Robert Dillon Framing, Inc. (RDF), appeals the district court's
final judgment awarding damages for breach of implied warranty of
workmanship (Docket No. 55897). Canyon Villas Apartments cross-
appeals from the same judgment and separately appeals the district
court's partial awards of costs and attorney fees (Docket Nos. 57122 and
57927). We affirm in Docket No. 55897 and affirm in part and reverse and
remand in part in Docket Nos. 57122 and 57927.
1. Standing
RDF argues that Canyon Villas should not have received
damages because Canyon Villas did not have standing to sue RDF.
Specifically, RDF argues that Canyon Villas lacks standing because it was
not an intended third-party beneficiary of the subcontract between RDF
and the general contractor, Olen Development. Standing is a question of
law that this court reviews de novo. Arguello v. Sunset Station, Inc., 127
Nev. , 252 P.3d 206, 208 (2011). Construction of a contract is also
a question of law subject to de novo review. Fed. Ins. Co. v. Am. Hardware
Mut. Ins. Co., 124 Nev. 319, 322, 184 P.3d 390, 392 (2008).
An intended third-party beneficiary must show that the
parties to the contract clearly intended to benefit him. Lipshie v. Tracy
Inv. Co., 93 Nev. 370, 379-80, 566 P.2d 819, 824-25 (1977). Third-party
beneficiary status requires more than the receipt of incidental benefits. 9
John E. Murray Jr., Corbin on Contracts § 44.9, at 73 (rev. ed. 2007).
Here, the subcontract explicitly lists the owner as one of the
beneficiaries of the contract. Most important is paragraph 17, which
states: "[t]his Agreement shall inure to the benefit of the Contractor and
the Owner and to all successors, assigns or others claiming under or
through them. . . ." (emphasis added). The meaning of the word "inure" is
"to come into use," Black's Law Dictionary 900 (9th ed. 2009), and so it
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follows that the agreement is "to come into use' for the benefit of' the
owner. It is also meaningful that paragraph 17 gives the owner a right to
assign his interest because the owner could not assign rights if he did not
have rights under the subcontract in the first place.
Several other provisions of the subcontract similarly establish
that the owner is an intended beneficiary of the subcontract. For example,
paragraph 8 reads: "Subcontractor hereby guarantees contractor and
owner of the project, against any loss or damage due to defects in
workmanship or materials furnished under this subcontract"; if the
subcontractor does not correct defects, "contractor or owner may, at
subcontractor's expense, furnish materials and/or labor to bring the work
and materials up to the required standard" (emphasis added). And
paragraph 18 indicates that the owner has standing because he may
recover reasonable attorney fees or court costs incurred "in the prosecution
of any suit or suits against the Subcontractor."
Accordingly, the district court did not err when it accorded
standing to Canyon Villas. Indeed, the district court had a responsibility
to honor the parties' intentions as plainly written, and it did so
appropriately. See Renshaw v. Renshaw, 96 Nev. 541, 543, 611 P.2d 1070,
1071 (1980) (explaining that courts must honor party intentions where a
contract is clear on its face).
2. Economic loss doctrine
RDF argues that the economic loss doctrine bars Canyon
Villas from recovering damages for breach of the implied warranty of
workmanship because implied warranties sound in tort, not contract.
RDF did not raise this issue, however, until after the jury returned a
verdict.
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Citing Landmark Hotel v. Moore, 104 Nev. 297, 299, 757 P.2d
361, 362 (1988), Canyon Villas argues that RDF cannot raise issues for the
first time on appea1. 1 Although Canyon Villas acknowledges that RDF
raised economic loss in its post-verdict NRCP 50(b) motion, it maintains
that the motion did not preserve the issue because RDF had not discussed
economic loss in its pre-verdict NRCP 50(a) motion. RDF responds that a
waiver is an intentional relinquishment of a known right, Mahban v.
MGM Grand Hotels, Inc., 100 Nev. 593, 596, 691 P.2d 421, 423 (1984), and
here it was not reasonably to be anticipated 2 that the jury would find
breach of the implied warranty without finding breach of contract
Canyon Villas is correct that a point not urged in the trial
court is deemed waived and will not be considered on appeal. Britz v.
Consolidated Casinos Corp., 87 Nev. 441, 447, 488 P.2d 911, 915 (1971).
Canyon Villas is also correct that RDF's NRCP 50(a) motion did not
discuss the economic loss doctrine. Under NRCP 50(b) a party may
" renew its request for judgment as a matter of law" (emphasis added).
From the rule's plain text, a party is allowed to renew, i.e., repeat, the
same arguments made in its initial NRCP 50(a) motion. There is no
1 RDFfiled joinders to pretrial motions filed by other parties that
addressed the economic loss doctrine. The district court did not decide
these motions because the filing parties settled and RDF did not
separately press the economic loss issue prior to trial.
2Afterclosing arguments, two theories went to the jury for
consideration: breach of contract and breach of implied warranty of
workmanship. The contract required RDF to perform "the highest quality"
work. The implied warranty of workmanship required RDF to perform
‘`reasonably skillful" work. In an unusual outcome, the jury found that
RDF provided work of "the highest quality" but somehow failed to achieve
the "reasonably skillful" work required by the implied warranty. Of note,
the jury was not asked to clarify its verdict.
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indication that new arguments are permissible. See 9B Charles Alan
Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2537, at 606-
16 (2008) ("Since the post-submission motion is nothing more than a
renewal of the earlier motion made at the close of the presentation of the
evidence, the case law makes it quite clear that the movant cannot assert
a ground that was not included in the earlier motion."). Accordingly,
RDF's NRCP 50(b) motion did not preserve its economic loss argument.
Nonetheless, even accepting for purposes of discussion that no
waiver occurred, RDF's economic loss doctrine challenge still fails.
The economic loss doctrine precludes recovery of economic
losses in tort actions when the plaintiff has not suffered personal injury or
damage to his property other than damage to the defective item or
condition itself. Calloway v. City of Reno, 116 Nev. 250, 262, 993 P.2d
1259, 1267 (2000), overruled in part by Olson v. Richard, 120 Nev. 240,
244, 89 P.3d 31, 33 (2004) (explaining that economic loss doctrine does not
bar recovery for negligence claims brought under NRS Chapter 40). The
economic loss doctrine does not, however, preclude a party from recovering
purely economic losses under a contract because contract law seeks to
enforce the expectancy interests, including standards of quality, created
by agreement between parties. Id. at 260, 993 P.2d at 1265. And so when
a party seeks purely economic damages as recompense for unmet
expectations, the economic loss doctrine does not bar the claim. Similarly,
this court does not apply the economic loss doctrine to warranty cases
because warranties are intimately connected to contracts. Id. at 257, 993
P.2d at 1264.
Calloway's logic precludes application of the economic loss
doctrine here. An implied warranty of workmanship accompanies a
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service contract as a matter of law. In this covenant, the performing party
promises he will perform with care, skill, reasonable expediency, and
faithfulness. 23 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 63:25, at 525
(4th ed. 2002). And because the warranty of workmanship addresses the
quality of workmanship expected of a promisor, the warranty sounds in
contract.
We therefore reject RDF's economic loss doctrine challenge.
3. Expert evidence
Next, RDF contends that the district erred by denying its
motions to exclude extrapolation evidence and allowing Dr. Lorden to give
an expert opinion during trial. Its contentions are twofold: first,
extrapolation is inappropriate where multiple units are involved because
of the potential for variance, and second, Dr. Lorden's testimony did not
satisfy the requirements 3 articulated in Hallmark v. Eldridge, 124 Nev.
492, 498, 189 P.3d 646, 650 (2008), because it was unreliable and
unhelpful to the jury. Both claims are without merit.
This court has not prohibited extrapolation evidence except
where it was used in a pre-litigation notice of constructional defects or to
certify a class. See D.R. Horton v. Dist. Ct., 123 Nev. 468, 472, 168 P.3d
731, 735 (2007); Shuette v. Beazer Homes Holdings Corp., 121 Nev. 837,
859, 124 P.3d 530, 545 (2005). In both of these cases, the discussion
centered on whether the subset of homes that plaintiff had sampled was
representative—an issue that was particularly problematic because these
3 InHallmark v. Eldridge, 124 Nev. 492, 189 P.3d 646 (2008), this
court explained that expert testimony must satisfy three requirements: (1)
the expert must be qualified, (2) the expert's specialized knowledge must
assist the jury, and (3) the expert must limit his testimony to matters
within the scope of his knowledge. 124 Nev. at 498, 189 P.3d at 650.
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cases involved separate single-family homes with varied defects. D.R.
Horton, 123 Nev. at 479-80, 168 P.3d at 739-40; Shuette, 121 Nev. at 859,
124 P.3d at 545; see Beazer Homes Holding Corp. v. Dist. Ct., 128 Nev.
, 291 P.3d 128, 135-36 (2012). Here, Canyon Villas is not suing in
a representative capacity. Unlike D.R. Horton and Shuette, it is not
necessary to determine the exact damages each individual owner is
entitled to and there is no risk that certain plaintiffs will receive a
windfall while others would be undercompensated or unfairly precluded.
Further, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it
deemed Dr. Lorden's testimony reliable and helpful. RDF does not dispute
Dr. Lorden's qualifications in the field of statistics. Although the sample
he examined was small compared to the number of apartments in the
complex, Dr. Lorden testified that his list of properties to inspect included
approximately equal numbers of one-, two-, and three-bedroom
apartments, as well as an equal number of apartments on the first and
second stories. Moreover, the list of apartments of each type was
generated by a random-number formula to ensure that the sample was
random. And as an added level of randomness, experts in the field used
random numbers to determine which window to test in each apartment.
Because the sample was random, Dr. Lorden testified that it was
statistically insignificant that the field experts only examined 2% of the
windows. In fact, according to Dr. Lorden, a survey of larger or smaller
size would have yielded the same result and the same margin of error. As
such, data based on the small sample was reliable and provided the jurors
with helpful information.
Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by
admitting Dr. Lorden's testimony.
