Campbell v. Campbell CA4/3

Filed 7/12/13 Campbell v. Campbell CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

JAMES F. CAMPBELL et al.,

Plaintiffs and Respondents, G047181

v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2010-00415843)

DENNIS CAMPBELL et al., OPINION

Defendants and Appellants.

Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, B. Tam
Nomoto Schumann, Judge. Affirmed.
Sean K. Higgins for Defendants and Appellants.
The Walker Law Firm and Joseph A. Walker for Plaintiffs and
Respondents.

* * *
 This appeal concerns a trust amendment and certain other documents
executed by Helen Campbell (Helen), the now deceased mother of defendants Dennis
Campbell and Doreen McAlister and plaintiffs James F. Campbell, Lawrence S.
Campbell, and Laurinda Claus. The parties were originally coequal beneficiaries of a
trust executed by Helen and her husband James W. Campbell (father). After father died
and Helen was mentally and physically impaired, and while Dennis was a cotrustee,
defendants impinged on Helen to amend her trust to give ownership of her home to
defendants, to execute a promissory note for $65,000 secured by a trust deed on the home
in favor of Dennis, and to execute a 10-year lease with defendants allowing them to live
in the house rent free until Helen‟s death. Plaintiffs petitioned to invalidate all these
documents (the 2010 documents) and to remove Dennis as a cotrustee. The court
granted the petition and also found defendants should be treated as if they had
predeceased Helen.
Defendants appeal, arguing the judgment should be reversed because the
statement of decision is legally insufficient and the judgment is not supported by
substantial evidence. We disagree and affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

1. The Original Trust
In 1993 father and Helen, parents of the parties, had their family attorney,
Timothy Blied, draw up the inter vivos Campbell Family Trust. In 2001 Blied was
retained to amend and restate the trust. In 2007 Blied again was retained to amend the
trust to change the trustees from father and Helen to Helen, Dennis, and James. All
trustees had the power to act independently. From creation of the trust until 2010 all
parties were to share equally in the trust assets upon death of both settlors.

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2. The Parties’ Interactions with Father and Helen
Doreen lived with her parents in their home (residence) beginning in 1989.
She paid rent until 2007. Dennis moved in with his parents in 2001; he paid no rent.
James and Laurinda regularly visited Helen. There was no evidence of any falling out
between Helen and plaintiffs. Laurinda held Helen‟s healthcare power of attorney until
Helen‟s death. Dennis testified Helen was not capable of taking care of her finances and
Doreen testified Helen had never done so.
Beginning in 2007, without telling James, Dennis comingled his own
personal funds with money in a bank account in the name of his parents. These included
approximately $19,000 he and a third party won at the racetrack. Father paid the income
tax on the winnings. Dennis paid the third party money from this account.
Before father died in 2008 Dennis obtained a line of credit secured by a
deed of trust against the residence. Laurinda testified that before father died he and
Helen told her they were unhappy Doreen did not pay rent. After father died Helen never
told her she intended to amend the trust, give Dennis a $65,000 note secured by a trust
deed, or grant defendants a 10-year lease.

3. Helen’s Health
In 2007 Helen was placed on hospice and, though expected to live only
another six months, did not die until May 2010.
From February 2009 up to the date Helen signed the 2010 documents when
she was 90 years old, her physical and mental condition declined severely. In September
2009 she had “[c]ognitive decline with impaired short memory and decreased attention
span,” did not eat well, and could not feed herself or perform any daily activities without
assistance. It was difficult for her to answer questions. In October she was diagnosed
with “significant cognitive decline.” By December she slept up to 20 hours a day.

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 After 2009 Helen could not read and only shadows were visible on the
television. By 2010 she could barely see due to macular degeneration. At that time she
had a pacemaker and suffered from emphysema, using oxygen continuously. She could
not walk and had to use a wheelchair. The day after she signed the 2010 documents her
hospice physician reported “[c]ontinued cognitive decline.”

4. Hiring the Lawyer
According to defendants, in 2009 Helen decided she wanted to amend her
trust and asked them to find a lawyer for her. Without telling cotrustee James, Dennis
made an appointment for her with attorney Lee Goldberg; Dennis had met him at a bar
and grill where Dennis worked. Goldberg1 testified he sees Dennis only at the restaurant,
about twice a month. He is a real estate attorney and has drafted only about 36 estate
documents in his 25 years of practice. Doreen also testified she had set up the meeting
with Goldberg.
Goldberg did not prepare a retainer agreement, kept no timesheets, and did
not bill for his services nor for any costs associated with his services, although he did tell
Helen and Dennis the fee would be $750. Dennis testified he thought Goldberg
performed the services because he was his friend.

5. The Note and Trust Deed
Dennis testified that over 20 years during father‟s life, father borrowed
$65,000 from him. After father died he found Post-it notes with amounts written on them
but they did not add up to $65,000. Father never gave Dennis any receipts or signed
documents evidencing any loan. Dennis testified he gave the Post-it notes to Goldberg
before the latter prepared the promissory note, and he also testified he gave them to him

1
The parties stipulated that in lieu of live testimony, the judge could read all of
Goldberg‟s deposition testimony.

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afterward. Dennis said he spoke to Goldberg about the loan but also testified he did not
even know about the promissory note. Dennis testified Goldberg instructed him to throw
away some of the evidence supporting the amount of the loan.
Goldberg testified the only evidence he saw supporting a loan were some
handwritten notations, which did not equal $65,000. Moreover, Helen was unable to
point to any evidence of owing that amount. Goldberg testified the slips of paper Dennis
supplied did not total $65,000 but Helen “was adamant” that she owed him that sum.
Goldberg prepared a promissory note for that amount in favor of Dennis and a deed of
trust on the residence securing the note.

6. The Lease
Goldberg also prepared a 10-year lease in favor of defendants, which
required no payment of rent until Helen‟s death. The term of the lease began in February
2010. Doreen testified the lease was a “complete surprise.”

7. The Amendment to the Trust
The final document Goldberg prepared was an amendment to the trust,
which gave the residence to defendants, eliminating plaintiffs‟ portion of the gift.

8. Execution of the 2010 Documents
Helen signed the 2010 documents on February 8, 2010. Doreen testified
she had to help Helen sign the documents because Helen could not see. The only way
Helen knew where to sign was the location of Doreen‟s finger. Doreen also said
Goldberg read all the February 2010 documents to Helen. Goldberg testified he did as
well. At that time Helen could not hear and did not wear her hearing aids. Doreen “did
not pay attention to what [Goldberg] was reading.” Goldberg testified Helen did not have
anyone assist her in signing the documents and Doreen was not present.

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 Defendants never told James, as cotrustee, or the other plaintiffs about any
of Goldberg‟s visits or that Helen signed the 2010 documents; Goldberg did not provide
them with copies of those documents. Dennis informed Goldberg he was a cotrustee but
probably did not tell him James was as well.
After Helen died, defendants obtained James‟s consent to use about
$48,000 in a bank account to pay down the line of credit. Under the residual clause of the
trust, the money would have been divided equally among the parties.

9. The Petition, Trial, Statement of Decision and Judgment
Plaintiffs filed a petition for financial elder abuse (Elder Abuse and
Dependent Adult Civil Protection Act; Welf. & Inst. Code, §15600 et seq.) (Elder Abuse
Act), undue influence, and breach of trust, seeking rescission of the 2010 documents and
return of the property. Defendants‟ cross-petition for a declaration plaintiffs breached the
no-contest clause is not part of this appeal.
After trial the court found in favor of plaintiffs and ordered them to prepare
a statement of decision. The proposed statement of decision addressed the 11 joint
disputed factual issues set out in the joint pretrial statement. Defendants‟ request for the
statement of decision included 47 questions for which they sought a ruling, many of
which were included in the original statement of decision.
In response to an objection to the statement of decision, the court ordered
plaintiffs to revise the statement of decision to include findings as to Doreen, the burden
of proof for each cause of action, and a statement that credible evidence supported each
of them, which plaintiffs did. After an objection to the revised statement, the court
ordered one additional change, i.e., that Doreen‟s testimony she did not know the nature
of the documents being discussed at the meetings between Goldberg and Helen was not
credible. All other objections were overruled. That change was made and judgment was
entered.

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 The judgment stated defendants had committed financial elder abuse
against Helen and the 2010 documents were a product of undue influence. All the 2010
documents were cancelled, Dennis was removed as a cotrustee, and defendants were
deemed to have predeceased Helen under Probate Code section 259;2 the court ruled that,
pursuant to that section, plaintiffs were entitled to reasonable attorney fees. The
statement of decision also ruled plaintiffs had not violated the no contest clause.

DISCUSSION

1. Introduction and Basic Legal Principles
Before we get to the substance of the appeal, we must address the parties‟
violations of the court rules governing appeals. California Rules of Court, rule
8.204(a)(1)(C) requires “any reference to a matter in the record” to be supported by a
citation to its location. These citations must be included in both the summary of facts and
the argument portion of the brief even if duplicative. (City of Lincoln v. Barringer (2002)
102 Cal.App.4th 1211, 1239, fn. 16.)
Although both parties included some record references, neither party fully cited to
the record, improperly requiring the court to do counsel‟s work. (Schmidlin v. City of
Palo Alto (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 728, 738 [“„It is neither practical nor appropriate for us
to comb the record on [a party‟s] behalf‟”].) In defendants‟ case, failure to comply with
this rule could have lead to a forfeiture of their arguments. (Evans v. CenterStone
Development Co. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 151, 166-167.) We have reluctantly
overlooked this deficiency to decide the case on the merits.
Turning to the substance of the appeal, a statement of decision must
“explain[] the factual and legal basis for [the court‟s] decision as to each of the principal

2 All further statutory references are to this code unless otherwise stated.

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controverted issues at trial . . . .” (Code Civ. Proc., § 632.) But it need not make findings
on subsidiary issues even if they are material to the ultimate issues. (Kuffel v. Seaside Oil
Co. (1977) 69 Cal.App.3d 555, 565-566.)
Defendants devote a substantial portion of their briefs arguing the statement
of decision was insufficient because it either relied on incorrect legal standards or failed
to state a legal standard. They also contend it failed to set out required factual findings
for the various causes of action. The material issues here are those set out in the
stipulated facts. Even if we look at each cause of action separately, the trial court
explained the required legal standards and factual findings to support the statement of
decision. Defendants‟ arguments to the contrary are not persuasive.

2. Undue Influence
a. Trust Amendment
Defendants argue the statement of decision failed to set out the legal
standard for undue influence concerning the trust amendment. They claim the court
incorrectly relied on Civil Code section 1575, which applies to irrevocable inter vivos
transfers such as contracts and not to testamentary transfers such as the trust amendment.
Undue influence in a testamentary context “is pressure brought to bear
directly on the testamentary act, sufficient to overcome the testator‟s free will, amounting
in effect to coercion destroying the testator‟s free agency.” (Rice v. Clark (2002) 28
Cal.4th 89, 96.) It is “extraordinary and abnormal pressure [that] subverts independent
free will and diverts it from its natural course in accordance with the dictates of another
person.” (Estate of Sarabia (1990) 221 Cal.App.3d 599, 605, superseded by statute on
other grounds as stated in Rice v. Clark, supra, 28 Cal.4th 89.) “„“[T]he circumstances
must be inconsistent with voluntary action on the part of the testator” [citation]; and
“[the] mere opportunity to influence the mind of the testator, even coupled with an
interest or a motive to do so, is not sufficient.”‟ [Citation.]” (Estate of Sarabia, supra,

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221 Cal.App.3d at pp. 604-605.) Defendants assert this standard was omitted from the
statement of decision as it made a finding Helen‟s execution of the trust amendment was
not based on her free will or true intent.
But this argument is irrelevant because the statement of decision relied on
the presumption of undue influence, which supplants the usual burden of proof resting on
the party attacking a testamentary document. (§ 8252, subd. (a).) The presumption shifts
the burden of proof if the challenger shows “(1) the person alleged to have exerted undue
influence had a confidential relationship with the testator; (2) the person actively
participated in procuring the instrument‟s preparation or execution; and (3) the person
would benefit unduly by the testamentary instrument.” (Rice v. Clark, supra, 28 Cal.4th
at pp. 96-97.) The trier of fact decides whether the presumption will be applied and if it
has been rebutted. (Conservatorship of Davidson (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1035, 1060
disapproved on another ground in Bernard v. Foley (2006) 39 Cal.4th 794, 816, fn. 14.)
The statement of decision set out the standard and the factual basis for the
finding. First, Dennis, as cotrustee, had a confidential relationship with Helen. Helen
“relied greatly” on both Doreen and Dennis, her children, as caregivers, and, although not
mentioned, both lived with Helen for several years. We reject defendants‟ conclusory
claim there is no evidence they pressured Helen.
The second factor, procurement of execution of the amendment, which may
be shown by circumstantial evidence (Estate of Baker (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 471, 481),
includes the alleged wrongdoers‟ “„“control over the decedent‟s business affairs,
dependency of the decedent upon the beneficiary for care and attention, or domination on
the part of the beneficiary and subserviency on the part of the deceased”‟” (ibid.). Here,
as set out in the statement of decision, defendants were extensively involved in procuring
the amendment, hiring Goldberg, instead of Helen‟s usual estate planning lawyer, and
scheduling meetings with him. Helen could not hear or see and Doreen had to point to
where she should sign documents. Dennis was heavily involved in Helen‟s financial

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affairs. This evidence controverts defendants‟ claim they did nothing more than help
Helen find a lawyer and, in accordance with her wishes, attend certain meetings. (Cf.
Estate of Mann (1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 593, 607 [beneficiaries‟ selection of lawyer to
prepare trust or presence at signing alone not sufficient to support undue influence].)
Contrary to defendants‟ rather conclusory claim, there are also facts
showing they received undue profit, the third factor. Before the amendment, the five
children were to share in the house equally. Afterwards, the three plaintiffs were to
receive no share. The house was the primary asset of the estate so the effect of the
amendment was to virtually disinherit plaintiffs.
Defendants argue undue profit is determined “based on a qualitative
assessment of the evidence, not a quantitative one.” (Conservatorship of Davidson,
supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at p. 1060.) In other words, “„undue‟” depends on “„what profit
would be “due.”‟” (Ibid.) There was evidence Helen would not want to amend the trust
to cut plaintiffs out of her estate. James was a cotrustee and assisted Helen with some of
her finances. He and Laurinda lived near Helen and visited her regularly. Laurinda was
Helen‟s attorney in fact in her health care power of attorney. Thus, under this standard
and based on these facts, the trust amendment gave defendants an undue profit.
Defendants assert there was “uncontroverted evidence” of both Helen‟s true
intent and the lack of undue profit that the court failed to consider. They set out nine
pages of evidence they claim warrants reversal. This includes testimony from caregivers
other than defendants that Helen told them she wanted the house to go to defendants, and
Goldberg‟s testimony he gave Helen several options as to how to divide her estate. They
also refer to their own testimony about outings with and care of Helen and a friend‟s
testimony Helen was unhappy plaintiffs did not visit more often.
This argument fails. The court did not have to believe any of this
testimony. It is reasonable to infer the court found the evidence suspect given
defendants‟ relationship with Helen. In addition, there was contrary evidence supporting

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the presumption. Even the testimony of one witness can constitute substantial evidence,
despite conflicting testimony from several witnesses. (Evid. Code, § 411; City and
County of San Francisco v. Givens (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 51, 56.) The trier of fact
evaluates evidence and rules on the credibility of witnesses. It is not our function to
reweigh those decisions. (White v. Inbound Aviation (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 910, 927.)
Likewise, when the evidence supports two or more reasonable inferences, we may not
substitute our conclusion for that of the trial court. (Ortega v. Pajara Valley Unified
School Dist. (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1023, 1043.)
We reject defendants‟ argument the court erroneously relied on Civil Code
section 1575 as the standard for undue influence as to the trust amendment. The court
relied on the presumption of undue influence. As set out below, Civil Code section 1575
was the the basis for the finding of undue influence as to the promissory note, trust deed,
and lease (other documents).

b. Other Documents
Civil Code section 1575 states undue influence occurs when a party
“tak[es] an unfair advantage of another‟s weakness of mind; or, [¶] . . . tak[es] a grossly
oppressive and unfair advantage of another‟s necessities or distress.” (Civ. Code, § 1575,
subds. 2, 3.) The court found the other documents were all the product of undue
influence by defendants and should be set aside.
Defendants claim there is insufficient evidence to support the finding.
They assert seven factors (Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School Dist. (1966) 246 Cal.App.2d
123) are required to prove undue influence and maintain the statement of decision makes
findings as to none of them. These include things such as a demand a transaction be
concluded immediately, discussions of the transaction at an odd time, the lack of a third-
party adviser, and the inability to consult such an adviser. (Id. at p. 133.) But the very

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premise of this argument is incorrect. Odorizzi does not presume to set out an exclusive
list of facts necessary to show undue influence. (Id. at p. 133.)
“What constitutes undue influence and what constitutes sufficient proof
thereof depend upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case. It „is a species
of constructive fraud which the courts will not undertake to define by any fixed
principles, lest the very definition itself furnish a finger-board pointing out the path by
which it may be evaded.‟ [Citation.]” (Sparks v. Sparks (1950) 101 Cal.App.2d 129,
135.) Undue influence “involves the use of excessive pressure to persuade one
vulnerable to such pressure . . . .” (Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School Dist., supra, 246
Cal.App.2d at p. 131.) It “may consist of total weakness of mind which leaves a person
entirely without understanding [citation]; or, a lesser weakness which destroys the
capacity of a person to make a contract even though he is not totally incapacitated . . . .”
(Ibid.) It “need not be longlasting nor wholly incapacitating, but may be merely a lack of
full vigor due to age [citation], physical condition [citation] . . ., or a combination of such
factors. The reported cases have usually involved elderly, sick, senile persons alleged to
have executed wills or deeds under pressure. [Citations.]” (Ibid.)
A review of the evidence set out in detail above and the findings in the
statement of decision demonstrates there is substantial evidence to show undue influence.
Helen was 90 years old and had “mental deficits,” including severe cognitive decline.
She slept 20 hours a day. Defendants lived with her and acted as her caregivers part of
the time. They secured her attorney, and Doreen had to point to where Helen should sign
the other documents because she could not see or hear. The court ruled Doreen‟s
testimony she did not know the contents of the other documents was not credible. Based
on this evidence the court reasonably found defendants exerted undue influence on
Helen.
In the second argument, defendants claim the finding they did not rebut the
presumption of undue influence under Civil Code section 1575 is legally insufficient.

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Undue influence in this context is “[i]n the use, by one in whom a confidence is reposed
by another, or who holds a real or apparent authority over him, of such confidence or
authority for the purpose of obtaining an unfair advantage over him [or her].” (Civ.
Code, § 1575, subd. 1.) Section 16004, subdivision (c) states, “A transaction between the
trustee and a beneficiary which occurs during the existence of the trust or while the
trustee‟s influence with the beneficiary remains and by which the trustee obtains an
advantage from the beneficiary is presumed to be a violation of the trustee‟s fiduciary
duties. This presumption is a presumption affecting the burden of proof.”
“There are certain relations from the existence of which the law will infer
special confidence . . . . [Citation.] A confidential relation in fact should be the test.
Where a grantor has trust and confidence in the integrity and fidelity of the grantee and
the latter takes advantage of the grantor relief will be afforded. [Citation.] One who
holds a confidential relationship will be presumed to have taken undue advantage of his
trusting friend unless it shall appear that the latter had independent advice and acted not
only of his own volition but with full comprehension of the results of his action.
[Citation.]” (Sparks v. Sparks, supra, 101 Cal.App.2d at pp. 135-136.)
The court found Dennis, as cotrustee of the trust, had a confidential
relationship with Helen. It also determined the note and the rent free lease gave Dennis
an advantage. Dennis failed to meet his burden to show the other documents were not a
result of undue influence.
Defendants assert the statement of decision lacked findings showing Helen
was not fully informed when she agreed to execute the other documents or that these
documents were unfair, claiming there was uncontroverted evidence Helen wanted to
execute these documents. They point to testimony of the caregivers and Goldberg that
Helen told them Dennis was owed the money. They also maintain the note and trust deed
were fair because Dennis had loaned father money over the years. They likewise argue
the lease was fair because defendants had to pay on the line of credit and because they

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had not previously paid rent. But this testimony is not unrebutted, as discussed above,
and again, defendants are asking us to reweigh evidence, a task not within our province.
The statement of decision was sufficient in this regard.
In a related argument, defendants claim there is no substantial evidence
Helen lacked contractual capacity. Under section 811, subdivision (b) and as shown by
the evidence already laid out, Helen lacked the capacity to execute the other documents
because her mental deficits “significantly impair[ed her] ability to understand and
appreciate the consequences of . . . [her] actions with regard to” them. There was a direct
correlation between her deficits and execution of the other documents. Defendants‟
claim there was insufficient evidence is another instance of their inappropriate request we
reweigh evidence.

3. Elder Abuse
a. Trust Amendment
Defendants argue the statement of decision finding they engaged in
financial elder abuse to procure the trust amendment did not use the correct legal
standard. They claim Welfare and Institutions Code section 15610.30, which sets out the
elements of financial elder abuse, does not apply to the trust amendment because it did
not transfer any property rights to them.
Under Welfare and Institutions Code section 15610.30 financial elder abuse
occurs when a person “[t]akes, secretes, appropriates, obtains, or retains real or personal
property of an elder,” among other things, for “wrongful use or or with intent to defraud,
or both,” or “by undue influence, as defined in Section 1575 of the Civil Code.” (Welf.
& Inst. Code, § 15610.30, subd. (a)(1), (2).) A person “takes, secretes, appropriates,
obtains, or retains real or personal property when an elder . . . is deprived of any property
right, including by means of an agreement, donative transfer, or testamentary
bequest . . . .” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.30, subd. (c), italics added.)

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 Although ownership of the residence did not vest in defendants at the time
Helen signed the amendment, given her medical condition, defendants‟ control over her,
and the fact she died three months after signing the trust amendment, at minimum
defendants “secrete[d]” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.30, subd. (a)(1), (3)) the residence
from her. The effect of defendants‟ undue influence was to deprive Helen of her interest
at the time she executed the trust amendment.

b. Other Documents
As to the other documents, defendants make only a passing reference in one
of their headings that there was no substantial evidence of elder abuse “relying
exclusively” on undue influence. (Boldface and capitalization omitted.) Failure to make
any reasoned legal argument forfeits this claim. (Benach v. County of Los Angeles (2007)
149 Cal.App.4th 836, 852.)

4. Section 259
Defendants maintain that even if they committed elder abuse, full
disinheritance under section 259 was erroneous. This argument has no merit.
Section 259 provides four conditions that must be met before disinheritance
applies. They are that defendants committed financial abuse (requiring proof by clear
and convincing evidence), they acted in bad faith and were “reckless, oppressive,
fraudulent or malicious,” and Helen was “substantially unable to manage . . . her financial
resources or to resist fraud or undue influence” at the time of the abuse and thereafter
until her death. (§ 259, subd. (a).) We have already determined these conditions were
proven and in this argument defendants do not challenge these conditions, except to state
a conclusion there was no financial elder abuse.
As a result of the abuse, defendants may not “receive any property,
damages, or costs that are awarded to [Helen‟s] estate” resulting from an action arising

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out of the abuse. (§ 259, subd. (c)(1).) They are also barred from serving as Helen‟s
fiduciary since the will or trust designating them was executed while Helen was unable to
manage her finances or resist undue influence of fraud. (§ 259, subd. (c)(2).) In other
words, section 259 “does not necessarily disinherit an abuser entirely but rather restricts
the abuser‟s right to benefit from his or her abusive conduct. [Citations.]” (Estate of
Dito (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 791, 803, fn. omitted.) The statute “restricts the value of
the estate to which the abuser‟s percentage share is applied and prevents that person from
benefiting from his or her own wrongful conduct.” (Id. at p. 804.) The abusers are
considered “to have predeceased the decedent only to the extent the person would have
been entitled through a will, trust, or laws of intestacy to receive a distribution of the
damages and costs the person is found to be liable to pay to the estate as a result of the
abuse.” (Id. at pp. 803-804, fn. omitted.)
The statement of decision provides that the 2010 documents were procured
by defendants‟ undue influence. It also specifies that, because defendants committed
financial elder abuse by taking an interest in Helen‟s real property by virtue of the lease,
they are deemed to have predeceased her. The judgment states defendants are considered
to have predeceased Helen and the assets of the trust “are to be distributed accordingly.”
Defendants argue they should not be disinherited because they never “took
any [of Helen‟s] property . . . into their own names.” They are not correct. They lived in
the residence rent free, Dennis received $65,000 under the note secured by a trust deed on
the residence, and they “secrete[d]” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 15610.30, subd. (c)) the
residence from her. The 2010 documents were all cancelled and defendants were
required to return all the interests they obtained via the 2010 documents.
Section 259 is a forfeiture statute, the purpose of which is “to deter the
abuse of elders by prohibiting abusers from benefiting from the abuse. . . . By enacting
this statute, the Legislature hoped that the threat of extinguishing inheritance rights, and
the financial incentive to others to report abuse, would deter abuse.” (Estate of Lowrie

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(2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 220, 229.) In giving effect to a statute we presume the
Legislature did not intend absurd results. (Jurcoane v. Superior Court (2001) 93
Cal.App.4th 886, 893.)
There would be no need for the statute if defendants could engage in the
conduct described here to pressure Helen to transfer the various interests to them and
avoid any consequences. Merely cancelling the 2010 documents and then allowing
defendants to share in the estate as they would have absent the abuse is no deterrence at
all. Defendants would be in no worse position than if they had not employed the undue
influence. That result would violate both the spirit and the intent of section 259.

5. Fraud
Defendants complain the court failed to make a finding as to whether fraud
was “an independent cause of action” and challenge the statement of decision for failing
to discuss elements or findings of fraud. This argument borders on frivolous. Review of
the petition shows there is no fraud cause of action, nor is the judgment for fraud.
Therefore, there would be no need to discuss it in the statement of decision or to make
factual findings. The statement in the judgment the trust amendment was procured by
“fraud/undue influence” is superfluous since the statement of decision supports a finding
of undue influence.

6. Testamentary Capacity
Defendants claim the statement of decision conflates the standard for
testamentary capacity with that of contractual capacity in the context of the trust
amendment. This is incorrect.

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 Section 6100.5, subdivision (a)3 provides a person is “not mentally
competent to make a will if at the time of making” it the person “does not have sufficient
mental capacity to be able to (A) understand the nature of the testamentary act, (B)
understand and recollect the nature and situation of the individual‟s property, or (C)
remember and understand the individual‟s relations to living descendants . . . and those
whose interests are affected by the will.” (Italics added.) Section 6100.5 applies to the
capacity to amend a trust by virtue of section 811. (Andersen v. Hunt (2011) 196
Cal.App.4th 722, 731.)
Section 811, cited in the statement of decision, lists the “mental functions”
to be considered when a court is making a decision a person “lacks the capacity to . . . to
contract . . . or to execute trusts . . . .” (§ 811, subd. (a).) They include “(1) Alertness and
attention, including, but not limited to, . . . [¶] (A) Level of arousal or
consciousness[ and] [¶] (B) Orientation to time, place, person, and situation.” (Ibid.) “A
deficit in the mental functions listed above may be considered only if the deficit, by itself
or in combination with one or more other mental function deficits, significantly impairs
the person‟s ability to understand and appreciate the consequences of his or her actions
with regard to the type of act or decision in question.” (§ 811, subd. (b).) The court also
pointed to section 810, subdivision (c), which states that a finding a person “lack[s] the
legal capacity to perform a specific act” must rest on “evidence of a deficit in one or
more of the person‟s mental functions rather than on a diagnosis of a person‟s mental or
physical disorder.”
The statement of decision met these requirements. It laid out the evidence
showing Helen‟s necessity and distress based on her poor health and her heavy reliance
on defendants as caregivers. It also found Helen had “weakness of mind” “evidenced by

3 Contrary to defendants‟ claim, the statement of decision did not “dismiss” the
applicability of section 6100.5, subdivision (a).

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documented mental deficits that affected her testamentary capacity,” which defendants
took advantage of. It further specified there was credible evidence Helen “was not
oriented to time, place, person and situation in and around February 2010.” She slept as
much as 20 hours a day around the time she executed the 2010 documents. This, and the
evidence she could not read or hear and of her severe cognitive decline at the time she
executed the trust amendment, was sufficient to show Helen was mentally incompetent.
The absence of a finding Helen suffered from hallucinations or delusions is
inconsequential; that is an alternate factor proving incompetence (§ 6100.5, subd. (a)(2))
and not required. For the same reasons as stated above, we again reject defendants‟ claim
there is uncontroverted evidence to show plaintiffs did not prove the section 6100.5
factors.

7. Breach of Trust
The statement of decision found Dennis breached the trust, both as to Helen
during her lifetime and as to the plaintiffs after Helen‟s death. Defendants rely on trust
language that Dennis should not be liable for breach of trust if he acts in good faith and
without gross negligence. He argues the statement of decision fails to include findings to
support these two factors and the evidence shows he was neither grossly negligent nor
acted in bad faith. This argument is easily disposed of.
There is not only sufficient evidence, there is overwhelming evidence
Dennis did not act in good faith. As set out in the statement of decision, he exerted undue
influence to obtain the trust amendment whereby Helen transferred all of the interest in
the residence to defendants, to the exclusion of plaintiffs. He procured the $65,000 note
in his favor secured by a deed of trust on the residence, a trust asset, and there was
substantial evidence there was no consideration for the note. He also procured the lease
of the residence on behalf of himself and Doreen, providing they were not obligated to
pay rent until after Helen‟s death. He never revealed his actions or the existence of the

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2010 documents to James, his cotrustee, or to any of the other plaintiffs who were trust
beneficiaries. He fraudulently induced James to agree to use a trust bank account to
substantially pay down the line of credit secured by the residence when it would have
been his personal responsibility to pay that off. And this is just some of the evidence
showing a breach of trust.
Dennis‟s one contrary argument that he had no intent to breach the trust and
did not know the contents of the trust amendment again improperly seeks to have us
reweigh evidence. Since he did not act in good faith we need not discuss whether he was
negligent since the trust required both elements to be satisfied.

8. Attorney Fees
The amount of attorney fees to be awarded is within the court‟s sound
discretion, taking into account the type and difficulty of the matter, counsel‟s skill vis-à-
vis the skill required to handle the case, counsel‟s age and experience, the time and
attention counsel gave to the case, and the outcome. (Contractors Labor Pool, Inc. v.
Westway Contractors, Inc. (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 152, 168.) An experienced trial judge
is best qualified to decide the value of an attorney‟s services in a given matter, and on
appeal we will not reverse that decision unless it is clearly wrong. (11382 Beach
Partnership v. Libaw (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 212, 220.) We are not persuaded the trial
court abused its discretion in its apportionment of the fees. The fact the court did not
consider all of the transactions on which plaintiffs relied to prove elder abuse is
irrelevant. In deciding whether to segregate attorney fees, the court does not look at
individual pieces of evidence but at the various causes of action.

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 DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Plaintiffs are entitled to costs on appeal.

THOMPSON, J.

WE CONCUR:

O‟LEARY, P. J.

ARONSON, J.

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