Filed 7/26/13
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
CHARLES HUDEC,
Petitioner, G047465
v. (Super. Ct. No. C47710)
THE SUPERIOR COURT OF ORANGE OPINION
COUNTY,
Respondent;
THE PEOPLE,
Real Party in Interest.
Original proceedings; petition for a writ of prohibition/mandate to
challenge an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Kazuharu Makino, Judge.
Writ granted.
Frank Ospino, Public Defender, Jean Wilkinson, Chief Deputy Public
Defender, Mark Brown, Assistant Public Defender, Christopher D. McGibbons, Deputy
Public Defender, for Petitioner.
Tony Rackauckas, District Attorney, Brian F. Fitzpatrick, Deputy District
Attorney, for Respondent.
* * *
Charles Hudec seeks a writ of prohibition or mandate to overturn the trial
court‘s order granting the district attorney‘s motion in limine compelling him to testify in
a trial to extend his commitment to Patton State Hospital (Pen. Code, § 1026.5; all
statutory citations are to the Penal Code unless noted otherwise). He relies on the
Legislature‘s statutory command that individuals facing commitment ―shall be entitled to
the rights guaranteed under the federal and State Constitutions for criminal proceedings.‖
(Id., subd. (b)(7).) Both constitutions guarantee the familiar right in a civil or criminal
case not to incriminate oneself. (Cramer v. Tyars (1979) 23 Cal.3d 131, 137 (Cramer).)
But both constitutions afford broader protection in criminal proceedings that includes a
―separate and distinct testimonial privilege[],‖ namely ―an absolute right not to be called
as a witness and not to testify.‖ (Ibid.) Because the plain words of the statute provide
that the rights afforded in criminal proceedings ―shall‖ be afforded to individuals facing a
civil commitment trial, we grant Hudec‘s petition.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This court presented the facts of the underlying case in a 1985 opinion
modifying and affirming the judgment committing Hudec to Patton State Hospital.
(People v. Hudec (Aug. 15, 1985, G000694) [nonpub opn.].) As noted in the earlier
opinion, Hudec, a paranoid schizophrenic, killed his father in May 1981 after he heard
voices tell him he had to commit the killing to please God and to avoid becoming a
homosexual. The parties stipulated Hudec was not guilty by reason of insanity, and this
court modified the commitment order to reflect Hudec committed voluntary manslaughter
rather than first degree murder.
In March 2012, the district attorney filed the latest petition to extend
Hudec‘s commitment to Patton Hospital under section 1026.5. The trial court scheduled
a trial on the petition and later granted the district attorney‘s written in limine motion to
2
compel Hudec‘s testimony at trial. Hudec petitioned for a writ of prohibition or mandate.
We issued an order to show cause, stayed the trial, and scheduled oral argument.
II
DISCUSSION
Persons found not guilty of a felony because of legal insanity may not be
committed to a state hospital longer than the maximum state prison sentence that the trial
court could have imposed for the underlying offense. (§ 1026.5, subd. (a).) The district
attorney may petition to extend the commitment, however, if the person ―by reason of a
mental disease, defect, or disorder represents a substantial danger of physical harm to
others.‖ (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(1).) The trial court must advise the person named in the
petition of his or her rights to an attorney and to a jury trial, and that the rules of
discovery in criminal cases apply (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(3)). ―The court shall conduct a
hearing on the petition for extended commitment. The trial shall be by jury unless
waived by both the person and the prosecuting attorney.‖ (§ 1026.5, subd. (b)(4).)
The issue in the current case concerns the scope of section 1026.5,
subdivision (b)(7). The subsection provides: ―The person shall be entitled to the rights
guaranteed under the federal and State Constitutions for criminal proceedings. All
proceedings shall be in accordance with applicable constitutional guarantees.‖
Hudec contends section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7), confers on him the right
of a criminal defendant not to be called as a witness and not to testify. (U.S. Const., 5th
Amend.; Cal. Const., art. I, § 15 [―Persons may not . . . be compelled in a criminal cause
to be a witness against themselves‖]; Evid. Code, § 930; Cramer, supra, 23 Cal.3d at
p. 137 [in a criminal matter a defendant has an absolute right not to be called as a witness
and not to testify].) The district attorney correctly notes a commitment extension
proceeding is civil in nature and therefore constitutional proscriptions against compelled
testimony do not apply. (Allen v. Illinois (1986) 478 U.S. 364, 374-375 [privilege did not
3
apply to proceedings under the Illinois Sexually Dangerous Persons Act because the
proceedings were not criminal within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment to the United
States Constitution]; Cramer, at p. 137 [same under California Constitution].) Here, we
must decide whether section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7) confers on the defendant the right
1
to refuse to testify at a section 1026.5 extension trial.
