IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
CRYSTAL RIDGE HOMEOWNERS No. 68618-6-
ASSOCIATION, a Washington s>
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ABULTZ, LAURIE AND WILSON AMARAL, c—
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CRAIG ARNO, CARON BEAR, JOSEPH N. 'T".>
BECK, DAVID BENNETT, GLORIA BLADES,
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DUANE AND GWEN BOWMAN, THOMAS
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CYNDY BOYER, JEFF AND KERI BROWN, ——
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DON COLEMAN, DON DACHENHAUSEN, • *
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ANH-VIET AND LISA DANG, BRAD AND CO
JULIE DELUCA, BELARMINO DIAZ, GARY
JOHANN FELT, NICHOLAS AND MYUNG FIX
BARRY AND BONNIE FRETWELL,
TATSUICHIRO FURUKAWA, MARGARET
CHRIS GAZEY, PHILL AND ANNE HASTINGS
LINDA AND JEROME HODGES, RAYMOND
AND PAM HUTCHINSON, JAZ JANG, PETER
AND BEVERLY JOHNSON, STEVE AND UNPUBLISHED OPINION
MANTI JOLLENSTEN, JAMES AND MAILLE
KESSENICH, KRISTI AND BRIAN KING,
VICKI AND JOHN KLEIN, CORRIE KRAP,
JOHN AND DEBBIE LAMB, RICHARD AND
JANET LARSON, JEFF LONGAKER, LYNNE
and ROBERT LUCKEY, TOM McKEY,
MICHAEL MEYER, DAWN MONCALIERI,
PHYLLIS AND WAYNE MURPHY, BRUCE and
KATHERINE NGUYEN, KATHLEEN AND
CLIFFORD OCONNELL, CHOON PARK,
STEVEN PFISTER, RUSSELL AND PAULINE
PORTER, LARRY AND JANICE RENDAHL,
CRAIG AND KAREN RENFROW, PAUL AND
DIANE ROBERTS, MARGARET ROMANO, FILED: July 22. 2013
No. 68618-6-1/2
STEVEN RUBENSTEIN, AARON and
SHAUNA RUCKMAN, FAYE SCANNELL,
BEN and JACLYN SETTER, MARIANNE
SHAW, JOHN AND KARIN SHIPMAN,
DONALD AND MARY SIDES, JOHN
and NORMA SMITH, RICHARD
SMITH, SCOTT and SHARI TRAIL,
JOHN TRAXLER, DEAN AND MARIE
VAUGHAN, DIANE WING, KENNETH
and LEA WOOD, MARIA WYATT,
Respondents,
CITY OF BOTHELL, a municipal
corporation,
Appellant.
Spearman, A.C.J. —At issue in this case is an interceptor pipe, buried 12 feet
below ground as part of a drainage plan for a development called Crystal Ridge in the
City of Bothell. The Crystal Ridge Homeowners Association sued the City after the pipe
allegedly failed and contributed to flooding. The Association argued the City was
responsible for maintenance ofthe pipe because the plat for the Crystal Ridge
development dedicated the pipe to what was then unincorporated Snohomish County as
part of a drainage easement depicted upon the plat application. The trial court agreed
and granted summary judgment to the Association.
The plat dedicated an easement for the purpose of maintaining "stormwater
facilities." Because the interceptor pipe qualified as such a facility under the provisions
No. 68618-6-1/3
of the Snohomish County Code in place at the time the plat application was approved,
we affirm the trial court.
FACTS
This case arises out of flooding in a residential neighborhood in Bothell called
Crystal Ridge. The neighborhood was developed in 1987 in what was then
unincorporated Snohomish County, and it is undisputed that the neighborhood has an
extensive history of flooding. The hearing examiner who approved the preliminary plat
for the Crystal Ridge development found, based on the testimony of geotechnical
engineer Gordon Denby, that the Crystal Ridge development was "characterized by
excessively wet soils due to the geologic conditions which exist in the area[.]" Clerk's
Papers at 721. He found that "a surface drain and an interceptor trench or trenches ...
would be necessary" in order to develop the site. jd. On this basis, he concluded, "[t]he
simple reality is that this site is not your typical piece of property and that typical
drainage standards would probably not adequately protect the public use and interest."
As such, the hearing examiner made a comprehensive drainage plan, including the
interceptor trench, a requirement of approval of the plat application.
The developer built the interceptor trench and placed a pipe in the trench. The
interceptor pipe, which is similar to a french drain, was a perforated pipe buried
approximately 12 feet below ground for the purpose of intercepting excess water and
conveying it away from the residential development. The interceptor pipe is located
within a drainage easement depicted on the plat for the Crystal Ridge development.
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No. 68618-6-1/4
In 1992, the Crystal Ridge development was incorporated into the City of Bothell.
In 2010, the Crystal Ridge Homeowners Association, along with individual homeowners
("Crystal Ridge"), filed suit against the City of Bothell, alleging that the interceptor drain
was no longer working properly, and was causing water to concentrate and exit in
springs and seeps, damaging properties within the development. Crystal Ridge alleged
causes of action for negligence, trespass, nuisance, inverse condemnation, and sought
a declaratory judgment that the City of Bothell had assumed responsibility for
maintaining the drainage system.
Crystal Ridge moved for summary judgment, seeking a ruling that the City
had assumed responsibility for maintaining the drainage system when it annexed
the development. The City cross-moved for summary judgment on the same
issue. The trial court granted Crystal Ridge's motion, and denied the City's
motion. The City filed a notice of appeal, and the court certified the appeal to this
court under CR 54(b).1
DISCUSSION
The City's chief argument on appeal is that it did not have a duty to maintain the
interceptor pipe at issue in this case because the dedication of a drainage easement to
Snohomish County found on the Crystal Ridge plat did not include the interceptor pipe.
According to the City, that easement gave Snohomish County a right of ingress and
1Although the City has appealed sixorders ofthe trial court, it makes no argument as to any
orders other than the order granting Crystal Ridge's motion for summary judgment and denying the City's
cross motion. As such, the City has abandoned their appeal of the other five orders and we do not
address them here.
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No. 68618-6-1/5
egress to maintain and repair only "stormwater facilities," and the interceptor pipe does
not qualify as a stormwater facility. We reject the City's argument and affirm.
The plat for the Crystal Ridge development depicts a "drainage easement" in
which the interceptor pipe was located, and states:
DRAINAGE EASEMENTS DESIGNATED ON THIS PLAT ARE
HEREBY RESERVED FOR AND GRANTED TO SNOHOMISH
COUNTY FOR THE RIGHT OF INGRESS AND EGRESS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF MAINTAINING AND OPERATING
STORMWATER FACILITIES
CP at 655, 657. The gravamen of the City's argument is that the interceptor pipe, which
was buried twelve feet below ground, was meant to deal with "groundwater" and
therefore cannot be part of a stormwater facility, which the City contends deals only with
"surface" water.
In support of its argument, the City cites to several provisions of the Snohomish
County Code, former chapters 24 and 25. Former chapter 24 is titled "drainage." CP at
666. Its purposes included: "protecting] the public from stormwater runoff originating on
developing land"; "minimiz[ing] adverse effects of alteration in groundwater quantities,
locations, and flow patterns"; and "decreasing] drainage related damage to public and
private property." CP at 667-68. Former chapter 24 does not define "groundwater,"
"surface water," "stormwater," or "stormwater facility." It does, however, define "drainage
treatment/abatement facilities":
"Drainage Treatment/Abatement Facilities" means any facilities
installed or constructed in conjunction with a drainage plan for the
purpose of treatment or abatement of stormwater runoff.
No. 68618-6-1/6
CP at 669 (SCC 24.08.120).
The ordinance enacting former chapter 25 of the Snohomish County Code is
titled "providing for storm and surface water management." Former chapter 25 was
meant to complement and supplement former chapter 24. The legislative findings for
chapter 25 incorporate the findings for chapter 24, (SCC 25.01.010), and chapter 25
specifically states that the chapter was to "augment the County's Drainage Ordinance,
SCC Title 24[.]" (SCC 25.05.040). (CP at 450). The purposes of former chapter 25
included: "control, accommodate, and discharge storm runoff' and "provide for
groundwater recharge[.]" CP at 442. As was the case with former chapter 24, former
chapter 25 does not define "groundwater," "surface water," or "stormwater." It does
define "drainage facilities":
"Drainage Facilities," as used in this chapter, shall mean any
structural or nonstructural feature, element, or mechanism designed
to accommodate storm and surface water runoff.
CP at 444 (SCC 25.02.030).
