion, we review the district court’s
factual findings for clear error and its legal determinations de
novo. See United States v. Kimbrough, 477 F.3d 144, 147 (4th
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 5
Cir. 2007); United States v. Stevenson, 396 F.3d 538, 541 (4th
Cir. 2005).
A.
We begin with Perry’s challenge to the district court’s
refusal to suppress the marijuana and firearms found during
the search of his house, in which Perry contends that the
search warrant failed to describe the items to be seized with
sufficient particularity and that there was insufficient probable
cause to search for and seize those items
The Fourth Amendment provides that "no Warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirma-
tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and
the persons or things to be seized." U.S. Const. amend. IV.
The requirement that the warrant describe with particularity
the items to be seized ensures that persons are not subjected
to "a general, exploratory rummaging in [their personal]
belongings." Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 467
(1971). "The magistrate issuing the search warrant must make
a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the cir-
cumstances set forth in the affidavit there is a fair probability
that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a par-
ticular place." Owens ex rel. Owens v. Lott, 372 F.3d 267, 273
(4th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted).
In the instant case, a reliable, confidential informant per-
sonally observed crack cocaine and powder cocaine being
prepared and sold at Perry’s house. In addition, Perry had an
established reputation as a drug dealer in Franklin County.
Based upon this information, Detective William Mitchell of
the Franklin County Sheriff’s Office requested a search war-
rant, proposing as items to be seized, inter alia, "US coins and
currency, proceeds from the sale and delivery of controlled
substances, [c]rack [c]ocaine and other controlled sub-
stances, scales and measuring devices, . . . drug paraphernalia,
. . . firearms and weapons, . . . and fruits of the crimes listed
6 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
in this application." J.A. 45 (emphasis added). The application
listed as crimes Perry’s possession with intent to sell and
deliver cocaine and the maintenance of a dwelling to keep,
sell, and store controlled substances. The detective also noted
that, based on his training and experience, "drug traffickers
typically possess numerous firearms and weapons for protec-
tion from other dealers, robbery from users, and from arrest
for their criminal activities." J.A. 45. The warrant, as issued,
authorized the seizure as requested, including "[c]rack
[c]ocaine and other controlled substances," as well as "fire-
arms and weapons." J.A. 45.
Like the district court, we conclude that the warrant was
sufficiently particular to cover the marijuana, a "controlled
substance[ ]," as well as the "firearms and weapons" found in
the house. The seizure of the drugs and firearms was also sup-
ported by probable cause. Although the informant did not per-
sonally observe marijuana or firearms in the house, the
informant’s observation of cocaine being prepared and sold at
the house, as well as the well-known and attested-to link
between drug distribution and firearms, gave the officers
probable cause to search for such controlled substances and
firearms. See United States v. Ward, 171 F.3d 188, 195 (4th
Cir. 1999) ("Guns are tools of the drug trade and are com-
monly recognized articles of narcotics paraphernalia."). In
addition, the marijuana and firearms were found in the place
where the cocaine and crack had been seen by the informant
and, therefore, in a place where the officers unquestionably
had probable cause to search. Accordingly, we affirm the dis-
trict court’s denial of Perry’s motion to suppress the mari-
juana and firearms found during the search of his house.
B.
Perry also challenges the district court’s denial of his
motion to suppress several incriminating statements he made
to the Franklin County officers on the day of the search.
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 7
During the search, Detective Mitchell asked Louisburg city
police officers to go to Perry’s place of business and ask Perry
to return to the house while it was being searched by the
Franklin County officers. Chief Lassiter and Captain Abbott
of the Louisburg Police Department traveled to Perry’s place
of business near the end of the workday in plain clothes and
an unmarked vehicle. Chief Lassiter went inside and asked to
speak to Perry. Perry knew Chief Lassiter and asked him if he
would wait for Perry to close up the business. Chief Lassiter
agreed and the officers waited outside for Perry to finish his
work. When Perry came outside, Captain Abbott told Perry
that Detective Mitchell had "requested that [he] come out to
the house." J.A. 90. Perry agreed and got into the front pas-
senger seat of the unmarked vehicle. Perry was not hand-
cuffed or otherwise restrained in any way. The three men then
drove to the house.