In construing section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7), our task is to ascertain the
Legislature‘s intent and adopt the construction that best effectuates the law‘s purpose.
(People v. Leiva (2013) 56 Cal.4th 498 (Leiva).) We start with ―‗the plain, commonsense
meaning of the language used by the Legislature. [Citation.] If the language is
unambiguous, the plain meaning controls.‘ [Citation.] We consider first the words of the
statute because ‗―‗the statutory language is generally the most reliable indicator of
legislative intent.‘‖‘ [Citation.] ‗[W]henever possible, significance must be given to
every word [in a statute] in pursuing the legislative purpose, and the court should avoid a
construction that makes some words surplusage.‘ [Citation.] However, [Penal Code]
section 7 cautions that ‗words and phrases must be construed according to the
context . . . .‘ (§ 7, subd. 16.) Accordingly, . . . words in a statute ‗―‗should be construed
in their statutory context‘‖‘ [citation], and . . . ‗we may reject a literal construction that is
contrary to the legislative intent apparent in the statute or that would lead to absurd
1 The district attorney argues extraordinary relief is unwarranted because
Hudec has an adequate appellate remedy if the court grants the order extending his
commitment. In issuing the order to show cause, we determined Hudec lacked ―a plain,
speedy, and adequate remedy, in the ordinary course of law.‖ (Code Civ. Proc., § 1086;
Moore v. Superior Court (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 401, 405, fn. 4; Robbins v. Superior
Court (1985) 38 Cal.3d 199, 205 [court necessarily determined appeal was not an
adequate remedy when it issued alternative writ].) Denial of a claim of statutory
privilege is properly reviewed by extraordinary writ. (See Roberts v. Superior Court
(1973) 9 Cal.3d 330, 336; see also People v. Superior Court (Williams) (1991)
233 Cal.App.3d 477, 482, fn. 2 [special circumstances warrant review by mandate given
the urgent nature of extension proceedings and because the trial court‘s ruling will impact
other extension proceedings].)
4
results‘ [citation], or ‗would result in absurd consequences that the Legislature could not
have intended.‘ [Citation.]‖ (Leiva, supra, at p. 506.)
A. People v. Haynie
We are not the first court to grapple with this issue. In People v. Haynie
(2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 1224 (Haynie), the appellate court concluded section 1026.5,
subdivision (b)(7), prohibited the prosecution from calling the defendant at the
commitment extension trial and questioning him about his mental state. The court
explained ―the Legislature‘s words clearly and unambiguously state the person ‗is
entitled to the rights guaranteed under the federal and State Constitutions for criminal
proceedings.‘ A defendant in a criminal matter has an absolute right not to be called as a
witness and not to testify. (U.S. Const., 5th Amend; Cal. Const., art. I, § 15; Evid. Code,
§ 930.) Under the plain language of the statute, because Haynie is entitled to the same
rights guaranteed to a criminal defendant, he should not have been compelled to testify in
the prosecution‘s case at his commitment extension trial.‖ (Id. at p. 1228.)
Haynie agreed subdivision (b)(7) does not extend rights that ―bear no
relevant relationship to the proceedings.‖ (Haynie, supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p. 1229.)
Haynie noted several courts had not applied all the constitutional rights guaranteed for
criminal proceedings in section 1026.5 trials. (See People v. Powell (2004)
114 Cal.App.4th 1153, 1158 [constitutional requirement of personal waiver of jury trial;
common sense dictates an insane person should not be able to veto counsel‘s informed
tactical decision to waive jury]; Williams, supra, 233 Cal.App.3d at pp. 484-485 [double
jeopardy did not bar prosecuting attorney‘s appeal after trial court granted nonsuit in
section 1026.5 proceeding]; People v. Juarez (1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 570, 575 [extended
commitment procedures could not disadvantage the defendant in the determination of his
criminal guilt, any amendment to them could not, by definition, constitute an ex post
facto violation]; People v. Beard (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 1113, 1118-1119 [the defendant
5
failed to show privilege against self-incrimination violated by court-ordered psychiatric
exams; no evidence questions posed by psychiatrists sought to elicit information that
could subject the defendant to criminal prosecution]; People v. Henderson (1981)
117 Cal.App.3d 740, 748 (Henderson) [admission at trial of the defendant‘s statements to
hospital staff during routine therapy sessions did not violate privilege against self-
incrimination]; People v. Poggi (1980) 107 Cal.App.3d 581, 585-586.)