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Attorney fees and costs
Canyon Villas argues that it has a contractual right to all of
its requested attorney fees, not just the fees incurred after its offer of
judgment. Additionally, Canyon Villas argues that the district court erred
in refusing to award paralegal fees as part of attorney fees. This court
reviews a district court's determination as to the reasonableness of an
attorney fee claim for an abuse of discretion. Albios v. Horizon
Communities, Inc., 122 Nev. 409, 417, 132 P.3d 1022, 1027-28 (2006).
However, whether a statute or contract legally authorizes a fee award
presents a question of law, which we review de novo. See id.; Davis v.
Beling, 128 Nev. „ 278 P.3d 501, 515 (2012).
Attorney fees were not allowed at common law, Jensen v.
Pradere, 39 Nev. 466, 471, 159 P. 54, 55 (1916), and can only be recovered
when "authorized. . . by a statute, rule or contract." Davis, 128 Nev. at
,278 P.3d at 515 (quoting U.S. Design & Constr. v. I.B.E.W. Local 357,
118 Nev. 458, 462, 50 P.3d 170, 173 (2002)). "Where a contract provision
purports to allow attorney's fees in an action arising out of the terms of
the instrument,' conventional rules of construction apply. Dobron v.
Bunch, 125 Nev. 460, 464, 215 P.3d 35, 37-38 (2009) (quoting Campbell v.
Nocilla, 101 Nev. 9, 12, 692 P.2d 491, 493 (1985)). Thus, "[e]very word
must be given effect if at all possible," and a court should avoid an
interpretation that makes a contract provision meaningless. Musser v.
Bank of America, 114 Nev. 945, 949, 964 P.2d 51, 54 (1998) (alteration in
original) (quoting Royal Indem. Co. v. Special Serv., 82 Nev. 148, 150, 413
P.2d 500, 502 (1966)).
Paragraph 18 of the contract broadly provides that the owner
is entitled to "any and all reasonable attorneys' fees and court costs which
may be paid or incurred, growing out of or caused by the Agreement or
8
performance hereunder." This language gave Canyon Villas the
contractual right to recover all reasonable fees that it incurred in
litigating this dispute with RDF—regardless of whether the underlying
cause of action sounded in tort or contract. See Santisas v. Goodin, 951
P.2d 399, 405 (Cal. 1998) ("If a contractual attorney fee provision is
phrased broadly enough. . . it may support an award of attorney fees to
the prevailing party in an action alleging both contract and tort claims".).
For the same reason, it was error, given Canyon Villas' contract right to
fees, for the district court to limit the award to the fees incurred after the
offer of judgment. Rather, as in Davis, Canyon Villas should have been
awarded reasonable fees dating back to the inception of the litigation with
RDF. Davis, 128 Nev. at , 278 P.3d at 515. We therefore reverse and
remand for the district court to augment its fee award consistent with this
order and our decision in Davis.
The district court also abused its discretion to the extent that
it excluded paralegal fees from the attorney fees award because reasonable
attorney fees, which are recoverable under paragraph 18 of the
subcontract, include paralegal fees. Paralegals provide essential, cost-
effective services that help attorneys represent clients. See Missouri v.
Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 285, 288 (1989). Limiting fee recovery to members
of the bar, who bill at a substantially higher rate, would cost everyone,
including the nonprevailing party, more money. Id.
Canyon Villas also argues that the district court erred in
denying it the full $369,000 in costs that it requested. 4 The determination
4 Canyon Villas does not press the argument on appeal that it is
entitled to costs under paragraph 18 of the contract. Hence, we need not
address that issue. See Edwards v. Emperor's Garden Rest., 122 Nev.
317, 333 n.38, 130 P.3d 1280, 1288 n.38 (2006).
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of allowable costs is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and this
court will not disturb the district court's decision absent an abuse of that
discretion. Bergmann v. Boyce, 109 Nev. 670, 679, 856 P.2d 560, 565-66
(1993).
In Schouweiler v. Yancey Co., this court explained that when
evidence on which the lower court's judgment rests is not included in the
record on appeal, it is assumed that the record supports the district court's
findings. 101 Nev. 827, 831, 712 P.2d 786, 789 (1985). Here, the basis for
the determination of allowable costs is unclear and the record contains no
findings of fact or conclusions of law that decisively show which theory of
recovery the district court used. Accordingly, we must presume that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in limiting the costs awarded to
Canyon Villas, and we therefore affirm the costs award. In light of the
foregoing, we
ORDER the judgment of the district court AFFIRMED IN
PART AND REVERSED IN PART AND REMAND this matter to the
district court for proceedings consistent with this order as to attorney and
associated paralegal fees
, J.
Gibbons Hardesty
)4-C ,J
Parr aguirre Douglas
Saitta
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cc: Ara H. Shirinian, Settlement Judge
Lewis & Roca, LLP/Las Vegas
Parker & Edwards
Berding & Weil, LLP
Thomas D. Harper, Ltd.
Springel & Fink
Lemons, Grundy & Eisenberg
Maddox, Isaacson & Cisneros, LLP
Eighth District Court Clerk
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