After they arrived, Perry remained unrestrained in the front
seat of the vehicle with the Louisburg police officers. How-
ever, when the searching officers found the cocaine in the
woods, the Franklin County officers took Perry into custody.1
At this point, Perry was handcuffed and placed in the back of
a Franklin County patrol vehicle. Perry was visibly upset and
crying, and spontaneously asked Detective Strickland, "[H]ow
come you didn’t warn me? I would have stopped." J.A. 271.2
Perry was then transported to the Franklin County Sheriff’s
Department where he was advised of his Miranda rights and
interviewed by two detectives. Perry executed a written
waiver of his rights, agreed to speak to the detectives, and
1
For the safety of the officers during the search, several persons who
were either at the house when the search began or who arrived at the house
during the search were temporarily handcuffed to a trampoline. However,
it is undisputed that Perry was not arrested or otherwise restrained until
after the cocaine was found.
2
Although it is not entirely clear, Perry apparently believed that Detec-
tive Strickland was related to him by marriage.
8 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
prepared a handwritten statement. Perry admitted to selling
marijuana, but told the detectives he had only done so occa-
sionally to supplement his family’s income and pay bills for
his children. He also provided details about his drug supplier
and deliveryman, and he admitted that the drugs found at his
house were purchased from his supplier. In his written state-
ment, Perry again admitted selling drugs, including a "small
amount of powder." J.A. 48.
At the suppression hearing, Perry testified that the Louis-
burg police officers arrived at his place of business and
instructed him to get in the front passenger seat. He testified
that he thought they were just going to talk, but the officers
drove off instead. Perry testified that when he asked where
they were going, he was told they had been instructed to bring
Perry to the house. Perry testified that he felt like he was in
custody at that point. He also testified that he felt threatened
when, after their arrival at the house, he asked to go to the
bathroom and a Franklin County officer participating in the
search outside the vehicle made a remark about hunting. In
addition to his own testimony, Perry relies upon an incident
report of the search prepared by Detective Mitchell, which
stated that "[t]he Louisburg Police took the target into custody
and transported him back to his residence." J.A. 112 (internal
quotation marks omitted). However, the report also stated that
Perry was not arrested by the Franklin County officer until
after the cocaine was found.
A "seizure" for purposes of the Fourth Amendment occurs
when, under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable
person in the suspect’s position "would not feel free to leave
or otherwise terminate the encounter." United States v. Wea-
ver, 282 F.3d 302, 309 (4th Cir. 2002).
Circumstances where the citizen would feel free to
go, but stays and has a dialogue with the officer, are
considered consensual, and therefore do not impli-
cate the Fourth Amendment. While most citizens
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 9
will respond to a police request, the fact that people
do so, and do so without being told they are free not
to respond, hardly eliminates the consensual nature
of the response. In applying the totality of the cir-
cumstances test, courts look to numerous factors
including the time, place and purpose of the encoun-
ter, the words used by the officer, the officer’s tone
of voice and general demeanor, the officer’s state-
ments to others present during the encounter, the
threatening presence of several officers, the potential
display of a weapon by an officer, and the physical
touching by the police of the citizen.
Id. at 309-10 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
At the suppression hearing, Perry acknowledged that the
Louisburg officers asked to speak to him and waited outside
for him to complete his work. He also acknowledged that the
officers were in plain clothes and in an unmarked vehicle, and
that they never displayed weapons, handcuffed him, or other-
wise restrained him. He also admits that he voluntarily got
into the vehicle with the officers. However, he asserts that he
was seized without a warrant and without probable cause
when the officers drove away from his place of business and
to his house and that this illegal seizure continued while he
waited in the vehicle during the search. This assertedly illegal
seizure, Perry contends, tainted the statement he allegedly
made to Officer Strickland at the house after he was taken
into custody by the Franklin County officers, as well as the
confessions he made to the detectives after he was advised of
his Miranda rights.
At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the district
court found that the encounter between the Louisburg officers
and Perry was "something along the lines . . . of an invitation
to come outside to talk with the officers [and] that [Perry] got
into the car at the suggestion or request of the police officers."
J.A. 166. The district court also found "nothing that suggests
10 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
[Perry] was held against his will in the car, and . . . certainly
nothing on the record to suggest that he was the subject of any
questioning" prior to his being given his Miranda warnings.
J.A. 167. Accordingly, the district court denied the motion to
suppress the spontaneous utterance as well as the post-
Miranda confessions.