According to the City, the definitions of "drainage treatment/abatement facilities"
in former chapter 24 and "drainage facilities" in former chapter 25 apply only to storm
and surface water, and not to groundwater. As a preliminary matter, the City provides
no authority defining "groundwater," nor does it provide authority indicating that
"groundwater" is excluded from "storm" water as used in former chapters 24 and 25 of
the SCC. Moreover, even ifthe City is correct regarding its interpretation of SCC
24.08.120 and 25.02.030, it is unclear how this helps the City, given the easement at
No. 68618-6-1/7
issue here did not mention "drainage treatment/abatement" or "drainage" facilities.
Rather, as the City points out, the easement granted Snohomish County a right of
ingress and egress to maintain and repair "stormwater facilities."
On the issue of stormwater facilities, former chapter 25 provides the following
definition:
"Storm and Surface Water Management Facilities and Features," as
used in this chapter, shall mean any facility, improvement,
development, property or interest therein, made, constructed, or
acquired for purpose of controlling, or protecting life or property
from, any storm, waste, flood or surplus waters, wherever located
within the county, and shall include but not be limited to the
improvements and authority described in RCW 86.12.020 and
Chapters 86.13 and 86.15 RCW.
CP at 456-57 (SCC 25.02.080). The City contends this portion of the code supports its
interpretation because "[u]se of the terms 'storm, waste, flood or surplus waters,'
coupled with the omission of the term 'groundwater,' indicates that the County did not
intend for 'groundwater' facilities to be included in its definition[.]" Reply Briefat 10-11.
We reject this argument.
The proper inquiry to determine whether the definition set forth in SCC 25.02.080
applies to the interceptor pipe is not the depth at which the pipe collects excess water;
rather, the proper inquiry is whether the interceptor pipe was "constructed ... for
purpose of controlling or protecting life or property from, any storm, waste, flood or
surplus waters[.]" CP at 457 (SCC 25.02.080). The record here shows the interceptor
pipe was constructed for such a purpose. The hearing examiner who approved the
preliminary plat found, based on the testimony of geotechnical engineer Gordon Denby,
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No. 68618-6-1/8
that the Crystal Ridge development was "characterized by excessively wet soils due to
the geologic conditions which exist in the area[.]" CP at 721. He found that "a surface
drain and an interceptor trench or trenches .. . would be necessary" in order to develop
the site. id. On this basis, he concluded, "[t]he simple reality is that this site is not your
typical piece of property and that typical drainage standards would probably not
adequately protect the public use and interest." CP at 725.
Likewise, Denby testified that he observed construction of the interceptor trench
where the pipe was located, and that the pipe "benefits the County because it reduces
the amount of surface water runoff flowing on and emanating from the site." CP at 296.
He further testified that the pipe "definitely protects the public roads and public facilities
in the plat" and that without the pipe, "it is likely that water would be flowing out of and
around the catch basins on occasions creating a nuisance and hazard during freezing
conditions." jd.
This evidence, which is undisputed, shows that the interceptor pipe was
"constructed ... for purpose of controlling, or protecting life or property from, any
storm, waste, flood or surplus waters[.]" CP at 457 (SCC 25.02.080). As such, the
interceptor pipe fits the definition of stormwater facility, and it was included in the
dedication on the Crystal Ridge plat.
Moreover, the City's interpretation that this definition applied only to surface
water is belied by the history of the ordinance. Before former SCC 25.02.080 was
amended in 1983, it read:
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No. 68618-6-1/9
"Storm and Surface Water Management Facilities and Features," as
used in this chapter, shall mean any facility, improvement,
development, property or interest therein, or other structural or non
structural element, made, constructed, or acquired for the purpose of
controlling, or protecting life and safety, natural resources, or
property from, any storm, waste, flood, surplus, or other surface
waters wherever located within the County, and shall include but not
be limited to the improvements and authority described in RCW
86.12.020 and chapters 86.13 and 86.15 RCW.
CP at 445-46 (emphasis added). In 1983, the County Council amended the code and
removed the clause highlighted above ("or other surface waters"), thereby making it
clear that the definition of "Storm and Surface Water Management Facilities" does not
apply only to "surface waters." We reject the City's arguments on this issue.
The City advances several other arguments in an attempt to show there was no
intent that the interceptor pipe be included in the dedication on the Crystal Ridge plat.
