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2013 AUG -5 AH 9=U
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 67873-6-1
Respondent, DIVISION ONE
v.
GARY SAWYER, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: August 5, 2013
Lau, J. —A jury convicted Gary Sawyer of bail jumping and two counts of
possession of cocaine. Sawyer appeals his judgment and sentence and claims
(1) the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for bail jumping, (2) he was
denied effective representation of trial counsel, and (3) his offender score is incorrect
because an out-of-state conviction was improperly determined to be comparable to a
Washington felony. Finding no error, we affirm Sawyer's convictions and sentence.
FACTS
Based on an incident observed by Seattle police officers in downtown Seattle on
December 17, 2009, the State charged Gary Sawyer with possession of cocaine with
intent to deliver. The court released Sawyer on his personal recognizance, and he
signed orders acknowledging his obligation to appear at future court proceedings and
trial.
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The case was set for trial on February 7, 2011, and on that date, Sawyer
appeared with his counsel at 9:35 a.m. The State indicated its intent to add a second
drug charge. Approximately 10 minutes into the proceedings, after Sawyer forcefully
expressed his opinion that neither he nor his counsel was prepared for trial, expressed
disagreement with counsel about his offender score, and indicated that he might ask to
waive his right to counsel and represent himself, the trial court granted a recess until
10:00 a.m. so Sawyer could confer with counsel. Before the recess, the court informed
Sawyer the trial would proceed after the recess even if he chose to represent himself.
When the court reconvened 15 minutes later, Sawyer did not appear and could not be
reached by telephone. The court struck the trial date and signed a bench warrant for
Sawyer's arrest. Sawyer did not reappear in court until after he was arrested on the
warrant two months later.
Before the case went to trial in August 2011, the State amended the information
and added a charge of delivery of cocaine based on the December 2009 incident and a
charge of bail jumping based on Sawyer's failure to appear for trial on February 7, 2011.
At trial, Sawyer testified and acknowledged that he did not reappear after a break in the
proceedings on February 7. Sawyer explained that his wife had cancer and that during
the break, he learned that she had a medical emergency and was taken to the hospital.
Sawyer said he "took off in a panic," did not notify the court, or return to court that day or
thereafter. Report of Proceedings (Aug. 10, 2011) (RP) at 120. Sawyer's attorney
asked whether the fact that he had been charged with more serious drug offenses,
instead of mere drug possession, also factored into his decision not to return to court.
Sawyer said, "Basically, yes." RP at 121.
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The jury convicted Sawyer of bail jumping and of lesser included charges of
possession of cocaine on both drug counts. Sawyer's counsel asked the court to
impose an exceptional sentence below the standard range. The trial court denied the
request but imposed a sentence of 33 months—the bottom of the range for bail jumping,
the most serious offense.
ANALYSIS
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Sawyer contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for bail
jumping because he appeared for trial as ordered on the morning of February 7. He
argues that the bail jumping statute requires only that the defendant initially appear for
court and the failure to remain in court does not violate the statute.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this court must
determine, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, whether
any rational trier of fact could have convicted the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L Ed. 2d 560 (1979); State v.
Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 221, 616 P.2d 628 (1980). All reasonable inferences from the
evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the
defendant. State v. Brown, 162 Wn.2d 422, 428, 173 P.3d 245 (2007). An insufficiency
claim admits the truth of the State's evidence and all reasonable inferences. Brown,
162Wn.2dat428.
To prove bail jumping, the State had to prove that (1) the defendant failed to
appear before a court and (2) the defendant had been released by court order with
knowledge of the requirement of a subsequent personal appearance before that court.
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RCW 9A.76.170(1). Sawyer claims that this case is analogous to State v. Coleman.
155 Wn. App. 951, 231 P.3d 212 (2010). In that case, a court order directed the
defendant to appear in court at 9:00 a.m. and the clerk's minutes showed that he failed
to appear at 8:30 a.m. The evidence was insufficient to establish bail jumping because
"nothing before the jury established that [the defendant] was absent at the time
specified on his notice." Coleman. 155 Wn. App. at 964.