We cannot say that the district court’s findings are clearly
erroneous or that its denial of Perry’s motion to suppress was
erroneous as a matter of law. The district court found that
Perry was not seized at his place of business or otherwise
prior to the execution of the search warrant. The Louisburg
officers were not in uniform and they were traveling in an
unmarked vehicle. They waited outside for Perry to close up
his business, asked him to accompany them to the house, and
never displayed a weapon or otherwise restrained him in any
fashion. After Perry acceded to the officers’ request and trav-
eled to the house, he continued to remain voluntarily in the
vehicle unrestrained. Although Perry asserts that he felt
threatened by a Franklin County officer when he asked to go
to the restroom, there is no evidence that he was denied this
request by the Louisburg officers or the Franklin County offi-
cer. It is also clear, and indeed undisputed, that Perry was
never subjected to any pre-arrest interrogation by either the
Louisburg officers or the Franklin County officers. Perry’s
first incriminating statement was made spontaneously to
Detective Strickland after the cocaine was found by the
Franklin County officers and after he was taken into custody
and handcuffed by them. The remainder of the incriminating
statements occurred after he was arrested and after he was
given and waived his Miranda rights. Accordingly, we affirm
the district court’s denial of Perry’s motion to suppress his
statements.
III.
A.
Perry next contends that the district court erred in denying
his motion for acquittal on Count 6, the § 924(c) firearm
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 11
count, because there was insufficient evidence that the fire-
arms found in the house were possessed in furtherance of a
drug trafficking crime. We disagree.
The indictment charged that Perry "knowingly possessed
firearms, that is, an SKS 7.62mm rifle, a .38 caliber revolver,
and a Raven Arms .25 caliber pistol, in furtherance of a drug-
trafficking crime for which he may be prosecuted in a court
of the United States, to wit, possession with the intent to dis-
tribute cocaine and marijuana." J.A. 18-19. In order to prove
the § 924(c) violation, the government was required "to pre-
sent evidence indicating that the possession of a firearm fur-
thered, advanced, or helped forward a drug trafficking crime.
However, whether the firearm served such a purpose is ulti-
mately a factual question." See United States v. Lomax, 293
F.3d 701, 705 (4th Cir. 2002). Factors that the jury may con-
sider include: "the type of drug activity that is being con-
ducted, accessibility of the firearm, the type of weapon,
whether the weapon is stolen, the status of the possession
(legitimate or illegal), whether the gun is loaded, proximity to
drugs or drug profits, and the time and circumstances under
which the gun is found." Id. (internal quotation marks omit-
ted). We must affirm the jury’s verdict against a sufficiency
challenge "if there is substantial evidence, taking the view
most favorable to the Government, to support [it]." United
States v. Moye, 454 F.3d 390, 394 (4th Cir. 2006) (en banc)
(quoting Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942)).
We conclude that there was substantial evidence to support
the jury’s determination that Perry possessed a firearm to fur-
ther, advance, or help forward his drug trafficking activities.
The officers who conducted surveillance of Perry’s house on
the day of the search observed at least ten cars come to the
house, travel to the back of the house, and stay no more than
ten minutes. The house was equipped with a television sur-
veillance system that allowed Perry to observe such traffic
from inside the house. The house itself was a relatively small,
double-wide trailer with three bedrooms.
12 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
The quantity of the marijuana and drug paraphernalia found
in the kitchen was consistent with drug trafficking, as was the
drug paraphernalia and firearms found in the master bedroom.
At least one of the firearms in the bedroom was loaded and
in close proximity to drug paraphernalia, and the firearms
were easily accessible in the event needed, particularly given
the fact that the outside perimeter of the house was under
video surveillance from the inside of the house. And, of
course, both the firearms and the surveillance system are
highly indicative of a drug dealer’s attempts to protect his
business dealings. Given the testimony and other evidence
presented at trial, we conclude that a rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the § 924(c)
offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
B.
Perry next contends that the § 924(c) count was construc-
tively amended by the jury’s verdict, rendering his conviction
invalid under the Fifth Amendment.
The Fifth Amendment provides that "[n]o person shall be
held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury. . . ."
U.S. Const. Amend. V. After the indictment is "returned[,] its
charges may not be broadened through amendment except by
the grand jury itself." Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212,
216 (1960). Thus, the "court cannot permit a defendant to be
tried on charges that are not made in the indictment against
him." Id. at 217. "A constructive amendment to an indictment
occurs when either the government (usually during its presen-
tation of evidence and/or its argument), the court (usually
through its instructions to the jury), or both, broadens the pos-
sible bases for conviction beyond those presented by the
grand jury." United States v. Floresca, 38 F.3d 706, 710 (4th
Cir. 1994) (en banc). Constructive amendments of an indict-
ment are regarded "as fatal variances because ‘the indictment
is altered to change the elements of the offense charged, such
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 13
that the defendant is actually convicted of a crime other than
that charged in the indictment.’" United States v. Foster, 507
F.3d 233, 242 (4th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Ran-
dall, 171 F.3d 195, 203 (4th Cir. 1999)).
