T.C. Memo. 2013-181
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
MARRIANNE ELIZABETH RAYHILL, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 11455-11. Filed August 8, 2013.
Marrianne Elizabeth Rayhill, pro se.
Kimberly A. Santos and Kathryn A. Meyer, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
HALPERN, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner's
2007 Federal income tax of $16,686 and additions to tax of $3,754, $2,753, and
$759 under sections 6651(a)(1) and (2) and 6654(a), respectively.
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[*2] Unless otherwise stated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue
Code in effect for 2007, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of
Practice and Procedure. We round all dollar amounts to the nearest dollar.
Petitioner bears the burden of proof. See Rule 142(a).1
Background
Some facts are stipulated and are so found. Respondent concedes that
petitioner is not liable for the section 6654(a) addition to tax, and we will therefore
not discuss it further. Petitioner filed no return for 2007, and, for that reason,
respondent prepared for her a substitute for return. See sec. 6020(b). The
principal adjustments giving rise to respondent's determination of a deficiency in
tax are omissions from gross income of the following items: interest income--$14;
wages, tips, and other compensation--$65,226; and Social Security benefits--
$24,132.
The parties have made numerous concessions regarding those adjustments.
Petitioner concedes that she omitted from gross income interest of $14.
Respondent concedes that the taxable amount of the Social Security benefit
petitioner received is only $7,579, which petitioner concedes is includible in gross
1
Petitioner makes no argument that, pursuant to sec. 7491(a), the burden
shifts to respondent. In any event, the record establishes that petitioner does not
satisfy the preconditions found in sec. 7491(a)(2).
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[*3] income. Respondent also concedes that petitioner is allowed on Schedule A,
Itemized Deductions, a miscellaneous expense deduction of $1,772 for attorney's
fees connected with securing the Social Security benefits. Petitioner concedes
that, pursuant to an employer provided and funded, group long-term disability
policy, she received $64,732 (disability payment) from the Hartford Life Insurance
Co. Respondent concedes that she received no more than that amount. Petitioner
concedes that some, but not all, of the disability payment is includible in her gross
income. Respondent concedes that petitioner is entitled to a Schedule A cash
charitable contribution deduction of $349 and a Schedule A noncash charitable
contribution deduction of $250. Respondent concedes that petitioner is entitled to
a deduction on Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business, for business expenses of
$402. Petitioner concedes that she neither filed a Federal income tax return nor
paid any tax for 2007. We accept all concessions and find accordingly.
Trial was held in this case on December 11, 2012, in Los Angeles,
California. At the conclusion of the trial, the Court reviewed with the parties the
issues still in dispute. Although petitioner concedes that some portion of the
disability payment is includible in her 2007 gross income, she believes that,
because, in part, the disability payment represented amounts that she should have
received in prior years, only that portion allocable to 2007 is includible in her
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[*4] 2007 gross income. Petitioner also believes that she should be allowed
deductions for amounts that the parties have stipulated that she spent in 2007 and
that she claims were for business expenses, but which respondent would not allow
as deductions because petitioner failed to show that they were ordinary and
necessary business expenses properly substantiated. See secs. 162(a), 274.
Finally, notwithstanding petitioner's concession that she neither filed a 2007
income tax return nor paid the tax due, she believes that, because she was sick
during 2008 she should not have to pay the section 6651(a)(1) and (2) additions
for delinquent filing and failure to pay timely.
Also at the conclusion of the trial, we set a briefing schedule, ordering
seriatim briefs, with petitioner to go first. We allowed her 75 days to file her brief.
She failed to do so, and we allowed her an additional 25 days. She again failed to
file a brief.
Petitioner resided in California when she filed the petition.
Discussion
We are left with few issues to decide, and, although we could declare
petitioner in default with respect to the remaining issues, with respect to all of
which she bears the burden of proof, see Rules 123, 151; Stringer v.
Commissioner, 84 T.C. 693 (1985), aff'd without published opinion, 789 F.2d 917
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[*5] (4th Cir. 1986); Horn v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-207, we will
address those issues.
I. Disability Payment
Section 451(a) provides that the amount of any item of gross income shall
be included in the gross income for the taxable year in which received by the
taxpayer unless, under the method of accounting used in computing taxable
income, such amount is to be properly accounted for as of a different period. The
law is clear that gains, profits, and income are to be included in the gross income
of a cash method taxpayer for the taxable year in which they are received. See
secs. 1.451-1(a), 1.446-1(c)(1)(i), Income Tax Regs. Since petitioner has failed to
show that for 2007 she was other than a cash method taxpayer, the entire amount
of the disability payment must be included in her 2007 gross income because she
received the entire amount in that year.
II. Deductions
Petitioner has failed to carry her burden of showing that the disputed
deductions were ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during 2007 in
carrying on any trade or business, see sec. 162(a), or that she has met the
substantiation requirements of section 274. We will allow no deductions other
than those respondent allowed.
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[*6] III. Additions to Tax
Section 6651(a)(1) provides for an addition to tax in the event a taxpayer
fails to timely file a return (determined with regard to any extension of time for
filing) unless the taxpayer shows that such failure is due to reasonable cause and
not due to willful neglect. The addition equals 5% of the amount required to be
shown as tax on the delinquent return for each month or fraction thereof during
which the return remains delinquent, up to a maximum addition of 25% for returns
more than four months delinquent. Id.
Section 6651(a)(2) imposes an addition to tax when a taxpayer fails to pay
the amount of tax shown on a return by the prescribed date unless the taxpayer
shows that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.
The addition equals 0.5% of the tax for each month or fraction thereof during
which the tax remains unpaid, up to a maximum addition of 25%. Under section
6651(g)(2), a substitute for return prepared pursuant to section 6020(b) is treated
as the taxpayer's return for purposes of section 6651(a)(2).2
2
We note in passing that, while a properly made substitute for return is
necessary before a sec. 6651(a)(2) addition to tax for failure to pay the tax shown
on return can be imposed on a nonfiler, a substitute for return is not a prerequisite
to the Commissioner's determining a deficiency in tax. E.g., Roat v.
Commissioner, 847 F.2d 1379, 1381-1382 (9th Cir. 1988) ("Deficiency procedures
set out in the Internal Revenue Code * * * do not require the Commissioner to
(continued...)
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[*7] With respect to both the section 6651(a)(1) and (2) additions to tax,
respondent bears the burden of coming forth with evidence that imposition of the
addition is appropriate. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446-447
(2001); see also sec. 7491(c). Petitioner concedes that she neither filed a return
nor paid any tax for 2007. Accordingly, we conclude that respondent has
produced sufficient evidence to show that the section 6651(a)(1) and (2) additions
to tax are appropriate, unless petitioner proves that either or both of her failure to
file and failure to pay were due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.
A failure to file is due to reasonable cause if a taxpayer "exercised ordinary
business care and prudence and was nevertheless unable to file the return within
the prescribed time". Sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs.; see also
United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241, 246 (1985). A failure to pay tax will be
considered to be due to reasonable cause if the taxpayer exercised ordinary care
and prudence in providing for her tax liability but was unable to pay. Sec.
301.6651-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Willful neglect is interpreted as a
"conscious, intentional failure or reckless indifference." Boyle, 469 U.S. at 245.
2
(...continued)
prepare a return on a taxpayer's behalf before determining and issuing a notice of
deficiency."); accord Watson v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-146, aff'd, 277
Fed. Appx. 450 (5th Cir. 2008).
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[*8] Petitioner claims that she was unaware that any of her income was taxable.
Petitioner's mistake as to or ignorance of the law, however, does not amount to
reasonable cause and thus will not relieve her from the imposition of the addition
to tax pursuant to section 6651(a)(1). See Joyce v. Commissioner, 25 T.C. 13, 15
(1955); West v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-272, 2011 WL 5572604, at *4.
Petitioner also argues that she was not able to file her returns because of her
health problems. To substantiate her argument, petitioner testified that she is a
disabled taxpayer and that she had additional serious medical problems in both
2007 and 2008. A taxpayer's disability may constitute reasonable cause for failure
to file returns. Boyle, 469 U.S. at 248 n.6; see, e.g., Rappaport v. Commissioner,
T.C. Memo. 2006-87, 2006 WL 1083434, at *5. However, a taxpayer does not
have reasonable cause for failing to file tax returns if he or she was performing
normal business operations. E.g., Rappaport v. Commissioner, 2006 WL
1083434, at *5. While we do not trivialize the medical problems facing petitioner,
the record indicates she carried on her real estate brokerage business and her other
business affairs throughout 2007. Petitioner was not specific in her testimony as
to the periods of her medical problems or how, during those periods, her medical
problems interfered with her filing a return. Indeed, she testified that she did not
file because she did not think that she had to. Petitioner has not convinced us that
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[*9] her medical problems provided reasonable cause for her failure to timely file.
See Kelso v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-125, 2009 WL 1530158, at *3.
Consequently, we find that petitioner did not have reasonable cause for her failure
to timely file her 2007 return and that she is liable for the addition to tax under
section 6651(a)(1).
For the reasons stated in connection with our sustaining respondent's
imposition of the section 6651(a)(1) addition to tax, we also find that petitioner
has not produced evidence that her failure to pay was due to reasonable cause and
not due to willful neglect. Consequently, we find that petitioner is liable for the
addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2).
Decision will be entered under
Rule 155.