But here, the evidence before the jury established that the court directed Sawyer
to appear at 10:00, after providing him an opportunity to briefly consult with his attorney
in private. There is no evidence, and Sawyer does not actually claim, that he was
unaware that he was required to appear after the recess. The jury was entitled to
conclude based on the evidence that Sawyer had knowledge of his required personal
appearance after the recess to proceed with trial and failed to appear.1 The evidence is
sufficient to support the jury's verdict.
Offender Score
Sawyer argues that his offender score was miscalculated because the trial court
improperly counted his 2005 Illinois conviction for theft from a person.
1Sawyer suggests that the trial court could have found that he waived his right to
be present and conducted the trial in his absence. Although a court is permitted to do
this if a defendant is voluntarily absent after trial has commenced in his presence, see
CrR 3.4(b), the trial had not yet commenced on February 7 in Sawyer's presence
because the jury panel had not been sworn in for voir dire. See State v. Crafton. 72
Wn. App. 98, 103, 863, 863 P.2d 620 P.2d 620 (1993) (defendant is present for the
commencement of trial if he or she is present when the jury panel is sworn in for voir
dire).
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At the initial sentencing hearing, the State argued that Sawyer had an offender
score of 10 based on six prior Illinois convictions, three prior Washington forgery
convictions, and one current offense, because the bail jumping and drug offenses
occurred on different dates. After the defense questioned the inclusion of two prior
Illinois theft convictions, the court continued the sentencing hearing.
Before the second hearing, the State filed a sentencing memorandum and took
the position that Sawyer's offender score was actually 9. This calculation included five
Illinois convictions: a 1988 drug conviction, a 1992 attempted robbery conviction, a
1999 drug conviction, a 2002 robbery conviction, and a 2005 conviction for theft from a
person. The State conceded that it could not establish the comparability of one of the
Illinois convictions it previously relied upon—retail theft (enhanced). In support of its
recommendation, the State argued that Sawyer's 2005 theft conviction was comparable
to a conviction for first degree theft in Washington. The State also submitted
documentation of Sawyer's Illinois criminal history, including a copy of the 2005
judgment and sentence upon Sawyer's guilty plea to theft from a person and the grand
jury's indictment.
At the second hearing, Sawyer's counsel agreed that the 2005 Illinois conviction
for theft from a person was properly included, but argued that Sawyer's offender score
was 7 because the three Washington forgery convictions encompassed the same
criminal conduct. The court again continued the sentencing to allow the State to
respond to the same criminal conduct argument.
At the third hearing, Sawyer's counsel acknowledged that his client did not agree
that three of his Illinois convictions should be included: 2005 theft from a person, 2002
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robbery, and 1992 attempted robbery. Counsel nonetheless conceded that he had
spent an "exhaustive amount of time" reviewing the judgments and sentences and the
underlying factual allegations and came to the "unfortunate but firm conviction they do
count as felonies." RP (Oct. 6, 2011) at 31.
Later during the same hearing, counsel stated that while he remained satisfied
that Sawyer's 2005 conviction for theft from a person qualified as first degree theft
under Washington law, he would "qualify" his concession "to satisfy [his] client."
RP (Oct. 6, 2011) at 41. Counsel stated that he wanted to put his qualification "on the
record" to allow Sawyer to pursue his argument on appeal. RP (Oct. 6, 2011) at 42.
Before he was sentenced, Sawyer personally objected to the inclusion of the theft
conviction. He argued that the value of property stolen was less than $150 and,
therefore, the crime was a misdemeanor under Illinois law.
The court sentenced Sawyer based on an offender score of 7, agreeing that the
forgery convictions encompassed the same criminal conduct. The court also stated that
itwas "confident" that Sawyer's conviction for theft from a person was a felony in Illinois
and comparable to a felony in Washington. RP (Oct. 6, 2011) at 51.
The State has the burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the
record supports the existence and classification of out-of-state convictions. State v.
Ford. 137 Wn.2d 472, 479-80, 973 P.2d 452 (1999). However, an affirmative
acknowledgement by defense counsel that a prior out-of-state conviction is properly
included in the offender score satisfies the requirements of the Sentencing Reform Act
and requires no further proof. State v. Ross, 152Wn.2d 220, 230, 95 P.3d 1225 (2004).