Here, Perry was charged with having "knowingly possessed
[the three] firearms in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime
. . ., to wit, possession with intent to distribute a quantity of
cocaine and marijuana." J.A. 18-19 (emphasis added). At
trial, however, the jury was instructed that it could convict if
it found (1) "that the defendant committed a drug-trafficking
offense charged in Count 4 [cocaine trafficking] or Count 5
[marijuana trafficking] of the indictment;" (2) that the defen-
dant knowingly possessed one of the three firearms listed in
the indictment; and (3) "that the defendant did so in further-
ance of a drug-trafficking crime charged in Count 4 or Count
5 in the indictment." J.A. 609 (emphasis added). In other
words, the jury was instructed that it could convict Perry of
the § 924(c) count so long as it found that Perry knowingly
possessed a firearm in furtherance of either of the drug-
trafficking crimes charged in Count 4 or Count 5. The jury
then convicted Perry of the Count 5 offense but acquitted him
of the Count 4 offense.
Although Perry styles his argument as one of constructive
amendment of the indictment by the jury’s acquittal on the
cocaine-trafficking offense set forth in Count 4, we construe
his claim to be that the district court constructively
amended the indictment by instructing the jury in the disjunc-
tive as to the predicate offenses, i.e., that it could convict so
long as it found that Perry knowingly possessed a firearm in
furtherance of either the drug-trafficking offense committed
as charged in Count 4 or the one committed as charged in
Count 5 of the indictment. This instruction, in turn, allowed
the jury to convict on the § 924(c) count based upon a single
predicate offense of marijuana trafficking. This instruction,
however, did not result in a constructive amendment of the
indictment.
14 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
It is well established that when the Government charges in
the conjunctive, and the statute is worded in the disjunctive,
the district court can instruct the jury in the disjunctive. See
United States v. Montgomery, 262 F.3d 233, 242 (4th Cir.
2001); United States v. Champion, 387 F.2d 561, 563 n.6 (4th
Cir. 1967) (providing that an indictment worded conjunctively
under a statute which uses disjunctive language may be dis-
junctively considered by the jury and that proof on any one
of the allegations is sufficient to sustain a conviction); see
also United States v. Farish, 535 F.3d 815, 823-24 (8th Cir.
2008) (holding that it was not a constructive amendment for
the government to indict in the conjunctive, but secure a con-
viction on proof of one act alone); United States v. Brown,
504 F.3d 99, 104 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (same).
The same holds true in the instant case. The indictment
charged both predicate offenses, placing Perry on notice of
the specific charges against him. However, the § 924(c) count
was not dependent upon the jury finding Perry guilty of both
predicate offenses. In order to convict Perry of a § 924(c)
crime, the government was only required to prove that Perry
possessed a firearm in furtherance of a single drug-trafficking
offense, and the district court properly instructed the jury to
this effect. The instruction did not broaden the possible bases
for conviction beyond those presented in the indictment, nor
change the elements of the offense charged so as to result in
Perry being convicted of a crime different from that charged
in the indictment.3 Accordingly, the district court’s disjunctive
3
Despite Perry’s claim, our decision in United States v. Randall, 171
F.3d 195 (4th Cir. 1999), is not to the contrary. There, we found a con-
structive amendment where the indictment charged that the defendant car-
ried a gun while distributing illegal drugs, but the jury was instructed that
it could convict if it found that the defendant carried a gun based upon the
uncharged predicate offense of possession with intent to distribute. See id.
at 210. We held that the government does not have to specify a predicate
offense, but if it does, it must prove the predicate offense. Unlike here,
however, the predicate offense which served as the basis for the conviction
in Randall was not charged in the indictment. Id.
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 15
instruction as to the predicate offenses did not result in a con-
structive amendment of the indictment as to the § 924(c)
count.
C.
Perry’s final challenge to his § 924(c) conviction is that the
district court erred in instructing the jury in the disjunctive on
both the firearms and the predicate offenses, and in not
requiring the jury to be unanimous as to which firearm sup-
ported the § 924(c) conviction.