But Haynie disagreed subdivision (b)(7) ―‗merely codifies the application
of constitutional protections to extension hearings mandated by judicial decision.‘‖
(Haynie, supra, 116 Cal.App.4th at p. 1230; see Williams, supra, 233 Cal.App.3d at p.
488.) Haynie stated that ―if the courts have granted rights to committees under case law,
there is no need for the statutory declaration of rights—it is surplusage. Second, that
[construction] supplants the legislative rights-inclusive language with a process whereby
judges select which rights will apply. We prefer to leave it to the Legislature to be more
specific as to which rights apply if it does not intend that all rights apply. . . . Finally, to
the extent that case law holds that certain rights apply to extended-commitment
proceedings under constitutional principles, those holdings do not prevent the Legislature
from providing additional rights to civil committees.‖ (Haynie, supra, 116 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1230.)
Haynie concluded the right against compelled testimony ―is clearly and
relevantly implicated when a person is called by the state to testify in a proceeding to
recommit him or her even if what is said on the witness stand is not per se incriminating.
By calling the person in its case-in-chief, the state is essentially saying that his or her
testimony is necessary for the state to prove its case. We have no doubt that a committee
so compelled to testify is prejudiced under these circumstances.‖ (Haynie, supra,
116 Cal.App.4th at p. 1230.)
The Haynie court decided In re Luis C. (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 1397, about
a week later. Luis C. held Welfare and Institutions Code section 1801.5, which pertains
6
to analogous recommitment trials involving persons within the control of the Division of
Juvenile Facilities, granted the person the right not to testify. A panel of this court later
agreed in Joshua D. v. Superior Court (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 549 (Joshua D.)2,
although the court emphasized section 1801.5 extends ―all‖ rights guaranteed under the
federal and state constitutions in criminal proceedings, which is arguably broader than the
3
language in section 1026.5. (Id. at pp. 557, 560.) Joshua D. concluded the right not to
testify ―is necessarily included in the rights afforded by section 1801.5 because the word
‗all‘ means ‗all‘ and not ‗some.‘ The Legislature‘s chosen term leaves no room for
judicial construction.‖ (Id. at p. 558; see also In re Anthony C. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th
1493, 1510 [section 1801.5 unambiguously includes prohibition against double
jeopardy].)
Joshua D. also noted the Legislature had amended section 1801.5 after
Luis C. without changing the ―‗all rights‘‖ language. (Joshua D., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 560-561.) ―It is a well-established principle of statutory construction that when the
Legislature amends a statute without altering portions of the provision that have been
judicially construed, the Legislature is presumed to have been aware of and to have
2 We initially denied the petition in Joshua D., but the California Supreme
Court granted review and transferred the matter directing us to issue an order to show
cause why the petition should not be granted.
3 Welfare and Institutions Code section 1801.5 provides: ―The person shall
be entitled to all rights guaranteed under the federal and state constitutions in criminal
proceedings. A unanimous jury verdict shall be required in any jury trial. As to either a
court or a jury trial, the standard of proof shall be that of proof beyond a reasonable
doubt.‖ The Legislature added the ―‗all rights‘‖ language in 1984 following the decision
in People v. Superior Court (Vernal D.) (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 29, which held the
Welfare and Institutions Code section 1800 et seq. commitment scheme violated due
process by authorizing commitment based on less than a unanimous jury verdict and by
implying the civil preponderance of the evidence standard applied. (See Joshua D.,
supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at pp. 559-560.)
7
acquiesced in the previous judicial construction.‖ (Marina Point Ltd. v. Wolfson (1982)
30 Cal.3d 721, 734.)
B. People v. Lopez
People v. Lopez (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1099 (Lopez) disagreed with the
Haynie court‘s analysis. Lopez considered an equal protection challenge raised by a
defendant civilly committed as a mentally disordered offender (MDO). (See § 2960 et
seq.) Section 2972, the statute governing the procedures for hearing these petitions,
provides the committee with the right to a jury trial, assisted by appointed counsel if
indigent, and requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt and jury unanimity. But
section 2972 does not contain the language found in section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7)
(or Welf. & Inst. Code, §1801.5) entitling the person to rights guaranteed under the
federal and state Constitutions for criminal proceedings.