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Here, the defense affirmatively acknowledged that Sawyer's 2005 Illinois theft
conviction was properly included in the offender score. Therefore, the trial court was
entitled to rely upon the concession and could have declined to consider Sawyer's pro
se argument. State v. Bergstrom. 162 Wn.2d 87, 97, 169 P.3d 816 (2007). However, to
the extent that counsel later retracted the concession and the trial court responded to
Sawyer's pro se objection by ruling on the classification of the prior foreign conviction,
Sawyer's claim of error is preserved for our review. See Bergstrom. 162 Wn.2d at 97
(where the court considered and ruled on the defendant's pro se argument, it was error
to fail to hold an evidentiary hearing and require the State to produce evidence in
support of the offender score).
Where, as here, a criminal defendant has out-of-state convictions, the sentencing
court must conduct a comparability analysis to determine if the out-of-state conviction is
either the legal or factual equivalent of a Washington crime. State v. Calhoun. 163 Wn.
App. 153, 160, 257 P.3d 693 (2011). An out-of-state conviction is legally equivalent to a
Washington crime if both crimes have the same required elements. Calhoun, 163 Wn.
App. at 160. But if the elements required to convict are different, the sentencing court
must determine if the crimes are factually equivalent by reviewing the out-of-state
conviction record to ascertain whether the defendant's conduct establishes that he
committed an act comparable to a Washington crime. State v. Jackson. 129 Wn. App.
95, 104-05, 117 P.3d 1182 (2005). In making its factual comparison, the sentencing
court may only rely on facts in the foreign record that are admitted, stipulated to, or
proved beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Pers. Restraint of Laverv. 154 Wn.2d 249,
258, 111 P.3d 837 (2005); State v. Farnsworth. 133 Wn. App. 1, 22, 130 P.3d 389
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(2006). We review the trial court's classification of out-of-state crimes and the
calculation of the offender score de novo. State v. Labarbera. 128 Wn. App. 343, 348,
115 P.3d 1038 (2005); Bergstrom. 162 Wn.2d at 92.
In this case, the evidence shows that Sawyer was convicted in 2005 of theft from
a person under Illinois statute 720 III. Comp. Stat. (ILCS) 5/16-1(a)(b)(4) (2004). This
was a felony. The provision under which he was convicted specifically provides,
"Theft of property from the person not exceeding $300 in value, or theft of property
exceeding $300 and not exceeding $10,000 in value, is a Class 3 felony."
720 ILCS 5/16-1 (a)(b)(4).2 The State concedes that the elements of the Illinois statute
are not the same as the Washington statute and that the Illinois statute is "conceivably
broader."3 Br. of Respondent at 13. The State argues, however, that the Illinois
conviction is factually comparable to a Washington conviction for first degree theft.
The Washington statute in effect at the time, RCW 9A.56.030(1)(b) (1995),
provided that a person was guilty of first degree theft if he or she committed theft of
"[property of any value other than a firearm as defined in RCW 9.41.010 taken from the
2Although Sawyer claimed below that the crime was a misdemeanor because of
the value of the property stolen, he did not cite a provision of the statute and his
argument appears to be incorrect. According to the provisions applicable at the time,
the crime was a misdemeanor only if the theft of property was not from a person and did
not exceed $300 in value. See 760 ILCS 5/16-1 (b)(1).
3Compare State v. Chamroeum Nam, 136 Wn. App. 698, 705, 150 P.3d 617
(2007) (defining property "taken from the 'person' of another" as property in physical
contact with person's body or clothing) with People v. Pierce. 226 III.2d 470, 475, 877
N.E.2d 408, 414 (2007) (theft from person may include property taken from person's
body or property in presence of a person, i.e. within person's immediate custody and
control).
