Filed 7/12/13 Bonnigson v. Bonnigson CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
KATHLENE A. BONNIGSON,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E053237
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIP094670)
LAWRENCE M. BONNIGSON, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Thomas H. Cahraman,
Judge. Affirmed.
Lawrence M. Bonnigson, in pro. per., for Defendant and Appellant.
Kathlene A. Bonnigson, in pro. per.; Bentler Mulder and Christopher Mulder for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
After a half-day court trial, the trial court ruled that an oral settlement negotiated
by the parties was a binding contract. Defendant and appellant Lawrence M. Bonnigson
(Lawrence) appeals, contending that there was no binding contract because the parties
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had only agreed on a settlement amount but had not agreed on the other terms of the
settlement agreement, including a hold harmless clause and dismissal of a cross-petition.
I
FACTS
On October 31, 2008, plaintiff and respondent Kathlene A. Bonnigson (Kathlene)
and her daughter, Kelsey Craven, filed a petition requesting an accounting of the
Theodore M. and Evelyn J. Bonnigson Living Trust dated March 18, 1997. The petition
alleged mismanagement of the trust assets by Lawrence both personally and as trustee.1
It sought removal of Lawrence as trustee, a full and complete accounting of the trust, and
other relief. In October 2009, Lawrence filed a cross-petition.
Discovery and settlement negotiations culminated in June 2010, at the scheduled
deposition of Lawrence. During that deposition, Lawrence accepted Kathlene‟s
settlement offer of $395,000. As discussed, post, Lawrence believed that he was only
agreeing to pay $395,000. Kathlene‟s attorney believed the parties had a binding
settlement agreement. Although Kathlene‟s attorney prepared a written settlement
agreement, none was ever signed.
The dispute was eventually submitted to the trial court and heard on November 12,
2010. The trial court found a binding oral settlement for $395,000.
1 Kathlene and Lawrence are siblings. Kelsey Craven is a beneficiary of the
trust and is not involved in this appeal. Kathlene and Kelsey are also referred to as
petitioners in this opinion.
2
Accordingly, the trial court entered a judgment requiring Lawrence to pay the sum
of $395,000 within 30 days. Upon the receipt of that sum, petitioners were ordered to
dismiss their petition with prejudice. Upon filing of that dismissal, Lawrence was
ordered to file a dismissal of his cross-petition. The judgment also provided that
petitioners were to recover costs.2
II
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In Crawford v. Southern Pacific Co. (1935) 3 Cal.2d 427, our Supreme Court
described our role as follows: “In reviewing the evidence on such an appeal all conflicts
must be resolved in favor of the respondent, and all legitimate and reasonable inferences
indulged in to uphold the verdict if possible. It is an elementary, but often overlooked
principle of law, that when a verdict is attacked as being unsupported, the power of the
appellate court begins and ends with a determination as to whether there is any
substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the conclusion
reached by the jury. When two or more inferences can be reasonably deduced from the
facts, the reviewing court is without power to substitute its deductions for those of the
trial court. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 429.) The same is true when the trial court determines
the facts after hearing conflicting testimony. (See generally 9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure
(5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 365 et seq., p. 421 et seq.)
2 Petitioners subsequently waived costs, and Lawrence agreed to abandon
any contention concerning costs in this appeal.
3
Respondent cites a more current statement of this enduring principle in In re
Zeth S. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 396, 405 and Kuhn v. Department of General Services (1994)
22 Cal.App.4th 1627, 1633.
Generally, our role is to apply the law to the facts. (See generally 9 Witkin, Cal.
Procedure, supra, § 322, pp. 369-370.) In this case, for example, the trial court
determined the facts, and we apply the law of contracts to those facts.
III
THE TRIAL
At trial, Lawrence testified that he sent petitioners‟ counsel, Christopher Mulder
(Mulder), an e-mail after June 23, 2010, the first day of his deposition. The e-mail asked
for an offer of less than the previously discussed sum of $399,000. The parties met the
next day, June 24, before the deposition was to begin. At trial, Mulder asked:
“Essentially, we offered [that] you would pay three ninety-five to the petitioners and we
would dismiss all claims against you; that was your understanding, correct?” Lawrence
answered, “Yes.”
Although Lawrence did not accept that offer at that time, the parties decided to
cancel the deposition. Instead, they informally reviewed the evidence that petitioners
intended to produce at trial. While going through the documents, Lawrence raised his
hand, caught his breath, and said, “„I‟ll pay the three ninety-five.‟” Lawrence testified
that he assumed that if he paid petitioners, they would dismiss the lawsuit. Kathlene
testified that her understanding of the terms of the settlement were that “my brother
would pay $395,000 and that we would be dismissing the petitions against him.” In their
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trial brief, petitioners stated, “The material terms of this offer were that Respondent
would pay Petitioners $395,000 (in total) and Petitioners would dismiss the Petition—this
would end the litigation.”