In Lopez, the defendant argued admission of testimony from a prior MDO
commitment hearing where he had been compelled to testify subjected him to disparate
treatment compared to section 1026.5 and Welfare and Institutions Code section 1801.5
committees. (Lopez, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1105-1106.) He argued MDOs must
be afforded the same rights as committees found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGI),
including the right to refuse to testify per Haynie and Luis C.
Lopez noted courts previously had held the right against self-incrimination
did not apply in proceedings under the MDO law and other civil commitment statutes.
(People v. Merfeld (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 1440, 1446; People v. Clark (2000) 82
Cal.App.4th 1072, 1079 [requiring MDO to testify about her actions and mental
condition during underlying offense did not violate her privilege against self-
incrimination]; see also People v. Leonard (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 776, 781, 792–793
[defendant in proceeding under Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) Act (Welf. & Inst.
8
Code, § 6600 et seq.) had no constitutional right not to be called as a prosecution
witness].)
Lopez faulted Haynie for failing to follow Henderson, supra,
117 Cal.App.3d 740. Henderson involved a proceeding to extend the defendant‘s
commitment under the now-repealed mentally disordered sex offenders (MDSO) law
(Welf. & Inst. Code, former § 6300 et seq.). Former Welfare and Institutions Code
section 6316.2, subdivision (e) of the MDSO law contained language almost identical to
that found in section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7): ―The patient shall be entitled to the
rights guaranteed under the federal and State Constitutions for criminal proceedings. All
proceedings shall be in accordance with applicable constitutional guarantees.‖
In Henderson, the patient complained admission into evidence of his
statements to hospital staff violated his statutory right (former § 6316.2, subd. (e)) to the
constitutional privilege against self-incrimination. Henderson disagreed: ―We do not so
read the command of the statute. Subdivision (e) of section 6316.2 codifies the
application of constitutional protections to MDSO proceedings mandated by judicial
decision (see, e.g., [People v. Burnick (1975) 14 Cal.3d 306, 314, 324 (Burnick) and
People v. Feagley (1975) 14 Cal.3d 338, 359 (Feagley)]). It does not extend the
protection of the constitutional privileges against self-incrimination to testimonial
communications which are not incriminatory.‖ (Henderson, supra, 117 Cal.App.3d at p.
748.)
Henderson cited Burnick and Feagley as examples of judicial decisions
applying certain constitutional protections mandated by due process. For instance,
Burnick concluded due process required the government to prove the MDSO allegations
by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Feagley held due process required a unanimous
verdict where the alleged MDSO was tried by a jury and that confining an MDSO
indefinitely to prison where the offender has been deemed unamenable to treatment was
cruel and unusual punishment. (See Henderson, supra, 117 Cal.App.3d at pp. 746-747.)
9
Lopez also relied on Conservatorship of Bones (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d
1010, 1013 (Bones), which dealt with the procedures used in determining whether to
temporarily commit a person alleged to pose ―a demonstrated danger of inflicting
substantial physical harm upon others‖ (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 5304, subd. (a)(1)). These
procedures were adopted as part of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (LPS), which
prescribed standards for involuntary civil commitments for psychiatric treatment.
Welfare and Institutions Code Section 5303 required LPS hearings to be conducted ―in
accordance with constitutional guarantees of due process of law and the procedures
required under Section 13 of Article 1‖ of the State Constitution.
When Welfare and Institutions Code section 5303 was adopted, section 13
of the Constitution ―enumerated various procedural safeguards guaranteed to criminal
defendants,‖ including the following: ―‗No person shall be . . . compelled, in any
criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.‘‖ (Bones, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1016.) In 1974, the
Legislature repealed section 13 and transposed the rights described in section 13 to other
sections of the Constitution. The right not to be compelled to testify and the guarantee
against double jeopardy migrated to article I, section 7, while the due process clause
moved to article I, section 15. (Ibid.)
The Bones court concluded the Legislature, in guaranteeing the rights
enumerated in section 13, and subsequently moved to sections 7 and 15, did not intend to
grant potential LPS committees a privilege not to testify. The Bones court based its
holding on its interpretation of a footnote in the Supreme Court‘s opinion in Burnick.
The issue in Burnick was whether the federal and state due process clauses
required proof beyond a reasonable doubt in MDSO proceedings. (Burnick, supra, 14
Cal.3d at p. 310.) Burnick explained the question of the proper standard of proof ―is not
answered by the People‘s reliance on the general proposition that mentally disordered sex
offender proceedings are ‗civil in nature.‘ [Citation.] Nor is it necessary to inquire into
10
the constitutionality of the quoted language of [Welfare and Institutions Code] section
6321 or Evidence Code section 115. Rather we apply those statutes, and proceed to
determine whether the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is ‗otherwise
required‘ in mentally disordered sex offender proceedings. Yet in so doing we are moved
by constitutional considerations of the highest order, inasmuch as we discharge our duty
to insure that no person be deprived of his liberty without the due process of law
guaranteed by article I, section 7, subdivision (a), of the California Constitution, and the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.‖ (Burnick, supra, 14 Cal.3d at
p. 314, fn. omitted.)
In a footnote, Burnick noted, ―Similarly, the Legislature has not specified
the standard of proof for involuntary commitment of persons under our general mental
health law (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 5000 et seq., known as the Lanterman-Petris-Short
Act), but has provided that such proceedings shall be conducted ‗in accordance with
constitutional guarantees of due process of law and the procedures required under Section
13 [now § 7, subd. (a)] of Article 1 of the Constitution of the State of California.‘
(§ 5303.) As in the case at bar, it will be for the courts to decide which standard of proof
is necessary to comport with those ‗guarantees and procedures‘ in view of the
consequences to the individual of a commitment under the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act.‖
(Burnick, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 314, fn. 5.)
Bones concluded Burnick‘s reference in this footnote to section 7 but not
section 15 demonstrated Welfare and Institutions Code section 5303 merely incorporated
due process principles found in section 7 and not the panoply of criminal defense rights
found in section 15. (Bones, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1016.)
Lopez accepted without question Bones‘s interpretation of the Burnick
footnote, explaining that ―Burnick as interpreted in Bones . . . affects our analysis in the
following way: The Supreme Court in Burnick apparently concluded that, despite the
Legislature‘s reference in Welfare and Institutions Code section 5303 to ‗the procedures
11
required under‘ the part of the constitution containing the right not to testify, the
Legislature did not intend that a potential LPS committee have the right not to testify.
Rather, the Legislature meant only to afford the committee the rights guaranteed by due
process, i.e., the rights to proof beyond a reasonable doubt and a unanimous jury. [¶] If
that conclusion is correct, then it is reasonable also to conclude the Legislature acted
with the same intent in enacting section 1026.5(b)(7). That is, in granting a potential NGI
committee ―the rights guaranteed under the federal and State Constitutions for criminal
proceedings,‖ the Legislature intended to grant the rights guaranteed by due process, such
as proof beyond a reasonable doubt and a unanimous verdict, but not other rights that are
granted criminal defendants alone, such as the privilege not to testify.‖ (Lopez,
supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1113-1114, italics added.)
Lopez cited due process case law contemporaneous with the adoption of
section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7), to support its conclusion the Legislature did not intend
to grant potential committees the right not to testify. Before 1979, the Legislature had
not enacted commitment procedures for individuals acquitted by reason of insanity.
Because these individuals faced indefinite commitment exceeding the maximum possible
prison term had they been convicted, and the Legislature had enacted less onerous civil
commitment procedures for similarly situated individuals in MDSO proceedings, the
Supreme Court in In re Moye (1978) 22 Cal.3d 457 (Moye) concluded indefinite
commitment of NGI defendants violated equal protection.
Lopez reasoned, ―With this context in mind, it becomes readily apparent
why the Legislature in enacting Penal Code section 1026.5 would include
subdivision (b)(7): The Legislature wanted to establish a commitment procedure for
NGI‘s that would overcome the equal protection problems identified in Moye when it
compared the treatment of NGI‘s and MDSO‘s. Therefore, it included in the NGI
commitment law the identical language it had included in the MDSO law, by enacting
Welfare and Institutions Code former section 6316.2, subdivision (e): the person subject
12
to commitment ‗shall be entitled to the rights guaranteed under the Federal and State
Constitutions for criminal proceedings.‘ [¶] As Henderson later concluded, however,
Welfare and Institutions Code former section 6316.2, subdivision (e) was merely
intended to provide the constitutional protections mandated by judicial decision, i.e., the
rights to proof beyond a reasonable doubt and a unanimous verdict, not additional rights
such as the privilege against self-incrimination. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that
in including the identical language in Penal Code section 1026.5(b)(7), the Legislature
acted with the same intent.‖ (Lopez, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1114-1115.)