Prior to submission of the case to the jury, the district court
rejected Perry’s request that the jury be instructed that it must
find that Perry knowingly possessed all three firearms in fur-
therance of both drug-trafficking offenses set forth in Counts
4 and 5. Instead, the district court effectively instructed the
jury that it need only find that Perry knowingly possessed one
of the firearms in furtherance of one of the drug-trafficking
offenses charged in Count 4 or Count 5.
As previously noted, the general rule is that the district
court can instruct the jury in the disjunctive when the govern-
ment charges in the conjunctive and, therefore, it was not
error for the district court to charge the jury in the disjunctive
as to the predicate offenses. It was likewise not error for the
district court to charge the jury in the disjunctive as to the
firearms allegedly possessed in furtherance of those predicate
offenses. Additionally, where the charge involves multiple
firearms, jury unanimity with respect to the particular firearm
used or possessed in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense
is generally not required for a § 924(c) conviction. See United
States v. Hernandez-Albino, 177 F.3d 33, 40 (1st Cir. 1999)
(holding that "the jury need not reach unanimous agreement
on the identity of the weapon when the defendant is charged
with violating § 924(c) due to carrying more than one fire-
arm," so long as "none of the weapons justifies more than the
statutory minimum sentence"); United States v. Morin, 33
16 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
F.3d 1351, 1353-54 (11th Cir. 1994) ("[T]o obtain a convic-
tion under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), the government needs to prove
only that the defendant used one of the guns in relation to the
drug trafficking" and "the jury is not required to reach a unan-
imous verdict as to which gun the defendant used."); United
States v. Correa-Ventura, 6 F.3d 1070, 1087 (5th Cir. 1993)
(noting that "such determinations must be made on a case-by-
case basis in light of the charges made, the evidence pre-
sented, and the likelihood of jury confusion," but holding that
"a specific unanimity instruction was not required with
respect to the identity of the firearm" at issue there).4
Perry’s unanimity claim, however, is not limited to his
claim that the jury should have been required to reach una-
nimity as to the specific firearm possessed for purposes of the
§ 924(c) charge. Rather, he contends that because the district
court charged the jury in the disjunctive as to both the fire-
4
Perry’s reliance upon United States v. Cappas, 29 F.3d 1187 (7th Cir.
1994), for this point does not avail him. In Cappas, the Seventh Circuit
held that a § 924(c) conviction is based upon the predicate offense, and not
a particular gun. See id. at 1189. Because the court could not discern
whether the defendant had been convicted multiple times for the same
predicate offense, the district court dismissed the additional § 924(c)
charges and upheld only one § 924(c) conviction. See id. at 1195. Cappas
does not hold that the jury must be unanimous as to which firearm or fire-
arms were possessed in furtherance of a single predicate offense. Perry’s
reliance upon United States v. Theodoropoulos, 866 F.2d 587 (3d Cir.
1989) (overruled on other grounds), is also misplaced. In Theodoropoulos,
the Third Circuit noted that the trial judge had "properly instructed the
jury that they must unanimously agree on which weapon [the defendant]
had used." Id. at 597. However, the court determined that only one of the
four guns at issue could support the § 924(c) conviction as a matter of law
and there was no way to determine which gun the jury had relied upon.
See id. at 598. Recently, in United States v. Wise, 515 F.3d 207, 215 (3d
Cir. 2008), the court clarified that Theodoropoulos did not hold "that such
an instruction is required in every case." On the contrary, the court, relying
upon the precedents discussed above, held that "the jury was not required
to unanimously agree on the type of weapon [defendant] possessed,
because a specific firearm is not an element of a violation under 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1)(A)." Id. at 214 (emphasis added).
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 17
arms and the two predicate drug-trafficking offenses, it is
impossible to tell if the jury unanimously found that he pos-
sessed a firearm in furtherance of any particular drug traffick-
ing crime. In other words, endorsing such a multiple,
disjunctive instruction would amount to a determination that
the government can charge multiple firearms and multiple
predicate offenses in a single count, but that juror unanimity
is not required for either the firearm possessed or the predi-
cate offense it is possessed in furtherance of in order to con-
vict.
Although Perry’s argument in this regard has some initial
appeal to us, we need not decide the issue here because Perry
was not convicted of the cocaine-trafficking offense set forth
in Count 4. He was only convicted of one drug offense—
possession with intent to distribute marijuana.
