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Electronically Filed
Supreme Court
SCWC-30589
18-JUL-2013
08:47 AM
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I
--—o0o---
________________________________________________________________
HEATHER R. WINFREY, Individually and As Personal Representative
for the Estate of JASMINE ROSE ANNE FRY, and SAMUEL J. FRY, JR.,
Petitioners/Plaintiffs-Appellants,
vs.
GGP ALA MOANA LLC dba ALA MOANA CENTER,
Respondent/Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
SCWC-30589
CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
(ICA NO. 30589; CIV. NO. 06-1-0017)
JULY 18, 2013
RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, AND MCKENNA, JJ., AND
CIRCUIT JUDGE TRADER, ASSIGNED BY REASON OF VACANCY;
WITH ACOBA, J., CONCURRING AND DISSENTING SEPARATELY
OPINION OF THE COURT BY MCKENNA, J.
I. Introduction
Jasmine Rose Anne Fry (“Fry”) somehow accessed the
rooftop of Ala Moana Center (“Center”), entered into and became
trapped in an exhaust duct above the Makai Market Food Court
(“Food Court”), then died from hyperthermia and respiratory
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compromise. Her parents, Heather R. Winfrey and Samuel J. Fry,
Jr. (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), sued GGP Ala Moana LLC dba Ala
Moana Center (“Ala Moana”). Before a trial date had been set,
Ala Moana moved for summary judgment on the grounds that (1) it
did not owe Fry a duty of care because she was a trespasser; and
(2) it could not be held liable for its affirmative attempts to
render aid. The Circuit Court of the First Circuit (“circuit
court”) granted summary judgment in favor of Ala Moana on all of
Plaintiffs’ claims.1 The Intermediate Court of Appeals (“ICA”)
affirmed on appeal, concluding that Ala Moana did not owe Fry a
legal duty under any theory of liability.
We hold that summary judgment was properly granted on
Plaintiffs’ general premises liability claims against Ala Moana
as a possessor of land because: (1) Ala Moana owed no duty to a
person not reasonably anticipated to be on the rooftop and, based
on the admissible evidence, Fry could not have reasonably been
anticipated to be on the rooftop; (2) even if Ala Moana should
have reasonably anticipated Fry’s presence on the rooftop, it
still could not be held liable because Fry’s entry into the
exhaust vent was not reasonably foreseeable; therefore, any
breach of its general duty as a possessor of land was not a
substantial factor in causing Fry’s injuries and/or death; (3)
1
The Honorable Gary W.B. Chang presided.
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whether or not Fry had the mental capacity to voluntarily enter
the exhaust duct is irrelevant to Ala Moana’s general premises
liability duty; (4) the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor is
inapplicable; and (5) Plaintiffs’ other theories as to how Fry
ended up on the rooftop are speculative and constitute
intentional torts for which Ala Moana cannot be held vicariously
liable.
We also hold, however, that pursuant to section 338 of
the Restatement (Second) of Torts, adopted by this court in
Farrior v. Payton, 57 Haw. 620, 562 P.2d 779 (1977), as a
possessor of land in immediate control of the heat, smoke, and
gasses emanating from stoves in the Food Court into the exhaust
duct, and knowing of Fry’s presence in dangerous proximity to
those forces, Ala Moana had a duty to exercise reasonable care to
control those forces to prevent them from doing harm to Fry, even
if she was a trespasser. Genuine issues of material fact exist
as to (1) whether Ala Moana breached its duty under section 338;
and (2) if so, whether such breach was a substantial factor in
causing Fry’s injuries and/or death.
In addition, we hold that, pursuant to section 314A(3)
of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, as a possessor of land who
held its land open to the public, Ala Moana had a duty to members
of the public who entered the Center in response to its
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invitation to take reasonable action to give first aid after it
knew or had reason to know that such persons were ill or injured,
and to care for such persons until they could be cared for by
others. Genuine issues of material fact exist to (1) whether Fry
was a member of the public who entered the Center in response to
Ala Moana’s invitation; (2) if so, whether Ala Moana breached its
duties under section 314A(3); and (3) if so, whether such breach
was a substantial factor in causing Fry’s injuries and/or death.
Therefore, we vacate in part and affirm in part the
ICA’s judgment in favor of Ala Moana, and remand the case to the
circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
II. Background
A. Factual Background
Reviewing the law de novo and the facts and in the
light most favorable to Plaintiffs, pursuant to the standards
governing appellate review of summary judgment motions,2 the
following factual background can be gleaned from the evidence in
the record.3
2
See Section III, infra.
3
Ala Moana’s former counsel had initially filed a motion for
summary judgment. Substitute counsel withdrew this motion without prejudice,
then later filed a revised motion. Portions of this factual background are
contained in submissions from the withdrawn motion for summary judgment.
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On Saturday, September 3, 2005, at around five or ten
minutes after 2:00 p.m., Cary Oshiro (“Oshiro”), a maintenance
worker employed by Ala Moana, responded to a call from the Poi
Bowl restaurant at the Food Court indicating its exhaust fan was
not working. Oshiro was at Poi Bowl for less than a minute.
While there, security officers were also responding to a smoke
alarm at Little Café Siam, next door. Because the two
restaurants shared the same exhaust vent, Oshiro proceeded to the
rooftop to determine whether the exhaust fan was functioning.
Before proceeding to the Bally rooftop, where these
ducts eventually ended, Oshiro called the security control center
to explain that he would be accessing a secured gate to the
stairwell.4 He then used an electronic swipe card to open the
gate and proceeded upstairs.5 Normally, the magnetic lock on the
gate was wired to a silent alarm system that would signal whether
the gate was open or closed, and the lock was monitored in the
security control center. That afternoon, however, the alarm for
4
According to Ala Moana’s unwritten policies and procedures,
employees were required to call the control center before accessing any of the
rooftops or other secured areas of the Center. On one occasion, over ten
years ago, an employee forgot to call security before accessing one of the
magnetic locks and the alarm went off.
5
The metal gate leading to the stairwell could be opened by either
a Matco security key or a swipe card, both of which were individually numbered
or coded so that the owner could be identified if a key were lost. If a swipe
card were used, certain data would be recorded including the identity of the
card holder and time of access. If a traditional key were used, no data would
be recorded.
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the gate was not functioning properly, and there was no video
surveillance of the area. Ala Moana’s security and maintenance
personnel were the only people with access to these areas and,
during the relevant time period, no keys or access cards had been
reported lost or stolen.6
Oshiro proceeded to unlock a padlock on the hatch that
opened onto the rooftop. When he reached the rooftop, he checked
the exhaust fan and determined that it was not running. A young
woman, later identified as Fry, appeared from behind the fan.
Fry was barefoot, dressed in shorts and a tank top, and had
grease smeared on her feet, hands, hair and face. She did not
appear to have any noticeable injuries.
Oshiro asked Fry what she was doing on the rooftop, and
she responded that she was a contractor hired to clean grease
from the fan. When Oshiro asked whether security knew she was
working on the rooftop, she said, “Yes.” When he asked who had
contracted her to do the work, Fry responded, “A guy named Joe.”
These answers struck Oshiro as odd because that type of work
typically was not done during business hours, when the
restaurants needed the exhaust fans. Oshiro then asked how she
had gotten onto the rooftop, but Fry did not answer. He repeated
6
When Ala Moana personnel or contractors accessed the rooftop, they
would leave the gate slightly ajar until they completed their work, and they
would again call security once they left the area and closed the gate.
Additionally, the padlock on the hatch would be left open when contractors or
personnel were working on the roof.
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the question two or three times, and she responded, “No, it
doesn’t matter.” Oshiro noticed that Fry was jumpy and seemed
nervous.
One to three minutes after first encountering Fry on
the rooftop, Oshiro called security to verify her story. As he
did, Fry climbed on top of the exhaust duct and began jumping up
and down. Oshiro asked her what she was doing, but she did not
respond. He then asked her to come down, and she climbed off the
duct.
Charles (or Kazu) Yokoyama (“Yokoyama”), a senior
maintenance mechanic, joined Oshiro on the rooftop, and Oshiro
explained the situation to him. In the meantime, Fry had climbed
back onto and started jumping forcefully on the duct. Yokoyama
asked her to come down and talk to them, but Fry did not respond.
As Fry continued jumping, Yokoyama stepped away to call security.
Fry then told Oshiro that there was a baby in the duct.
Oshiro asked her what she was talking about, and Fry responded,
“No, nothing. You know, it doesn’t matter.” At this point, two
to five minutes had passed since Oshiro first encountered Fry.
Eventually, the force of Fry’s jumping caused the sheet metal to
collapse inward, creating a hole about six to eight inches high
and two feet wide. Fry slid her feet inside the opening and
squeezed into the duct as the metal bent under her weight. Upon
witnessing this, Oshiro again called security, and asked that a
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security officer be sent to the roof.
In the meantime, Derek Hangai (“Hangai”), in the
security control center, checked Ala Moana’s records to determine
whether any contractors had been scheduled to work on the
rooftop. As he confirmed with the Poi Bowl and Little Café Siam
that neither restaurant was aware of any work scheduled that day,
Oshiro called to report that Fry had climbed into the exhaust
duct. Hangai stated he did not remember whether he asked
Lieutenant Henry Tancayo (“Tancayo”) or dispatcher Brian Babauta
(“Babauta”) if he should call emergency services upon learning
that Fry had climbed into the duct.
Ala Moana security officer Lukela Bagood (“Bagood”)
arrived on the rooftop just as Fry was entering the exhaust duct.
Bagood had been instructed by his supervisor, Tancayo, to arrest
or detain Fry if possible. Bagood relayed to Tancayo that Fry
was inside the duct, but he did not recall whether anyone asked
if they should call emergency services. Security officer Jowana
Lobendahn (“Lobendahn”) responded later, at approximately 2:35
p.m. Lobendahn stuck her head into an opening in the duct and
attempted to locate Fry. Lobendahn asked Fry if she was injured,
and Fry responded “No.” Lobendahn then continued to communicate
with Fry and told her to stay where she was, but Fry stopped
responding. After two or three minutes, however, Oshiro and
Yokoyama heard a loud banging from inside the duct, followed by
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silence.
In an attempt to locate Fry, Lobendahn, Yokoyama, and
Oshiro followed the route of the ventilation duct inside the
building. Lobendahn went one level down to the Gucci corridor,
where she kicked and banged on the duct to see if Fry could hear
her. She then returned to the rooftop to see if Bagood could get
Fry to respond. Yokoyama ran downstairs to the parking lot
level. Oshiro ran to the Food Court where the duct eventually
ended. Bagood and Lobendahn remained on the Bally rooftop for
around twenty minutes until the control center directed them to
Little Café Siam.
When Oshiro arrived at Little Café Siam, the employees
reported that the exhaust duct above the stove was moving.
Oshiro saw that someone was pushing at the sheet metal from the
inside. After unscrewing the access panel to the duct and
opening up the sheet metal, Oshiro noticed that Fry was trapped
in a small space in the stove hood, on the other side of a narrow
metal bar. Fry was responsive and said something, but Oshiro
could not recall what she said. Oshiro could not recall what
time he arrived at the restaurant.
Although Oshiro and Yokoyama said that the stoves were
off when they arrived at Little Café Siam, Lobendahn, who arrived
later, stated:
One stove ewa of where the female was located had [four]
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pots with hot water. [Second] stove directly under the
female had [two] large cooking woks that had nothing in it.
We had the employees of Café Siam remove cooking items out
of the way and turned off all stoves and gasses.
In addition, according to Bagood, the stoves and ovens at Poi
Bowl were still on when he arrived downstairs.
After restaurant employees were directed to turn off
the stoves, Lobendahn pulled down a metal panel underneath Fry so
she could get some air, and held her hand in an attempt to
reassure her and keep her conscious. Lobendahn asked Fry for her
name, age, where she was from, and why she was on the rooftop.
Fry responded that her name was Dallas, she was twenty-two years
old, and she was from Kona. She said that she had been on the
rooftop because she wanted to be free. She also said that she
had a miscarriage, but did not want to talk about it because it
made her cry. Fry later said that she was sorry, she did not
want to die, and please get her out. Lobendahn reassured her
that everything was going to be okay and they would get her out.
When patrons were injured, Ala Moana’s procedure was to
have security call emergency services, which would arrive on
scene within a few minutes. Bagood was therefore surprised that
when he arrived at the Food Court, emergency service personnel
were not already there. In fact, no one from Ala Moana called
emergency services until 2:54 p.m.; and when the call was made,
it was to inform the Honolulu Police Department (“HPD”) that a
woman had broken into a duct at Ala Moana Center and was crawling
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through the duct without authorization. HPD was asked to send an
officer to the rooftop in case the woman decided to climb out of
the duct. Moments later, however, HPD was informed that the
woman was attempting to crawl down the duct into the Food Court,
and Ala Moana asked that the officer report to Little Café Siam.
At approximately 2:57 p.m., security personnel called
Emergency Medical Services (“EMS”) to request an ambulance, and
to report that an unknown female had gotten into the exhaust fans
on the rooftop and had either slipped or fallen down the duct.
Security reported that maintenance was attempting to remove the
woman from the exhaust duct. EMS called the Honolulu Fire
Department (“HFD”) to request assistance in extricating Fry from
the duct. As EMS was explaining the situation to HFD, an Ala
Moana security officer said, “Oh, looks like we got her out,” and
then, “You know what ambulance would be good for now. It looks
like she’s okay, but –....” According to the transcript of this
call, Ala Moana security could hear what EMS was relaying to HFD.
When EMS told HFD that it was no longer needed because Fry had
been removed from the exhaust duct, the security officer did not
correct EMS to request that HFD or EMS respond to the scene
immediately.
At approximately 3:00 p.m., another call was placed
from Ala Moana security, this time directly to HFD, requesting
assistance in extricating Fry from the duct. Paramedics arrived
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on the scene at 3:06 p.m., and HFD arrived at 3:10 p.m. Once
EMS, HPD, and HFD arrived, Oshiro, Yokoyama, and Lobendahn
stepped away as rescue services personnel attempted to extricate
Fry from the duct. Fry was finally removed from the exhaust duct
at approximately 4:53 p.m. Upon removal from the duct, she
immediately became unresponsive, and was transported to The
Queen’s Medical Center in critical condition at 5:09 p.m. Fry
was asystolic during transport to the hospital, and resuscitation
efforts failed. She arrived at the hospital at 5:28 p.m., and
was pronounced dead at 5:33 p.m.
An autopsy performed on Fry indicated that the cause of
death was the combined effects of hyperthermia and respiratory
compromise. Fry was twenty-two years old at the time of her
death, and was approximately six to eight weeks pregnant. The
autopsy indicated that no internal injuries caused or contributed
to Fry’s death, although the extrication process left various
scrapes and bruises on her skin. In addition, blisters on her
skin were consistent with superficial burns from contact with a
hot surface. The medical examiner concluded that information
regarding the circumstances leading to and surrounding her death
suggested an acute psychotic episode of unknown etiology. No
stimulant drugs known to cause an acute psychotic episode were
detected in Fry’s blood or vitreous fluid.
A subsequent investigation by HPD and Ala Moana could
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not conclusively determine the means by which Fry accessed the
Bally rooftop. Upon further examination of the rooftop that
afternoon, Fry’s belongings, including her ID, toiletries,
clothes, perfume, day planner, and purse, were found scattered in
three drains on the rooftop. Among the items found was a
screwdriver.
Ala Moana personnel did not know of any unauthorized
entry or trespass to the rooftop or the ventilation system before
this incident. They also did not know how Fry could have gotten
to the rooftop other than through the secured gate and hatch.
Other evidence indicated, however, that it was possible to access
the Bally rooftop from an adjacent building. In response to an
interrogatory asking how Fry got to the rooftop, Ala Moana
surmised that Fry likely entered areas that were marked for
authorized personnel only and climbed on the Center’s rooftop
until she reached the Bally rooftop by (a) entering a fourth
floor hallway near the Godiva store that led to a rooftop door,
which was propped open by air conditioning contractors, then
traversing the rooftops to the Bally rooftop, or (b) entering a
fourth floor hallway that led to a ledge that allowed her to
access the rooftop directly across from the Bally rooftop, then
climbing across the Neiman Marcus tiled rooftop over to the Bally
rooftop.
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B. Circuit Court Proceedings
Plaintiffs Heather R. Winfrey, individually and as
personal representative for Fry’s estate, and Samuel J. Fry, Jr.
filed suit against Ala Moana in the Circuit Court of the First
Circuit. Plaintiffs asserted claims against Ala Moana for:
wrongful death (Count I); negligent failure to provide a safe
premises (Count II); negligent failure (a) to properly train or
supervise employees, and (b) to care for Fry and her unborn child
during the incident (Count III); intentional/negligent infliction
of emotional distress (Count IV); and punitive damages (Count V).
Before discovery had been completed and before a trial
date had been set, Ala Moana filed the subject motion for summary
judgment, arguing, in general, that (1) it did not owe Fry a
legal duty because she was a trespasser not reasonably
anticipated to be on the Bally rooftop, and (2) it could not be
held liable for its attempts to aid Fry after she became stuck in
the exhaust duct. Specifically, Ala Moana asserted that there
could be no liability arising from its ownership of the property
because Fry had been a trespasser, she was not reasonably
anticipated to be in a secure area to which only authorized
personnel had access, the limited duty owed to trespassers did
not apply where there had been no prior history of trespass to
the area, and it did not create or maintain the condition that
harmed Fry. Ala Moana further argued that it did not have an
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affirmative duty to intervene to protect Fry from her own
actions. Finally, it argued that it could not be held liable for
any attempts to aid Fry because the duty to assist an injured
person was limited and any attempts to render aid were protected
by a Good Samaritan statute, Hawai#i Revised Statutes (“HRS”) §
663-1.5.
In opposition, Plaintiffs argued that Ala Moana had
implicitly taken custody of Fry because Ala Moana personnel had
exclusive control over and access to the rooftop. They claimed
that Fry was induced to the rooftop and locked outside by an Ala
Moana employee, and that she was suffering from the effects of
heat stroke when maintenance and security personnel found her.
Plaintiffs argued that Ala Moana had a duty to use reasonable
care for the safety of all persons reasonably anticipated on the
premises. In addition, they contended that Ala Moana voluntarily
undertook to ensure the safety of its customers, and the
reasonableness of its actions in rendering aid was a question of
fact. They also argued that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor
applied because Fry could not have been locked on the rooftop but
for Ala Moana’s negligence. Finally, they argued that the
circuit court had erred in denying their request for a
continuance to conduct additional discovery, including various
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depositions.7
Ala Moana replied, inter alia, that the evidence
established that Fry was a trespasser, and that any allegation
that she was locked on the rooftop by an Ala Moana employee
relied on pure conjecture rather than reasonable inferences. It
claimed that Plaintiffs’ characterization of the facts distorted
the evidence in the record. It reiterated that Ala Moana did not
owe a duty based on premises liability because Fry was not
reasonably anticipated to be on the rooftop, and that Plaintiffs’
other theories of liability were without merit where there was no
evidence Ala Moana allowed Fry to access the rooftop and Fry
voluntarily broke into the exhaust duct.
After a hearing on this motion, the circuit court
orally granted summary judgment in favor of Ala Moana on all
claims based on premises liability and intentional conduct. The
court declined to grant summary judgment on any remaining claims
based on a duty to render aid. It noted that, pursuant to Lundy
v. Adamar of New Jersey, 34 F.3d 1173 (3d Cir. 1994), a landowner
has a duty to render aid once it becomes aware of a person
7
In opposing Ala Moana’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs
explained that they had been unable to depose all of the relevant individuals
involved in the incident—including security officers who responded to the
incident or dispatched emergency services from the control center, the ranking
administrator who answered Plaintiffs’ interrogatories, and Ala Moana’s Chief
of Security. Before the ICA, Plaintiffs again raised the issue of incomplete
discovery. Plaintiffs do not specifically raise this issue in their
application for writ of certiorari; based on the analysis below, incomplete
discovery is relevant to some but not other issues arising from Plaintiffs’
theories of liability.
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injured on its property. The court stated that this duty might
have required Ala Moana to take affirmative action upon learning
of Fry’s presence on the rooftop, and it declined to shield Ala
Moana from liability through HRS § 663-1.5, a Good Samaritan
statute which generally precludes civil liability against a
person rendering first aid.
The circuit court entered an order granting summary
judgment in favor of Ala Moana on Count II (negligence in failing
to provide a safe premises) and part of Count IV (intentional
infliction of emotional distress). However, it denied summary
judgment on Count I (wrongful death), Count III (negligence in
failing to properly train/supervise employees or otherwise care
for Fry), part of Count IV (negligent infliction of emotional
distress), and Count V (punitive damages).
In the meantime, Ala Moana filed a motion for
reconsideration, arguing that Plaintiffs’ remaining claims should
be dismissed pursuant to Moyle v. Y&Y Hyup Shin Corp., 118
Hawai#i 385, 191 P.3d 1062 (2008). Ala Moana argued that, based
on Moyle, it could not be held liable for its affirmative
attempts to render aid absent a showing of gross negligence or
wanton acts or omissions. Plaintiffs, however, argued that Moyle
was distinguishable because it involved an incident occurring
outside the defendant’s premises, a criminal act by a third
party, and a failure to act by defendant’s employees.
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Upon considering these arguments, the circuit court
entered an order granting summary judgment in favor of Ala Moana
on the remaining counts pursuant to Moyle. The court then
entered final judgment in favor of Ala Moana on all of
Plaintiffs’ claims.
C. The ICA Decision
On appeal, Plaintiffs and Ala Moana essentially
repeated their arguments to the circuit court. In a summary
disposition order (“SDO”), the ICA affirmed the circuit court’s
final judgment in favor of Ala Moana. The ICA concluded, in
relevant part, that Ala Moana did not take Fry into custody based
on Plaintiffs’ unsupported allegations that Ala Moana employees
were responsible for bringing Fry to the rooftop; Ala Moana did
not owe a duty of care under a general premises liability theory
because the rooftop was secured by a set of locked doors, Fry was
not authorized to be on the rooftop, and Plaintiffs produced no
evidence that Ala Moana should have reasonably anticipated her
presence on the rooftop; Ala Moana did not voluntarily assume a
duty of care for Fry’s safety; there was no duty to render aid
because there was no special relationship between Ala Moana and
Fry; and the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur was inapplicable where
Fry’s death was caused by her own voluntarily actions in entering
the exhaust duct against the warnings of Ala Moana employees. In
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addition, the ICA concluded that the parties’ arguments regarding
Moyle were moot because summary judgment could be affirmed based
on the absence of a duty to render aid under Lee v. Corregedore,
83 Hawai#i 154, 925 P.2d 324 (1996).
D. Issues on Certiorari
Plaintiffs argue to this court that, viewing the facts
in the light most favorable to them, the ICA gravely erred in
affirming summary judgment because there were genuine issues of
material fact as to whether Fry acted voluntarily when she
entered the exhaust duct and whether she was reasonably
anticipated to be on the rooftop. They argue that the ICA erred
in dismissing their theory of res ipsa loquitur because the facts
supported an inference that Fry would not have been on the
rooftop but for Ala Moana’s negligence. Finally, Plaintiffs
argue that the ICA erred in concluding that Ala Moana did not owe
Fry a special-relationship duty to protect or warn against
dangers, which it knew or should have known posed a substantial
risk of harm and over which it exercised immediate control.
Ala Moana, on the other hand, contends that Plaintiffs’
legal theories are grounded in baseless assumptions rather than
admissible facts. It argues that the ICA properly concluded that
Fry was not authorized to be on the rooftop, that she voluntarily
entered the exhaust duct, and that her presence could not have
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been reasonably anticipated by Ala Moana. Ala Moana also
maintains that it did not owe a duty of care under a theory of
general premises liability; there was no special relationship
which would trigger a duty to render aid; and the duty to protect
against forces over which a possessor of land is in immediate
control was inapplicable.
III. Standard of Review
A motion for summary judgment is reviewed de novo,
under the same standard applied by the trial court. State v.
Tradewinds Elec. Serv. & Contracting, 80 Hawai#i 218, 222, 908
P.2d 1204, 1208 (1995). See Hawai#i Rules of Civil Procedure
(“HRCP”) Rule 56. “Summary judgment is appropriate if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
Pacific Int’l Serv. Corp. v. Hurip, 76 Hawai#i 209, 213, 873 P.2d
88, 92 (1994) (citation omitted). A fact is material if proof of
that fact would have the effect of establishing or refuting an
essential element of a cause of action asserted by one of the
parties. Guajardo v. AIG Hawai#i Ins. Co., 118 Hawai#i 196, 201,
187 P.3d 580, 585 (2008).
On a motion for summary judgment, the court must view
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the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.
First Ins. Co. of Hawai#i v. Sariaslani, 80 Hawai#i 491, 494, 911
P.2d 126, 129 (1996). “[T]he court is permitted to draw only
those inferences of which the evidence is reasonably susceptible
and it may not resort to speculation.” Pioneer Mill Co. v. Dow,
90 Hawai#i 289, 295, 978 P.2d 727, 733 (1999) (citation omitted).
The burden lies upon the moving party to show that no
genuine issue of material fact exists with respect to the
essential elements of the claim and that, based on the undisputed
facts, he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Sariaslani, 80 Hawai#i at 493, 911 P.2d at 128. Only once the
moving party has satisfied its initial burden of production does
the burden shift to the non-moving party to show specific facts
that present a genuine issue for trial. Id.
When a summary judgment motion is filed before the
discovery deadline, a HRCP Rule 56(f) continuance provides the
means by which a non-moving party can assure that she has had
adequate time to conduct discovery before the motion is decided.
Ralston v. Yim, 129 Hawai#i 46, 63, 292 P.3d 1276, 1293 (2013).
IV. Discussion
A negligence action lies only where there is a duty
owed by the defendant to the plaintiff. Birmingham v. Fodor’s
Travel Publ’ns, 73 Haw. 359, 366, 833 P.2d 70, 74 (1992). The
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existence of a duty is a question of law, which this court
reviews de novo. Id.
In recognizing the existence of a duty, this court is
guided by several basic principles:
First, the existence of a duty, that is, whether such a relation
exists between the parties that the community will impose a legal
obligation upon one for the benefit of the other—or, more simply,
whether the interest of a plaintiff who has suffered invasion is
entitled to legal protection at the expense of a defendant—is
entirely a question of law. Second, whether a duty exists is a
question of fairness that involves a weighing of the nature of the
risk, and the public interest in the proposed solution. Third, we
will not impose a new duty upon members of our society without any
logical, sound, and compelling reasons taking into consideration
the social and human relationships of our society.
Hao v. Campbell Estate, 76 Hawai#i 77, 80, 869 P.2d 216, 219
(1994) (citations, internal quotation marks, and brackets
omitted).
A. General Premises Liability Claim
An occupier of land has a duty to use reasonable care
for the safety of all persons reasonably anticipated to be on the
premises, regardless of the status of the individual as invitee,
licensee, or trespasser. Pickard v. City & Cnty of Honolulu, 51
Haw. 134, 135, 452 P.2d 445, 446 (1969) (remanding for new trial
based on duty owed to visitor to courthouse, who used restroom
with broken light switch and fell through a hole in the floor).
See also Gibo v. City & Cnty of Honolulu, 51 Haw. 299, 301, 459
P.2d 198, 200 (1969) (holding that hospital had a duty to
maintain premises in a reasonably safe condition for plaintiff
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who entered through ambulance garage rather than main entrance).8
For the following reasons, Ala Moana was entitled to
summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ general premises liability claim.
First, based on the evidence adduced, Fry could not
have been reasonably anticipated to be on the rooftop. Even if
Ala Moana’s interrogatory answer as to how Fry reached the
rooftop is considered, there had been no other unauthorized
entries onto the rooftop; therefore, Fry’s presence on the Bally
rooftop could not have been reasonably anticipated.
Second, even if there were factual issues as to whether
Ala Moana should have reasonably anticipated Fry’s presence on
the rooftop, Plaintiffs would not be able to prevail on a general
premises liability claim because the requisite causation would
not exist. In this regard, it is well-established that the
elements of a negligence claim are:
8
Other jurisdictions have similarly recognized that landowners owe
a duty to exercise care for the safety of persons reasonably anticipated on
their premises. See, e.g., Stewart v. DuPlessis, 191 N.E.2d 622, 625-26 (Ill.
Ct. App. 1963) (holding that contractor had duty to exercise ordinary care to
avoid injury where the facts indicated that children were reasonably
anticipated on construction site); Duxworth v. Pat Caffey Contractor, 209
So.2d 497, 500 (La. Ct. App. 1968) (holding that contractor could be held
liable for negligence where he left heavy trailer unsecured in street even
though foreman knew that children played on the trailer); L.A.C. v. Ward
Parkway Shopping Ctr. Co., 75 S.W.3d 247, 257-58 (Mo. 2002) (en banc) (holding
that owners and managers of mall had a duty to take reasonable care to protect
business invitees where reports of prior incidents against female victims
indicated that criminal activity alleged by plaintiff was foreseeable). But
see Craig v. Bailey Bros. Realty, 697 S.E.2d 888, 893-94 (Ga. Ct. App. 2010)
(holding that child was not anticipated trespasser on owner’s property,
railroad crossties did not constitute attractive nuisance, and owners
therefore were not liable on premises liability claim); Pride v. Cleveland
State Univ., 657 N.E.2d 878, 881 (Ohio Ct. Cl. 1995) (holding that university,
which did not know of hazardous condition in ventilation shaft until after
plaintiff was injured, did not breach duty of reasonable care).
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1. A duty, or obligation, recognized by the law, requiring
the defendant to conform to a certain standard of conduct,
for the protection of others against unreasonable risks;
2. A failure on the defendant's part to conform to the
standard required: a breach of the duty;
3. A reasonably close causal connection between the conduct
and the resulting injury[;] and
4. Actual loss or damage resulting to the interests of
another.