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person of another." The State relies on the Illinois indictment as establishing the
underlying facts of Sawyer's crime. That document alleges that Sawyer committed theft
from a person because he "knowingly took property, being United States Currency, from
the person of Pedro Valasco, not exceeding $300 in value, in violation of 720 ILCS
5/16-1(a)(b)(4)." The indictment originally stated that Sawyer took currency "from the
presence of Pedro Velasco," but the term "presence" was struck and "person" was
interlineated above. Sawyer argues that only the guilty plea statement or transcript of
the guilty plea hearing could show the particular facts to which he stipulated. Because
neither of these documents is in the record, he contends that the State failed to prove
factual comparability. But according to Illinois law, a plea of guilty "constitutes an
admission of every fact alleged in an indictment," as long as the fact admitted is "an
ingredient of the offense charged." People v. Henderson. 95 III. App. 3d 291, 419
N.E.2d 1262, 1265, 50 III. Dec. 813 (1981); People v. Langford. 392 III. 584, 65 N.E.2d
440, 442 (1946). Sawyer's taking of property "not exceeding $300 in value" from "the
person" of the victim are facts that constitute ingredients of the Illinois crime. In
pleading guilty, Sawyer stipulated to those facts stated in the indictment.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not miscalculate Sawyer's
offender score by including this prior conviction.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Sawyer argues that trial counsel was deficient because (1) counsel violated the
duty of loyalty by suggesting to the jury that his client's testimony was not credible and
(2) counsel did not rely on his testimony in arguing in support of an exceptional
sentence.
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In order to prevail on these claims, Sawyer must show that counsel's
performance was deficient and that this deficiency prejudiced him. State v. Thomas.
109 Wn.2d 222, 225-26, 743 P.2d 816 (1987). Performance is deficient only if it falls
"below an objective standard of reasonableness." Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S.
668, 688, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Performance is not deficient if
counsel's conduct can be characterized as a legitimate trial strategy. State v. Kvllo. 166
Wn.2d 856, 863, 215 P.3d 177 (2009).
In closing, counsel reminded the jury that no evidence contradicted Sawyer's
explanation as to why it was necessary for him to leave court. But then, counsel stated,
"I don't care whether you believe him or not, frankly," and offered another possibility that
Sawyer may have fled from court in a panic because the drug charges he was facing
were significantly more serious than the crime he actually committed—possession of
drugs. RP (Aug. 11, 2011) at 52.
In making this argument, defense counsel did not tell the jury that it should not
believe Sawyer. Instead, counsel suggested to the jury that it could acquit Sawyer
whether or not it was persuaded by Sawyer's account of his own motivations. This was
a reasonable argument in light of the fact that Sawyer's explanation for his failure to
appear was uncorroborated and implausible. He offered no reason why he did not tell
his attorney about the emergency, wait a few minutes for court to resume so he could
inform the judge, call the court from the hospital, or return to court once the emergency
was resolved. Under the circumstances, counsel's remarks were a legitimate strategy
and did not amount to an abandonment of defense counsel's duty of loyalty. See
United States v. Harris, 761 F.2d 394, 402 (7th Cir.1985) (defense counsel's statement
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during closing argument that defendant "'was not totally honest with you'" was
reasonable attempt to mitigate negative effect of defendant's damaging testimony and
did not constitute deficient performance).
Finally, Sawyer argues that counsel should have advocated for an exceptional
sentence on a different basis. He suggests that counsel should have requested an
exceptional sentence based on a failed defense to bail jumping of "uncontrollable
circumstances." See RCW 9A.76.170(2). Sawyer claims that the trial court may have
granted such a request. The record demonstrates otherwise. The trial court expressly
considered Sawyer's explanation for his departure when it imposed the sentence:
You're going to get the low range -- the low end of the range, and I think that
that's what is appropriate in this case. It may have been that any family member
would have bolted at some news like that, but I think that any reasonable person
would have left a message, would have contacted the court immediately. It may
have been handled differently if you had done that instead of just leaving and
disappearing.
RP (Oct. 6, 2011) at 53. The record does not support the claim that the court would
have been inclined to impose an exceptional sentence if counsel had focused on
Sawyer's testimony instead of the State's charging decision.
Because Sawyer fails to demonstrate that counsel was deficient or that he was
prejudiced, his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel fail.
We affirm.
WE CONCUR:
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