The parties then agreed that Mulder would prepare a settlement agreement, and
Lawrence would wait to sign it. Instead, Lawrence left and called Mulder a few minutes
later. Lawrence then left a voicemail message for Mulder, which said that he
“repudiated” the offer until he had the chance to review it with his attorney. Mulder
recalled that they had a telephone conversation: “I absolutely remember that his
reasoning was he wanted to show the settlement agreement to an attorney he had been
consulting with. And I had no problem with him showing a settlement agreement to an
attorney that he had been consulting with.”
Subsequently, Mulder sent Lawrence a proposed seven-page settlement
agreement. Mulder‟s e-mail said: “Attached is the settlement agreement. It contains the
provisions we agreed on in principle—namely the amount ($395,000) you pay to the
Petitioners, they give you a release of all claim[s] and right to the Bonnigson and
McMillan Trusts, you take all responsibility for debt and claims against the Trust by any
other party (creditors, taxing agencies, etc.).”
None of the latter provisions had been discussed on June 24. For example, the
proposed agreement provided that petitioners would not be liable for any trust liabilities,
and that Lawrence would indemnify them from any such liabilities. It further provided
that petitioners would not be responsible for tax liabilities, and that Lawrence would be
responsible for all such liabilities. It also provided that “Larry shall deliver to Kathlene
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the cremains of Evelyn Jean Bonnigson at the same time the settlement draft is
delivered.”
Mulder testified that various versions of the settlement agreement were
subsequently exchanged. None were ever signed.3
Lawrence argued that because of the extra terms, there was “no meeting of the
minds” and, therefore, no settlement agreement. He stated that he was concerned about
several proposed terms of the trust and especially the tax provisions.
The trial court responded: “Clearly, this document in Paragraph 17 and 18 added
some terms that might have been advantageous to the clients of Mr. Mulder, and I didn‟t
hear anything about those terms being in the oral agreement reached the day—the same
day or the day before.” The trial court then tentatively concluded “that there was a
meeting of the minds on the $395,000 being paid by you in exchange for a dismissal of
the claims set forth in this case.” After further discussion, the trial court adopted the
tentative opinion set forth, ante.
IV
DISCUSSION
Lawrence‟s first argument is that “[a]lthough my sister and I had agreed upon a
settlement figure, I had not agreed to a „hold harmless‟ clause in the agreement submitted
for my signature the following day.”
3 Mulder testified that the final draft was a “basic settlement agreement.”
However, it is not in our record.
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We agree that the evidence and the trial court‟s ruling clearly supports this
assertion.4 There was substantial evidence of an oral agreement and no evidence that a
written settlement agreement was ever signed. The issue is the legal effect of these
factual findings.5
Lawrence relies on Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Superior Court (1979) 98 Cal.App.3d
604.6 In that case, Olsen sued Greyhound Lines for injuries she sustained when a
Greyhound bus collided with a car in which she was riding. At a settlement conference,
she agreed to settle the case for $39,500. (Id. at p. 606.) Releases and draft settlement
agreements were sent to Olsen, but she refused to sign them, objecting to a proposed hold
harmless agreement. (Ibid.) Greyhound‟s counsel testified that the settlement would not
have occurred without the execution of the releases. In other words, the releases and the
hold harmless clause were integral parts of the settlement agreement. (Id. at p. 608.)
Accordingly, there was substantial evidence to support the trial court‟s conclusion that
Olsen had not agreed to the terms of the proposed settlement. (Ibid.)
4 It is likely that petitioners would also agree to the assertion.
5 Lawrence also cites Wolf v. Walt Disney Pictures & Television (2008) 162
Cal.App.4th 1107. However, the general principles stated there refer to “[t]he rules
governing the role of the court in interpreting a written instrument . . . .” (Id. at p. 1125.)
Here, there was no written instrument to interpret.
6 Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 98 Cal.App.3d 604, was
decided in 1979, prior to the enactment of Code of Civil Procedure section 664.6 in 1981.
Certain aspects of the case may have been superseded by the adoption of that statute.
(See Mancina v. Hoar (1982) 129 Cal.App.3d 796, 801, which was itself held to be
superseded by the statute in Corkland v. Boscoe (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 989, 993.) The
expedited procedures of section 664.6 are not involved in this case.
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Lawrence contends that the same is true here, i.e., the terms of the settlement
agreement were an integral part of the contract. There is no evidence in this case,
however, that suggests the terms of the settlement agreement here were an integral part of
the agreement.
As the trial court found, based on the testimony, the parties only agreed to settle
the case for $395,000. They assumed that the agreement would be reduced to writing. It
can be inferred, from the fact that the writing was going to be prepared within an hour
and a half and signed on the same afternoon, that it was contemplated to be a very brief
document.
In any event, the terms of the settlement agreement were not otherwise discussed,
and there was no evidence that any such terms were part of the oral agreement. The fact
that there were extensive further negotiations over the terms of the settlement agreement
also indicates that the terms were not fixed or even considered at the time of the oral
agreement.
Lawrence mischaracterizes his statement that he would settle for $395,000 as an
offer. The record shows that the offer was made earlier by petitioners, and Lawrence
accepted that offer. There was, therefore, an oral agreement at that time, based on the
assumption of the parties that the payment would end the litigation.
Lawrence relies on Apablasa v. Merritt & Co. (1959) 176 Cal.App.2d 719. In that
case, a series of letters between the parties was found to be too vague and uncertain to
constitute a contract. (Id. at p. 722.) The case cites the statutory truisms: “It is
fundamental that without consent of the parties, which must be mutual [citation], no
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contract can exist [citation]. Consent cannot be mutual unless all parties agree upon the
same thing in the same sense [citation].” (Id. at p. 726, citing Civ. Code, §§ 1565, 1550,
1580.) From this foundation, the opinion cites the well-established rule that the
acceptance must exactly match the offer. If not, it is merely a counteroffer. (Apablasa v.
Merritt & Co., at p. 726.)
In the present case, the acceptance (“„I‟ll pay the three ninety-five‟”) was
unequivocal and was not a qualified acceptance. We therefore agree with the trial court
that an oral agreement was reached at that time.
Nevertheless, Lawrence argues that the terms of the settlement document to which
he had not agreed were merely a counteroffer by petitioners. We disagree. First, as
discussed, ante, the offer was made by petitioners, and Lawrence accepted the offer
without reservation. Second, the argument assumes that the terms of the draft settlement
document were material terms. We find no evidence supporting this argument.
Lawrence cites Banner Entertainment, Inc. v. Superior Court (1998) 62
Cal.App.4th 348. In that case, the issue was whether the parties had entered into an
enforceable agreement to arbitrate. (Id. at p. 351.) The court found there was no such
agreement. (Ibid.) In a section entitled “General Principles of California Contract
Law,” the court said: “(4) When it is clear, both from a provision that the proposed
written contract would become operative only when signed by the parties as well as from
any other evidence presented by the parties that both parties contemplated that acceptance
of the contract‟s terms would be signified by signing it, the failure to sign the agreement
means no binding contract was created. [Citations.] This is so even though the party
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later sought to be bound by the agreement indicated a willingness to sign the agreement.
[Citation.] On the other hand, if the respective parties orally agreed upon all of the terms
and conditions of a proposed written agreement with the mutual intention that the oral
agreement should thereupon become binding, the mere fact that a formal written
agreement to the same effect has not yet been signed does not alter the binding validity of
the oral agreement. [Citation.] [¶] (5) Whether it was the parties‟ mutual intention that
their oral agreement to the terms contained in a proposed written agreement should be
binding immediately is to be determined from the surrounding facts and circumstances of
a particular case and is a question of fact for the trial court. [Citations.] Evidence as to
the parties‟ understanding and intent in taking what actions they did take is admissible to
ascertain when or whether a binding agreement was ever reached. [Citations.]” (Id. at
pp. 357-358.)
The trial court here proceeded to determine that the parties possessed the mutual
intent to settle the case for Lawrence‟s payment of $395,000 in return for petitioners‟
dismissal of the action. Its implied finding, which is fully supported by the evidence, is
that the terms of the settlement agreement (which had not yet even been written) were not
a material term of the contract.
Lawrence also argues that the trial court should not have required him to dismiss
his cross-petition as part of the judgment. However, as the trial court noted, there was
testimony from both sides that they just wanted to put an end to the litigation. The trial
court said: “There‟s no doubt in my mind that everybody thought the whole case was
settling for the amount of money that was discussed, and that the contract applied to all
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aspects of the dispute.” The evidence fully supports the trial court‟s decision to require
Lawrence to dismiss his cross-petition.7
We therefore conclude that the trial court properly found that the parties reached
an oral agreement to settle the litigation for $395,000 in return for dismissal of the
litigation, including dismissal of the cross-petition. The judgment on those terms was
factually and legally correct.
V
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Respondent shall recover her costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI
J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ
P. J.
CODRINGTON
J.
7 If Lawrence‟s cross-petition was not dismissed, petitioners would have had
to incur the time and expense of preparing for trial in the same manner as if no settlement
had been reached. It is highly unlikely that they would have agreed to any settlement that
did not include dismissal of Lawrence‟s cross-petition.
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