Knodle v. Waikiki Gateway Hotel, 69 Haw. 376, 384-85, 742 P.2d
377, 383 (1987) (quoting W.P. Keeton, Prosser and Keeton on the
Law of Torts § 30, at 164-65 (5th ed. 1984)) (brackets and
ellipses omitted). In other words, even if (1) and (2) were
established, there would be no “reasonably close causal
connection between” Ala Moana’s alleged breach of duty in
creating a condition that allowed Fry access to the rooftop and
her subsequent injuries and/or death, because the existence of
the exhaust duct on the rooftop did not create a unreasonable
risk of harm, and because Fry’s forced entry therein was not
reasonably foreseeable. Therefore, the requisite causation
element could not be met as a matter of law.
Third, although Plaintiffs argue that questions of fact
exist as to whether Fry “voluntarily” entered the exhaust duct in
light of her mental capacity at the time of the incident, any
such questions of fact are irrelevant to whether Ala Moana
breached its general duty as an occupier of land. Again, even if
Ala Moana could have reasonably anticipated Fry’s entry into the
rooftop area, it could not have “reasonably” anticipated Fry’s
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entry into the exhaust duct.
Fourth, contrary to Plaintiffs’ assertion, the doctrine
of res ipsa loquitur does not create an inference of negligence
under the circumstances of this case. Res ipsa loquitur permits
an inference of negligence when the thing that produced a
person’s injury is under the control and management of the
defendant, and the injury could not have occurred in the ordinary
course of events but for the defendant’s failure to exercise due
care. Carlos v. MTL, 77 Hawai#i 269, 277, 883 P.2d 691, 699
(App. 1994) (citing Turner v. Willis, 59 Haw. 319, 324-25, 582
P.2d 710, 714 (1978)).9 Where an accident could have occurred in
the normal course without negligence, or where two equally
plausible inferences can be drawn as to whether the accident was
caused by negligence, the doctrine is not applicable. Id. at
278, 883 P.2d at 700. To invoke the doctrine of res ipsa
loquitur, the plaintiff must present substantial evidence that
9
This court has explained the rationale of the doctrine as follows:
[T]he doctrine of res ipsa loquitur asserts that whenever a
thing that produced an injury is shown to have been under
the control and management of the defendant and the
occurrence is such as in the ordinary course of events does
not happen if due care has been exercised, the fact of the
injury itself will be deemed to afford sufficient evidence
to support a recovery in the absence of any explanation by
the defendant tending to show that the injury was not due to
his want of care. *** The presumption of negligence herein
considered is of course a rebuttable presumption. It
imports merely that the plaintiff has made out a prima facie
case which entitled him to a favorable finding unless the
defendant introduces evidence to meet and offset its effect.
Ciacci v. Woolley, 33 Haw. 247, 257-58 (Haw. Terr. 1934) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted).
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(1) the injury was of the kind that ordinarily does not occur in
the absence of negligence, (2) the injury was caused by an agency
or instrumentality in the exclusive control of the defendant, and
(3) the injury was not due to any voluntary action or
contribution by the plaintiff. Medina v. Figuered, 3 Haw. App.
186, 188, 647 P.2d 292, 294 (1982) (citing Prosser, Law of Torts
§ 39 at 214 (1978)). Without even addressing the second two
elements, Fry’s injury was one that could have occurred without
Ala Moana’s negligence. Res ipsa loquitur is simply
inapplicable.
Finally, Plaintiffs argue that Ala Moana could be
negligent under a claim of general premises liability because
genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether Fry was
induced to the rooftop and locked outside by an employee or agent
of Ala Moana. Initially, such a theory is entirely speculative;
a court is permitted to draw only those inferences of which the
evidence is reasonably susceptible, and may not resort to
speculation. Pioneer Mill Co., 90 Hawai#i at 295, 978 P.2d at
733. In addition, however, even if admissible evidence supported
such a theory, Ala Moana could not be held liable for such
intentional torts. “Under the theory of respondeat superior, an
employer may be liable for the negligent acts of its employees
that occur within the scope of their employment.” Wong-Leong v.
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Hawaiian Indep. Refinery, 76 Hawai#i 433, 438, 879 P.2d 538, 543
(1994) (citations omitted). Contrary to Plaintiffs contentions,
vicarious liability would not extend to intentional torts
committed by Ala Moana’s employees or agents.
For all of the reasons above, Ala Moana was entitled to
summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ general premises liability claim.
B. Special Duties Owed by Ala Moana
Even if Ala Moana could not be held liable on
Plaintiffs’ claim of general premises liability, genuine issues
of material fact exist as to whether Ala Moana breached two
distinct duties based on (1) its immediate control over a force
to which Fry was in dangerous proximity, and (2) Fry’s entry onto
the property in response to Ala Moana’s invitation to the public.
1. Duty to Control Force To Prevent Harm
The first of these duties was addressed in Farrior v.
Payton, 57 Haw. 620, 562 P.2d 779. In Farrior, plaintiffs
brought a civil action against dog owners for injuries sustained
when, in an attempt to avoid a perceived attack by defendants’
German shepherd dog, they fell ten feet off a natural rock wall.
57 Haw. at 625, 562 P.2d at 783-84. Citing section 338 of the
Restatement (Second) of Torts, this court held that defendants
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owed a duty to control the dog to prevent harm to individuals on
their property even if, as in the plaintiffs’ case, those
individuals were trespassers.10 Id. at 629, 562 P.2d at 785-86.
The Restatement (Second) of Torts § 338 provides:
§ 338. Controllable Forces Dangerous to Known Trespassers
A possessor of land who is in immediate control of a force,
and knows or has reason to know of the presence of
trespassers in dangerous proximity to it, is subject to
liability for physical harm thereby caused to them by his
failure to exercise reasonable care
(a) so to control the force as to prevent it from doing harm
to them, or
(b) to give a warning which is reasonably adequate to enable
them to protect themselves.
(Emphasis added.)
