Filed 7/18/13 P. v. McConnell CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE, B243017
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. NA088369)
v.
RONNIE McCONNELL,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Tomson T. Ong, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Allison H. Ting, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Victoria B. Wilson and Brendan
Sullivan, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
******
Appellant Ronnie McConnell appeals from a judgment entered after a jury
convicted him of two counts of premeditated attempted murder (Pen. Code, §§ 664/187,
subd. (a))1 and found true the allegation that he personally used and intentionally
discharged a firearm that caused great bodily injury (§§ 12022.53, subd. (d), & 12022.5,
subd. (a)). In a bifurcated proceeding, appellant admitted allegations that he had suffered
one prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) and a felony conviction within the meaning of
the “Three Strikes” law (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), & 1170, subds. (a)-(d)), which was also a
serious felony pursuant to Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a).
The trial court sentenced appellant to a term of 75 years to life in prison. On
count 1, appellant was sentenced to the base term of seven years to life doubled pursuant
to the Three Strikes law, plus consecutive terms of 10 years for the firearm enhancement
(§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), five years for the prior serious felony conviction (§ 667,
subd. (a)(1)), and one year for the prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). On count 2,
appellant was sentenced to the base term of seven years to life doubled pursuant to the
Three Strikes law, plus consecutive terms of 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement
(§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), five years for the prior serious felony conviction (§ 667,
subd. (a)(1)), and one year for the prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). The court
imposed a $1,000 assessment pursuant to Penal Code section 1464 and Government Code
section 76000.
Appellant contends (1) the trial court erroneously admitted, over defense counsel’s
objection, irrelevant, inflammatory, and cumulative gang evidence; (2) the imposition of
the assessment in the amount of $1,000 was unauthorized; and (3) the reference to Penal
Code section 667.61 in the abstract of judgment must be stricken. We disagree with the
first of these contentions but agree with the others. Accordingly, we will modify the
judgment to strike the unauthorized assessment and the reference to Penal Code
section 667.61, and affirm the judgment as modified.
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2
FACTS
Prosecution Case
On January 18, 2011, around 9:00 p.m., Donald Greene was on the north side of
South Street, in the City of Long Beach. He saw his grandson Maurice Harrison, and
Darrell Mitchell walking eastbound on the south side of South Street. Harrison was
texting on his cell phone, while Mitchell was walking about 10 feet ahead of him. As
they passed a maroon-colored Ford Taurus that was parked in front of a driveway,
Greene saw the driver get out of the car holding a shotgun.
Harrison saw an individual get out of the passenger side of the Ford Taurus and
heard someone say “Where you from, cuz?” which he understood to mean that he was
being asked what gang he was from. He saw a light-skinned African-American male
who was trying to hide his face. He immediately heard a loud boom which he recognized
as a shotgun blast and ran back in the direction he had come from. He was hit in his back
by a shotgun blast. He hid behind a tree. He looked back in the direction of the Ford
Taurus and saw a person by the driver’s side pointing a shotgun at him. Harrison heard
another shotgun blast and was hit in the arm. He ran towards a fence and tried to escape.
He was hit by a third blast that knocked him through the fence. He crawled away and
eventually made his way to the nearest store.
Mitchell saw appellant get out of the front passenger seat of the Ford Taurus.
Appellant looked Mitchell “straight” in the face. Mitchell continued on for a few steps
and then heard someone ask “Where you from?” He turned around to see if Harrison was
talking to someone and immediately heard a shotgun blast. Mitchell ran eastbound on
South Street and saw Harrison running in the opposite direction. He turned to look back
and saw appellant coming in his direction. Mitchell turned to run again and suffered a
gunshot wound to his back.
Greene saw the driver of the Ford Taurus fire the shotgun and heard the blasts. He
saw appellant get out of the car and chase Mitchell. He then heard two or three handgun
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shots coming from the direction of where appellant was chasing Mitchell. Appellant
returned to the Ford Taurus and Greene watched as appellant and the driver left the scene.
Harrison was treated for gunshot wounds to his back and left arm. He was struck
by 15 pellets in the back and some pellets remained in his left arm. Mitchell suffered a
“through-and-through” gunshot wound that was consistent with the type of wound
associated with a handgun. At trial, Mitchell positively identified appellant as the
individual who got out of the passenger side of the Ford Taurus. Mitchell testified that
appellant “looked me straight in my face, and I’m the type of person I don’t forget no
face.”
Long Beach Police Department Officer Jeffrey Deneen responded to the crime
scene and recovered three expended shotgun casings, a shotgun wadding, and a silver cell
phone.
Detective Joo Pirooz who was previously assigned to the Long Beach Police
Department Gang Enforcement Unit, was the investigating officer on the case. He
examined the silver cell phone found at the scene and discovered a Facebook application
which contained appellant’s profile picture. Using the information obtained from the cell
phone he obtained a search warrant for appellant’s residence and garages. A sawed-off
shotgun and numerous unexpended shotgun rounds were found in one of the garages.
Also recovered were a box of rifle ammunition and some .22 caliber bullets. Appellant
later identified the silver cell phone as his.
Troy Ward, a criminalist with the Long Beach Police Department crime lab,
testified as a firearms expert. He opined that the three shotgun casings found at the scene
of the shooting were fired from the shotgun found in appellant’s garage.
Defense Case
The defense read a stipulation concerning Dr. Graham Purcell, a board certified
orthopedic surgeon, who had reviewed appellant’s medical records that showed appellant
dislocated the carpal bone in his right hand which required surgery on November 23,
2010. Dr. Purcell opined that a surgery of the type undergone by appellant required wires
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to hold the wrist in place and the hand would be enclosed in a hard cast leaving only the
fingertips and thumb tip exposed. The cast was removed on February 26, 2011.
Dr. Purcell opined that the cast would have prevented appellant from being able to grip
and hold a gun in his right hand. Dr. Purcell conceded that he had never held a handgun
or pulled a handgun trigger and opined that it would not have been impossible for
appellant to fire a weapon. Appellant did not testify.
DISCUSSION
I. Admission of Evidence Referring to Gangs
Appellant contends he was denied a fair trial by the admission of highly
inflammatory evidence—specifically, testimony from which the jury could infer that
appellant was a gang member or affiliated with a gang. Appellant contends the court
abused its discretion in admitting this evidence when there was no gang allegation
charged.
Prior to trial, defense counsel was concerned with two areas of proposed
testimony. The first involved the statement “where you from” allegedly made either by
appellant or the driver of the Ford Taurus. The second concerned a statement appellant
gave to the investigating officer during which accusations and denials of gang
membership occurred. Defense counsel brought a motion in limine requesting that the
witnesses be instructed that “no reference to gang membership by [appellant] be referred
to.”
The prosecutor stated that appellant’s girlfriend believed appellant was a gang
member and there was some documentation that he was, but it was not a gang-motivated
crime and the prosecutor was not going to argue that appellant was a gang member.2
However, the prosecutor argued, the statement “where you from” caught the attention of
the victims and made them pause and turn around. The prosecutor intended to ask the
victim what effect the statement had on him, and the victim’s response would be that he
2 Appellant’s statement to the police was not introduced into evidence at trial.
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understood the question to mean what gang he was from. The trial court responded that
the testimony was a “non-attribution” and the question and response was appropriate as it
went to the victim’s “state of mind that caught his attention.”
During her opening statement the prosecutor described the confrontation as
follows: “As the two young friends passed this car . . . . the two victims heard ‘where
you from?’ and the victim ‘what gang are you?’ before they could even answer, the
shooters opened fire.” During trial, the prosecutor elicited only the information the trial
court had ruled appropriate during the pretrial hearing on the motion. While discussing
the victim in closing argument, the prosecutor stated, “The next thing he hears is ‘where
you from?’ which infers what gang are you from.”
Gang evidence is admissible in the prosecutor’s case-in-chief, regardless of
whether there is a criminal street gang enhancement allegation, where such evidence is
relevant to establish motive, intent or some fact other than the defendant’s criminal
propensity, provided that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially
outweighed by its prejudicial effect. (People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 153, 193;
generally Evid. Code, § 352.) Because the admission of evidence of a defendant’s
participation in a criminal street gang is potentially inflammatory and creates a risk that
the jury will improperly infer the defendant is guilty because he has a criminal
disposition, the trial court should carefully scrutinize such evidence before admitting it.
(People v. Williams, supra, at p. 193.)
The trial court has great discretion in determining the admissibility of evidence,
and on appeal, we find reversible error if the trial court’s exercise of its discretion was
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd resulting in a manifest miscarriage of justice.
(People v. Williams (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 587, 606.)
Appellant argues that the victims’ attention would have been diverted had they
been asked the location of the nearest liquor store or spoken to “in Icelandic” and the
explanation of a gang meaning to the phrase “where you from” was unnecessary and
prejudicial. We will not speculate as to how the victims would have reacted in
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hypothetical situations. Here, Harrison’s testimony that he understood he was being
asked what gang he was from had probative value because it was relevant to show the
effect the question “where you from” had on him. It caused him to stop texting on his
cell phone and look up. Similarly, when Mitchell heard the question, he paused and
turned around to look at appellant. Given the significance of the statement to the victim’s
state of mind, the trial court did not err in concluding that its relevance was not
substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. (See People v. Kipp (2001) 26 Cal.4th
1100, 1121 [evidence is prejudicial if it uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against
the defendant without regard to its relevance on material issues].)
We find no merit in appellant’s contention that the prosecutor’s remarks during
argument constituted prosecutorial misconduct. A prosecutor is given wide latitude
during argument to comment on the evidence, which includes reasonable inferences, or
deductions to be drawn therefrom. (People v. Sassounian (1986) 182 Cal.App.3d 361,
396.) Moreover, the jury was instructed that “[s]tatements made by the attorneys during
the trial are not evidence.” We presume the jury obeyed these instructions. (See, e.g.,
People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal.4th 641, 684.)
Equally unavailing is appellant’s contention that the prosecutor introduced gang
evidence through the investigating officer. At trial, Detective Pirooz testified that he was
a “gang detective for Long Beach Police Department” but was currently assigned to the
United States Marshals Service, Fugitive Task Force. To establish that Detective Pirooz
was the investigating officer in the case, the prosecutor asked him if his assignment in
January 2011 was with the gang enforcement unit. Detective Pirooz was not asked and
did not volunteer any information about appellant’s gang affiliation—including evidence
of the gang’s territory, membership, signs, symbols, beliefs and practices, criminal
enterprises, or rivalries that might unduly influence the jury to find appellant guilty of the
charged crime. (People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1049.) In sum, no
evidence was introduced at any time during the trial, as to appellant’s gang membership.
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Assuming arguendo evidentiary error, “the admission of evidence, even if
erroneous under state law, results in a due process violation only if it makes the trial
fundamentally unfair.” (People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 439.) “Absent
fundamental unfairness, state law error in admitting evidence is subject to the traditional
Watson3 test: The reviewing court must ask whether it is reasonably probable the verdict
would have been more favorable to the defendant absent the error. [Citations.]” (Id. at
p. 439.) Appellant has not persuaded us that the trial was fundamentally unfair. As
discussed below, it is not reasonably probable the verdict would have been more
favorable to appellant absent any alleged error.
Even under the more stringent Chapman4 standard, we find no prejudicial error.
The evidence against appellant was overwhelming. Mitchell testified that when appellant
stepped out of the car he looked Mitchell straight in the face. Mitchell positively
identified appellant in court. Greene saw appellant chase Mitchell and appellant
appeared to be holding a handgun based on his body language and silhouette. Mitchell
testified that as he ran from appellant he was shot in the back and suffered a wound
consistent with a gunshot from a handgun. A sawed-off shotgun found in appellant’s
garage was determined to have fired the shotgun casings found at the scene of the crime.
A cell phone found near the shotgun casings contained a Facebook application with
appellant’s profile picture. Appellant identified the cell phone as his.
II. The $1,000 Assessment Pursuant to Penal Code Section 1464 and
Government Code Section 76000 Must Be Stricken
Appellant contends, and the People do not dispute, that the trial court improperly
imposed a $1,000 assessment, pursuant to Penal Code section 1464, and Government
Code section 76000. Penal Code section 1464 and Government Code section 76000
provide for penalty assessments on fines for criminal offenses. Restitution fines and
3 People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.
4 Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 (constitutional error must be found
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt to avoid reversal).
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parole revocation fines as were imposed here under Penal Code sections 1202.4 and
1202.45 are not subject to these penalty assessments. (People v. Allen (2001) 88
Cal.App.4th 986, 992–993.) Accordingly, the assessment imposed by the trial court
pursuant to Penal Code section 1464 and Government Code section 76000 was
unauthorized and must be stricken. (People v. Allen, supra, at p. 998.)
III. The Reference to Penal Code Section 667.61 Must Be Stricken
Appellant argues, and the People agree that the abstract of judgment contains a
clerical error which should be corrected. The abstract contains a checked box indicating
appellant was sentenced pursuant to the provisions of Penal Code section 667.61.5
This is clearly clerical error. “The distinction between clerical error and judicial
error is ‘whether the error was made in rendering the judgment, or in recording the
judgment rendered.’” (In re Candelario (1970) 3 Cal.3d 702, 705.) Appellate courts
may order correction of clerical errors in abstracts of judgment (People v. Mitchell (2001)
26 Cal.4th 181, 188), and we accordingly order the required correction in this case.
IV. Abstract of Judgment
The $40 court security fee imposed by the trial court pursuant to Penal Code
section 1465.8, subdivision (a)(1) is applicable to each count. The abstract of judgment
incorrectly records the amount as $40, and must be corrected to reflect court security fees
totaling $80. Likewise, the trial court was required to impose a criminal conviction
assessment under Government Code section 70373, subdivision (a)(1) in the amount of
$30 for each of the felonies of which appellant was convicted, for a total assessment of
$60. The abstract of judgment must be amended to so reflect.
5 Section 667.61 pertains to specified sex offenses subject to punishment by
incarceration for life.
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DISPOSITION
Upon remittitur issuance, the clerk of the Superior Court shall prepare an amended
abstract of judgment to reflect: (1) the $1,000 assessment pursuant to Penal Code
section 1464, and Government Code section 76000 is stricken; (2) the reference that
appellant was sentenced pursuant to section 667.61 is stricken; (3) the court security fee
imposed pursuant to section 1465.8, subdivision (a)(1) is modified to reflect $80 for the
reasons stated herein; and (4) the criminal conviction assessment imposed pursuant to
Government Code section 70373, subdivision (a)(1) is modified to reflect $60 for the
reasons stated herein. The clerk shall forward the amended abstract of judgment to the
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. The judgment is affirmed as modified.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
_____________________, J. *
FERNS
We concur:
____________________________, P. J.
BOREN
____________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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