We conclude they are without merit. For example, the City notes that the location of the
easement for the interceptor pipe also includes a sanitary sewer main; the implication
apparently being that if the interceptor pipe was deeded to the County, so was the
sanitary sewer, which is an absurd result. But Crystal Ridge has not argued the sanitary
sewer fits the Snohomish County Code definition of stormwater facility, and moreover,
the plat specifically indicates the easement for the sanitary sewer belongs to the "AWD"
(Alderwood Water District).2
Likewise, we reject the City's argument about the drainage disclosure
requirement. Before the Crystal Ridge plat was approved, the County required the
2The City also argues that the purpose ofthe easement at issue in this case was for ingress and
egress to repair and maintain a swale, not the interceptor pipe. This argument, however, is largely a
response to Crystal Ridge, who contends there were no other drainage instruments located within the
easement.
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No. 68618-6-1/10
developer to record a document titled "Drainage Disclosure." CP at 472-73. The
drainage disclosure includes the legal description of and tax assessor number for the
Crystal Ridge plat, and gives notice to anyone who looks up property that extensive
drainage control occurred on the plat:
The filing of this document:
(1) Constitutes the current acknowledgment of the conditions and terms
of Plat Approval for the Plat of Crystal Ridge pursuant to the Hearing
Examiner's decision dated October 11, 1984, to wit:
That this document has been recorded with the County Auditor disclosing
to all the following:
Substantial surface and subsurface drainage controls have been
necessary in the development of the subject property, and that special
and/or extraordinary drainage controls may be necessary on individual
lots.
(2) Constitutes the current owner's acknowledgment of the current terms
and conditions under which Approval was granted.
(3) Serves as notice to any heir, successor, assign or prospective
purchaser the disclosures and terms and conditions runs with the land
pursuant to Section 19.40 SCC and the compliance and/or knowledge
are the obligation of any owner of the subject property.
CP at 472.
The City simply asserts, without argument or citation to authority, that "it is clear"
that the disclosure means the owners of individual lots were responsible for
maintenance of the interceptor pipe. The City's interpretation is that this disclosure
"mandates that future 'compliance' with 'drainage controls' on 'individual lots' is 'the
obligation of any owner of the subject property.'" Opening Brief at 13-14. According to
the City, there is no other possible purpose for this disclosure. We disagree. A far more
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No. 68618-6-1/11
plausible, common-sense interpretation of the "drainage disclosure" is that itwas simply
intended to disclose to prospective purchasers of the real property that "Substantial
surface and subsurface drainage controls" were put in place on the plat.
Additionally, the City appears to argue that there is no evidence the interceptor
pipe was actually located within the easement dedicated on the Crystal Ridge plat. But
the City's argument is based on two geotechnical reports that discuss a proposed
location for a swale drain. From there, the City simply guesses as to where the
interceptor pipe might be in relation to the proposed swale drain. This is nothing but
speculation. By contrast, Denby testified that he personally observed construction of the
interceptor pipe trench, and that it was, in fact, located within the easement.
Finally, the City makes an argument that Crystal Ridge failed to meet the
elements of an implied, common law dedication. But this argument rests on the City's
premise that there was no statutory dedication because the interceptor pipe did not fit
the definition of "stormwater facility."
The brief of amicus curiae Washington State Association of Municipal Attorneys
is focused on the potential danger of a holding too broad in this case. The Association
notes the fact that municipalities require developers to reserve easements for utilities
does not mean that the municipality has placed upon itself a duty to maintain those
easements for the benefit of service providers such as Comcast or Puget Sound
Energy. The Association also provides an example of water service being provided by
multiple water districts from jurisdictions outside of the plat location. The Association
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No. 68618-6-1/12
argues "[t]he dedication on a plat for utilities to be provided by one of those separate
municipalities cannot reasonably be interpreted to require the City to be responsible for
the maintenance, inspection, and repair of those facilities that are owned by the
ratepayers of those other municipalities." Amicus Brief at 3.
The Association is correct as to both of these examples. The decision in this
case, however, does not implicate the Association's concerns because the drainage
easement here was specifically granted to Snohomish County for the purpose of the
County "maintaining and operating" the stormwater facilities. Moreover, nothing in the
opinion indicates a municipality is prohibited from entering into an interlocal agreement
with a different municipality delegating any maintenance obligations to the other
municipality.
The Association also argues that there is no duty for a municipality to maintain
private facilities. We agree, and nothing in our opinion states otherwise. The Association
also argues that the interceptor pipe was not included in the easement because it
collects groundwater. We reject that argument for the reasons stated above.
Affirmed.
WE CONCUR: J y
l^dteae, I- r<\^, S
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