Ala Moana argues that Farrior is distinguishable
because the injury in that case was caused by a moving force
(i.e., a charging German shepherd dog), and this court declined
to distinguish between the defendants’ duty as landowners and
their duty as the persons in immediate control of the animal. 57
Haw. at 633, 562 P.2d at 787. See Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 338, comment b (“The rule stated in this Section applies to any
moving force over which the possessor is in immediate control, in
so far as the force is connected with a condition created or
maintained by him. This is so irrespective of whether the
10
We noted, however, “[t]he nature and extent of the [plaintiffs’]
duty as landowners, as distinct from [the son=s] duty as the person in charge
of the dog, to persons who might intrude upon the makai portion of their
property under the circumstances of this case, was not briefed or argued and
we will not anticipate the question.” 57 Haw. at 633, 562 P.2d at 787.
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particular force is actually set in motion by him, by a force of
nature, or by a third party with or without his consent.”).
We conclude, however, that the heat, smoke and gasses
emanating from the stoves and through the ventilation system
constituted moving forces to which Fry was in dangerous proximity
and over which Ala Moana exercised immediate control. Further,
as in Farrior, Fry’s status as a trespasser on the rooftop and in
the exhaust duct is irrelevant. Ala Moana employees knew of
Fry’s presence inside the exhaust duct, which was connected to
the stoves in the Food Court, and they were in immediate control
of those forces. The admissible evidence in the record creates
genuine issues of material fact as to whether Ala Moana exercised
reasonable care to turn off the stoves to prevent harm to Fry
while she was trapped inside the duct, and whether the failure to
do so was a substantial factor in causing her injuries and/or
death.
Therefore, we hold that, pursuant to section 338 of the
Restatement (Second) of Torts, adopted by this court in Farrior,
as a possessor of land in immediate control of the heat, smoke,
and gasses emanating from stoves in the Food Court into the
exhaust duct, and knowing of Fry’s presence in dangerous
proximity to those forces, Ala Moana had a duty to exercise
reasonable care to control those forces to prevent them from
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doing harm to Fry. Genuine issues of material fact exist as to:
(1) whether Ala Moana breached this duty; and (2) if so, whether
such breach was a substantial factor in causing Fry’s injuries
and/or death.
2. Duty to Aid Based on Special Relationship
The second duty is one which arises out of the
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 314A, which provides:
§ 314A. Special Relations Giving Rise To Duty To Aid Or Protect.
(1) A common carrier is under a duty to its passengers to
take reasonable action
(a) to protect them against unreasonable risk of
physical harm, and
(b) to give them first aid after it knows or has
reason to know that they are ill or injured, and to
care for them until they can be cared for by others.
(2) An innkeeper is under a similar duty to his guests.
(3) A possessor of land who holds it open to the public is
under a similar duty to members of the public who enter in
response to his invitation.
(4) One who is required by law to take or who voluntarily
takes the custody of another under circumstances such as to
deprive the other of his normal opportunities for protection
is under a similar duty to the other.
(Emphasis added.)
Generally, the law does not recognize an affirmative
duty to intervene and protect another person from harm. Lee, 83
Hawai#i at 159, 925 P.2d at 329. Section 314A, however,
recognizes a duty to aid or protect in certain circumstances. In
this regard, Plaintiffs assert possible liability based on
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subsection (4). Ala Moana did not, however, owe Fry a duty of
care based on subsection (4) because Ala Moana did not
voluntarily take custody of Fry. Compare Lee, 83 Hawai#i at 160-
65, 925 P.2d at 330-35 (declining to impose duty to prevent
suicide of veteran who received counseling from defendant but was
not in defendant’s actual custody), with Hayworth v. State, 60
Haw. 557, 563, 592 P.2d 820, 824 (1979) (recognizing that the
state owes a duty to protect a prisoner in its custody from
unreasonable risk of physical harm), and Figueroa v. State, 61
Haw. 369, 376, 604 P.2d 1198, 1202 (1979) (recognizing that the
state owes a duty to exercise reasonable care in its supervision
of a juvenile committed to a detention home).
Ala Moana is, however, a possessor of land held open to
the public, triggering subsection (3). If Fry entered the Center
in response to Ala Moana’s invitation, then Ala Moana had a duty
under subsection (3) to take reasonable action to give Fry first
aid after it knew that she was ill or injured, and to care for
her until she could be cared for by others.
In this regard, the Third Circuit’s decision in Lundy
v. Adamar of New Jersey, 34 F.3d 1173, is instructive. In Lundy,
the plaintiff suffered a heart attack while he was at a casino
and claimed that the casino owed a duty to provide medical care.
34 F.3d at 1178-79. The Third Circuit concluded that the casino
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owed patrons a duty to take reasonable action to give first aid
during a medical emergency. Id. at 1178 (“[T]he existence of a
relationship between the victim and one in a position to render
aid may create a duty to render assistance.”). Citing commentary
to section 314A, the court explained that this duty required a
landowner to procure appropriate medical care as soon as the need
for such care became apparent and to provide such first aid as
the landowner’s employees were reasonably capable of giving. Id.
at 1179.
Considering the relationship between the owner of a
shopping center and members of the public who enter the property
pursuant to invitation, there are “logical, sound, and compelling
reasons” for imposing a duty under these circumstances. Hao, 76
Hawai#i at 80, 869 P.2d at 219. It is not difficult to imagine
situations in which a member of the public, invited to a shopping
center, becomes ill or injured in an area not otherwise open to
the public. For example, a young child could wander into the
kitchen of a restaurant, and accidentally injure himself on a hot
stove. A mentally impaired individual could wander into a
construction site at a hotel, and fall through a rickety
floorboard. A patron could, while having a heart attack, stagger
into a restricted area. The law should not automatically absolve
a shopping center owner from taking reasonable action to aid
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possible or actual customers based on entry into restricted
areas.
As this court articulated in Pickard, “the common law
distinctions between classes of persons have no logical
relationship to the exercise of reasonable care for the safety of
others.” 51 Haw. at 135, 452 P.2d at 446. In elaborating on the
reason for abolishing such distinctions, we explained:
A man’s life or limb does not become less worthy of
protection by the law nor a loss less worthy of
compensation under the law because he has come upon
the land of another without permission or with
permission but without business purpose. Reasonable
people do not ordinarily vary their conduct depending
upon such matters, and to focus upon the status of the
injured party as a trespasser, licensee, or invitee in
order to determine the question whether the landowner
has a duty of care, is contrary to our modern social
mores and humanitarian values. The common law rules
obscure rather than illuminate the proper
considerations which should govern determination of
the question of duty.
51 Haw. at 136, 452 P.2d at 446 (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted).
Despite Ala Moana’s contentions that Fry was a
trespasser, we hereby recognize the duty to aid under section
314A(3). We note that this duty to aid is distinct from the duty
under Pickard toward those reasonably anticipated to be on the
premises. Thus, although Fry was found in a restricted area of
the Center, Ala Moana was not absolved from its duty to aid if
Fry entered the Center in response to Ala Moana’s invitation to
the public and subsequently became injured or ill on the
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property.
Accordingly, we hold that, pursuant to section 314A of
the Restatement (Second) of Torts, as a possessor of land who
held its land open to the public, Ala Moana owed members of the
public who entered the Center in response to its invitation a
duty to take reasonable action to give first aid after it knew or
had reason to know that such persons were ill or injured, and to
care for such persons until they could be cared for by others.
Genuine issues of material fact exist to: (1) whether Fry was a
member of the public who entered the Center in response to Ala
Moana’s invitation; (2) if so, whether Ala Moana breached its
duties under section 314A(3); and (3) if so, whether such breach
was a substantial factor in causing Fry’s injuries and/or death.
C. Good Samaritan Statutes and Moyle are Inapplicable
Finally, we address Ala Moana’s reliance upon Good
Samaritan statutes and Moyle to argue that it is not subject to
liability based on any attempts to render aid.
First, HRS § 663-1.5(a) provides:
(a) Any person who in good faith renders emergency care,
without remuneration or expectation of remuneration, at the
scene of an accident or emergency to a victim of the
accident or emergency shall not be liable for any civil
damages resulting from the person’s acts or omissions,
except for such damages as may result from the person’s
gross negligence or wanton acts or omissions.
....
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Next, HRS § 663-1.6 provides:
(a) Any person at the scene of a crime who knows that a
victim of the crime is suffering from serious physical harm
shall obtain or attempt to obtain aid from law enforcement
or medical personnel if the person can do so without danger
or peril to any person. Any person who violates this
subsection is guilty of a petty misdemeanor.
(b) Any person who provides reasonable assistance in
compliance with subsection (a) shall not be liable in civil
damages unless the person’s acts constitute gross negligence
or wanton acts or omissions, or unless the person receives
or expects to receive remuneration. Nothing contained in
this subsection shall alter existing law with respect to
tort liability of a physician licensed to practice under the
laws of this State committed in the ordinary course of the
physician’s practice.
(c) Any person who fails to provide reasonable assistance in
compliance with subsection (a) shall not be liable for any
civil damages.
The circuit court granted summary judgment, in part,
based on Moyle, 118 Hawai#i 385, 191 P.3d 1062, which addressed
these statutes. The ICA declared the circuit court’s ruling on
this issue moot, based on its conclusion that Ala Moana did not
owe Fry a duty to aid. We conclude, however, that Ala Moana is
not shielded by these Good Samaritan statutes or by Moyle.
In Moyle, a patron filed suit against the owners of a
night club after being assaulted and robbed by another patron in
front of the club. 118 Hawai#i at 388, 191 P.3d at 1066. Citing
HRS § 663-1.6, the club owners argued that they did not have an
affirmative duty to aid the patron. 118 Hawai#i at 394, 191 P.3d
at 1072. This court held that, pursuant to HRS § 663-1.6, the
club owners could not be held liable for allegedly failing to
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call the police or provide medical aid upon learning of an
ongoing assault.11 Id. at 394, 191 P.3d at 1072. Other
decisions of this court have similarly held that an individual
cannot be held liable for failure to aid or protect against the
criminal acts of a third party. See, e.g., Wolsk v. State, 68
Haw. 299, 301, 711 P.2d 1300, 1302 (1986) (citing Restatement
(Second) of Torts §§ 314A and 315, and holding that State did not
have duty to warn or protect campers in state park from criminal
conduct of third persons not under its control); Kau v. City &
Cnty. of Honolulu, 6 Haw. App. 370, 374, 722 P.2d 1043, 1047
(1986) (holding that City had no duty to protect patrons of golf
course from criminal acts of third parties), Doe v. Grosvenor
Props., 73 Haw. 158, 162-63, 839 P.2d 512, 515 (1992) (explaining
that “status distinctions remain important in the decision to
create exceptions to the general rule that it is unreasonable to
impose a duty to anticipate and control the actions of third
persons”).
The present case, however, did not involve criminal
actions by a third party. Thus, HRS § 663-1.6 and Moyle do not
11
In Moyle, we recognized that owners of a night club had a special-
relationship duty to protect patrons (i.e., business invitees) from reasonably
foreseeable criminal acts by a third party. 118 Hawai#i at 392, 191 P.3d at
1069. However, we distinguished this from a claim based upon the owners’
failure to render aid and concluded that, pursuant to HRS § 663-1.6, a person
who failed to provide reasonable assistance to the victim of a crime could not
be held liable for civil damages. Id. at 394-95, 191 P.3d at 1072.
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apply. Further, HRS § 663-1.5(a) absolves bystanders providing
first aid from liability, and does not address this situation, in
which Ala Moana had an affirmative duty to act.
Therefore, the Good Samaritan statutes and Moyle do not
absolve Ala Moana of its duties.
V. Conclusion
Based on the foregoing analysis, we affirm in part and
vacate in part the ICA’s judgment in favor of Ala Moana, and
remand the case to the circuit court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Michael J. Green, /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
Glenn H. Uesugi,
and Myles S. Breiner /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
for petitioner
/s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
Patricia M. Napier,
Thomas Benedict, /s/ Rom A. Trader
and Kimberly A. Vossman
for respondent
37