The jury was instructed that to convict on the § 924(c)
count it had to find that Perry "committed a drug-trafficking
offense charged in Count 4 or Count 5," and that Perry "pos-
sessed a firearm . . . in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime
charged in Count 4 or Count 5." J.A. 609 (emphasis added).
The evidence was that all three firearms were found in the
same general location and at the same time. The predicate
offenses were charged in two separate drug-distribution
counts, but the single § 924(c) count incorporated both predi-
cate offenses. Because the jury only convicted Perry of Count
5 (marijuana-trafficking), and acquitted Perry of Count 4
(cocaine-trafficking), it is easy to see that the marijuana-
trafficking offense also served as the sole predicate offense
for the single § 924(c) conviction.
Because juror unanimity was not required as to the specific
firearm possessed and the jury unanimously convicted Perry
only of the marijuana-trafficking offense, there is no possibil-
ity of jury disagreement creating "a reasonable doubt that [the
defendant] used a firearm in committing a drug trafficking
18 UNITED STATES v. PERRY
crime." Correa-Ventura, 6 F.3d at 1083.5 Accordingly, even
assuming that the district court should have required jury una-
nimity as to the predicate offense, the error was harmless.
IV.
Perry next contends that we should vacate and remand for
resentencing because the district court included drug amounts
related to acquitted conduct in the computation of the drug
amounts for purposes of sentencing, arguing that the inclusion
of these amounts resulted in a base offense level of 32 instead
of 26. We disagree.
It has long been established that sentencing courts may
consider acquitted conduct in establishing drug amounts for
the purpose of sentencing, so long as the amounts are estab-
lished by a preponderance of the evidence. See United States
v. Watts, 519 U.S. 148, 155-56 (1997) (per curiam); see also
United States v. Carter, 300 F.3d 415, 426 (4th Cir. 2002)
(per curiam). And, we reject Perry’s assertion that this point
is no longer valid in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
220 (2005), as sentencing courts continue to make factual
findings concerning sentencing factors, such as relevant con-
duct, by a preponderance of the evidence. See United States
v. Brika, 487 F.3d 450, 459 (6th Cir. 2007); see also United
States v. Duncan, 400 F.3d 1297, 1304-05 (11th Cir. 2005)
(holding that Booker "does not suggest that the consideration
of acquitted conduct violates the Sixth Amendment as long as
the judge does not impose a sentence that exceeds what is
authorized by the jury verdict" and instead "sentencing judges
5
In contrast, we can envision a scenario where § 924(c) counts alleging
multiple firearms are not separately charged by the predicate offense, the
jury is not instructed to unanimously agree upon the predicate offense, and
the jury convicts of more than one predicate offense — leaving the possi-
bility that the jury arrived at a guilty verdict even though the jury members
failed to unanimously agree upon either a firearm or the predicate offense
that it was possessed in furtherance of. We leave the determination as to
whether such a verdict would be proper to another day.
UNITED STATES v. PERRY 19
can continue to consider relevant acquitted conduct when
applying the Guidelines in an advisory manner"). The district
court found, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the drug
amounts associated with the acquitted conduct are properly
attributable to Perry, and we find no error in its determination.
We also reject Perry’s request that we hold his case to be
one of exceptional circumstances, warranting the imposition
of an elevated clear and convincing evidence standard before
acquitted conduct may be considered. See Watts, 519 U.S. at
156-57 (acknowledging "divergence of opinion among the
Circuits as to whether, in extreme circumstances, relevant
conduct that would dramatically increase the sentence must be
based on clear and convincing evidence," but declining to
address the issue because the case did "not present such
exceptional circumstances"). Because Perry’s asserted six-
level increase fails to create an "exceptional circumstance,"
we find it unnecessary to consider the necessity of a higher
standard of proof on this point.
Perry’s assertion that the district court erred in failing to
consider a variance based upon the 100:1 crack-to-powder
ratio, however, has merit. The district court believed it was
precluded from considering the request based upon our then-
binding precedent. See United States v. Eura, 440 F.3d 625,
634 (4th Cir. 2006) (holding that the 100:1 crack to powder
cocaine sentencing ratio could not be a basis for a variance).
Because Eura was overruled by the Supreme Court in Kim-
brough v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 558 (2007), the parties
agree that this case must be remanded for resentencing in light
of Kimbrough. As a result, it is premature for us to consider
Perry’s remaining challenge to the district court’s denial of
his additional requests for a variance below the suggested
guideline range.
AFFIRMED IN PART;
VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART