Pineda joined them to get something to eat. They stopped in a shopping
center parking lot where Pineda and Chacon ended up in a confrontation
on the verge of a fight but were separated. Immediately thereafter,
Jimenez and Pineda began fighting. Pineda eventually secured Jimenez
in a head lock and asked if Jimenez had "had enough," Jimenez signaled
that he had, and Pineda let him go. Jimenez's shirt was bloody and part of
his intestine was protruding through a stomach wound. Pineda, Woefle,
and Anaya left immediately, went to their apartment where they quickly
grabbed some belongings, and left the State shortly thereafter. Jimenez
died as a result of his injuries, which the medical examiner concluded
were caused by a knife. We conclude that a rational trier of fact could
reasonably infer from this evidence that Pineda murdered Jimenez, see
NRS 200.030(2), and that substantial evidence supports the verdict. See
McNair v. State, 108 Nev. 53, 56, 825 P.2d 571, 573 (1992). Although
some evidence may have suggested that Pineda acted in self-defense, it
was for the jury to assess the weight and credibility of that evidence. See
Buchanan v. State, 119 Nev. 201, 217, 69 P.3d 694, 705 (2003).
Expert witness
Pineda contends the district court erred in limiting testimony
from the defense expert witness to general gang background and not
permitting the expert to offer testimony about Pineda's state of mind. He
claims that he was therefore forced to testify in his own defense. We
discern no abuse of discretion. See Higgs v. State, 126 Nev. „ 222
P.3d 648, 659 (2010) (reviewing admission of expert testimony for abuse of
discretion). The district court's ruling that Pineda's expert witness could
provide general background but not comment on Pineda's specific state of
mind was consistent with this court's holding in Pineda v. State, 120 Nev.
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204, 213-14, 214 n.30, 88 P.3d 827, 833-34, 834 n.30 (2004), which
reversed Pineda's prior conviction and remanded to the district court for
the instant trial.
Jury instructions
Pineda argues that the district court erred in failing to inform
the jury, consistent with our decision in Runion v. State, 116 Nev. 1041,
1052, 13 P.3d 52, 59 (2000), that if it found that the State failed to prove
that the defendant did not act in self-defense, it must acquit the
defendant. He further asserts that Instruction 40 reduces the burden of
proof as it requires the jury to consider the lesser-included offenses if it
acquits on second-degree murder. We conclude that this contention lacks
merit. Although Instruction 17 does not include the final clause of the
Runion instruction, Instruction 9 instructs the jury that the prosecution
has the burden to prove that the killing was not justified, and therefore
unlawful, and that if it failed to prove that fact beyond a reasonable doubt,
then the jury must acquit Pineda. Further, Instruction 40 does not lessen
the burden of proof as any conclusion that the State failed to prove the
killing was not justified would result in an acquittal of all lesser-included
offenses. See NRS 200.040(1) ("Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a
human being, without malice express or implied, and without any mixture
of deliberation."). Therefore, Pineda failed to demonstrate plain error. See
Valdez v. State, 124 Nev. 1172, 1190, 196 P.3d 465, 477 (2008) (reviewing
unpreserved error for plain error affecting substantial rights).
Prosecutorial misconduct
Pineda raises seven contentions of prosecutorial misconduct.
We conclude that these lack merit for the reasons discussed below.
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First, Pineda asserts that the State improperly vouched for
witnesses by arguing that gang activity did not play a role in the case and
that the witnesses present during the crime were the best experts on gang
activity in this case. We discern no plain error. See id. The State's
argument did not vouch for the witness, but merely pointed out that the
best witnesses to rely upon for whether the incident placed Pineda in
reasonable fear of his life were those at the scene who did not perceive
such a threat.
Second, Pineda claims that the State engaged in prosecutorial
misconduct by arguing that Pineda did not accurately remember the
events of the killing and that his account was an "incredible story." We
disagree. The prosecutor's comments, which came in the midst of his
comparison of Pineda's direct testimony, cross-examination, and other
evidence adduced at trial, were proper arguments based on the evidence at
trial. See Ross v. State, 106 Nev. 924, 927, 803 P.2d 1104, 1106 (1990) ("A
prosecutor may demonstrate to a jury through inferences from the record
that a defense witness's testimony is palpably untrue."). Therefore, he has
not demonstrated that the comments amounted to plain error affecting his
substantial rights. See Valdez, 124 Nev. at 1190, 196 P.3d at 477.
Third, Pineda asserts that the State engaged in prosecutorial
misconduct by inviting the jury to "step into the process" when the
prosecutor argued, "If you took a knife away from a young guy who is no
longer a threat and then you stab him multiple times, that doesn't seem
like self-defense." We discern no plain error. See id. The challenged
comments, read in context, pointed out inconsistencies in Pineda's
statements to police and his trial testimony. Therefore, it constituted
permissible argument and did not improperly invite the jury to consider
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anything other than evidence presented at trial. See Ross, 106 Nev. at
927, 803 P.2d at 1106.
Fourth, Pineda contends that the State engaged in
prosecutorial misconduct by arguing that the bare fear of getting into a
fist fight was not enough to justify self-defense and that the jury should
not consider the evidence that Pineda had been shot or stabbed as
informing his belief that self-defense was necessary. We disagree.
Considered in context, the prosecutor's comments responded to arguments
made by the defense in its closing argument that Pineda's prior experience
led him to fear for his life during the fight. The prosecutor's statements
correctly argued that in addition to a subjective fear of impending serious
injury or death, the defendant's fear must also be objectively reasonable
and that consideration does not hinge upon Pineda's prior experience. See
Runion, 116 Nev. at 1051, 13 P.3d at 59 (noting that circumstances
justifying self-defense "must be sufficient to excite the fears of a
reasonable person placed in a similar situation").
Fifth, Pineda asserts that the State inflamed the passions of
the jury by equating the victim's life with a priest or doctor. We discern no
plain error. Given the brevity of the comment and the evidence produced
at trial, we cannot say that the comment affected Pineda's substantial
rights. See Valdez, 124 Nev. at 1190, 196 P.3d at 477.
Sixth, Pineda contends that the State incorrectly described
testimony from Woefle in its closing statement. We disagree. The
prosecutor's argument accurately quoted Woefle's testimony. While the
prosecutor described the quote differently earlier in his argument, the
statement was consistent with Pineda's testimony and was not attributed
to Woefle. Therefore, we discern no plain error. See id.
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Seventh, Pineda argues that the State repeatedly used
phrases such as "I submit to you," "I suggest to you," or "I think" in
arguing to the jury. He asserts that these phrases have been found, in
certain contexts, to suggest that the government knows more about the
case than is heard by the jury. We conclude that his claim lacks merit.
The challenged statements merely presented inferences from the evidence.
See United States v. Sullivan, 522 F.3d 967, 982 (9th Cir. 2008)
(explaining that no prosecutorial misconduct occurs when reasonable
inferences are argued from the evidence). The prosecutor did not suggest
greater knowledge of the events than was presented to the jury. See
Morales v. State, 122 Nev. 966, 973, 143 P.3d 463, 467-68 (2006) (noting
argument improper where prosecutor suggests superior knowledge of law).
Therefore, Pineda failed to demonstrate that the comments amounted to
plain error affecting his substantial rights. See Valdez, 124 Nev. at 1190,
196 P.3d at 477.
Eighth, Pineda contends that the prosecutor, in describing its
burden to prove the killing was not justified, failed to mention how the
lesser-included offenses would be affected by the self-defense theory. We
discern no plain error affecting Pineda's substantial rights. See id. The
State accurately described its burden regarding self-defense and second-
degree murder. While it did not mention the lesser-included offenses,
those were contained in the jury instructions.
Absence
Pineda contends that the district court failed to ensure his
presence in court on several occasions. He claims that the district court's
failure to ensure he was transferred to the county jail resulted in his
absence and hindered his ability to prepare for trial. We conclude that
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this argument lacks merit. Pineda did not "have an unlimited right to be
present at every proceeding," and he failed to show that he was prejudiced
by his absence. Gallego v. State, 117 Nev. 348, 367-68, 23 P.3d 227, 240
(2001), abrogated on other grounds by Nunnery v. State, 127 Nev. , 263
P.3d 235 (2011), cert. denied, U .S. , 132 S. Ct. 2774 (2012).
Ineffective assistance of counsel
Pineda contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to prepare, resulting in several errors. We have consistently
declined to consider ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims on direct
appeal unless the district court has held an evidentiary hearing on the
matter or an evidentiary hearing would be needless. Pellegrini v. State,
117 Nev. 860, 883, 34 P.3d 519, 534-35 (2001). As neither exception
applies here, we decline to address this claim.
Admission of knife
Pineda asserts that the district court erred in permitting the
use of a knife during cross-examination that was not shown to be the
murder weapon. We discern no plain error. See Valdez, 124 Nev. at 1190,
196 P.3d at 477. The knife to which Pineda testified was similar to the
one he used during his fight with the victim and was relevant to
demonstrate the manner in which the victim died. See NRS 48.015
("[R]elevant evidence' means evidence having any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence."); see
also Masters v. Dewey, 709 P.2d 149, 152 (Idaho Ct. App. 1985) (providing
that demonstrative evidence is used for illustration and clarification).
Further, the testimony clearly stated that the knife displayed was not the
knife used during the killing.
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Bail
Pineda contends that he was improperly denied bail as the
department of corrections did not honor the district court's bail order and
transfer him to the county jail for his retrial. He asserts that he could
have better prepared for trial had he been granted bail. We conclude that
this argument lacks merit. Several months prior to trial, the district court
set bail at $25,000. Three days before trial, Pineda indicated that the
department of corrections did not honor the district court's bail order.
However, he did not demonstrate that he had the ability to or had
attempted to pay bail. Therefore, he failed to demonstrate that, had he
been transferred to the jail, he would have been released on bail prior to
trial and thus altered the manner in which his defense was prepared. See
State v. Teeter, 65 Nev. 584, 609, 200 P.2d 657, 670 (1948) (requiring
reversal where it was shown that denial of bail restricted opportunity to
prepare for trial), overruled on other grounds by In re Wheeler, 81 Nev.
495, 499, 406 P.2d 713, 716 (1965).
Deadly weapon enhancement
Pineda argues that this court should reconsider State v.
Eighth Judicial Dist. Court (Pullin), 124 Nev. 564, 188 P.3d 1079 (2008),
and apply the ameliorative amendments to NRS 193.165 to his sentence.
In Pullin, we recognized that "the proper penalty is the penalty in effect at
the time of the commission of the offense and not the penalty in effect at
the time of sentencing." Id. at 567, 188 P.3d at 1081. We decline Pineda's
invitation to reconsider this decision.
Cumulative error
Pineda contends that cumulative error warrants reversal of
his conviction. Based on the foregoing discussion, we conclude that any
8
error in this case when considered either individually or cumulatively,
does not warrant relief. See Hernandez v. State, 118 Nev. 513, 535, 50
P.3d 1100, 1115 (2002); Ennis v. State, 91 Nev. 530, 533, 539 P.2d 114, 115
(1975) (defendant "is not entitled to a perfect trial, but only to a fair trial").
Having considered Pineda's contentions and concluded that
they lack merit, we
ORDER the judgment of conviction AFFIRMED.
J.
Hardesty
cc: Hon. Jerome Polaha, District Judge
Karla K. Butko
Attorney General/Carson City
Washoe County District Attorney
Washoe District Court Clerk
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