Lopez concluded its reading of section 1026.5(b)(7) was ―supported by
(1) Henderson’s nonliteral reading of identical language as not guaranteeing the privilege
against self-incrimination; (2) Burnick‘s and Bones‘s nonliteral reading of a statute
specifically referring to the part of the state Constitution containing the right not to
testify; (3) the circumstances under which section 1026.5(b)(7) was enacted; and (4) the
fact that no decision other than Haynie and Luis C. has found the right not to testify to
apply to a civil commitment proceeding. [¶] That reading is further supported by the fact
that, two years after Williams was decided, the Legislature amended section
1026.5 without modifying its language to overrule Williams or to state explicitly that an
NGI committee has the criminal defendant‘s privilege not to testify.‖ (Lopez, supra, 137
Cal.App.4th at p. 1115.)
Focusing on the absence of a constitutional right to refuse to testify in civil
proceedings, Lopez viewed Haynie as inconsistent with Cramer, supra, 23 Cal.3d 131,
which found no bar to the district attorney calling a mentally disabled person to testify at
his own commitment hearing under former Welfare and Institutions Code section 6502.
Lopez noted Cramer‘s analysis centered on the essential nature of civil commitment,
which ―may not reasonably be deemed punishment either in its design or purpose. It is
not analogous to criminal proceedings.‖ (Lopez, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at p. 1116.)
Because ―‗the historic purpose of the privilege against being called as a witness has been
13
to assure that the criminal justice system remains accusatorial, not inquisitorial,‖ the high
court in Cramer concluded the ―extension of the privilege to an area outside the criminal
justice system, in our view, would contravene both the language and purpose of the
privilege.‖ (Cramer, at pp. 137-138.) According to Lopez, because ―[c]ivil commitment,
by definition, does not involve the ‗system of criminal justice,‘‖ and therefore does not
implicate a constitutional right to refuse to testify, ―[t]he conclusion of the court[s] in
Haynie and Luis C. that civil committees do have the right not to testify is inconsistent
with‖ the decisions in Allen, Cramer, Merfeld, Clark, and Leonard holding the ―right not
to testify does not apply in civil commitment proceedings, because they are not criminal
proceedings, do not involve adjudication of guilt, and do not result in punishment.‖
(Lopez, at p. 1116.)
C. Analysis
We agree with Haynie subdivision (b)(7) bars the prosecution from calling
the defendant as a witness in a section 1026.5 commitment extension hearing. In
reaching the opposite result, Lopez leans heavily on policy arguments, with scant
attention to the statutory language. But ―‗―[i]t still remains true, as it always has, that
there can be no intent in a statute not expressed in its words, and there can be no intent
upon the part of the framers of such a statute which does not find expression in their
words.‖ [Citations.] . . . ―Words may not be inserted in a statute under the guise of
interpretation.‖ [Citation.]‘‖ (People Ex Rel. Allstate Insurance Co. v. Muhyeldin (2003)
112 Cal.App.4th 604, 611.) ―‗In other words, the courts ―may not, under the guise of
construction, rewrite the law or give the words an effect different from the plain and
direct import of the terms used.‖‘ [Citation.]‖ (California School Employees Assn. v.
Governing Bd. of South Orange County Community College Dist. (2004)
124 Cal.App.4th 574, 584.)
14
Here, the Legislature bestowed upon potential committees ―the rights
guaranteed under the federal and State Constitutions for criminal proceedings, not ―some
of the rights,‖ or ―the due process rights required by judicial decision in commitment
extension proceedings.‖ The Legislature‘s words here are not ambiguous and, of course,
demonstrate its intent. We are bound by the plain meaning of these words and may not
by judicial fiat adopt an interpretation at odds with that of the Legislature. (Kavanaugh v.
West Sonoma County Union High School Dist. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 911, 919 [statute‘s
―plain meaning controls‖ and obviates ―resort to extrinsic sources to determine the
Legislature‘s intent‖].)
Our reading does not contravene any legislative intent apparent in the
statute, nor does it lead to absurd results or consequences the Legislature could not have
intended. A person subject to extended commitment under section 1026.5 faces the
prospect of a loss of liberty akin to that associated with incarceration following a criminal
trial. (See Burnick, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 321; In re Gault (1967) 387 U.S. 1, 50
[―commitment is a deprivation of liberty. It is incarceration against one‘s will, whether it
is called ‗criminal‘ or ‗civil‘‖].) As we noted in Joshua D., the privilege not to testify
reflects fundamental values and aspirations and a ―‗sense of fair play which dictates ―a
fair state-individual balance by requiring the government to leave the individual alone
until good cause is shown for disturbing him and by requiring the government in its
contest with the individual to shoulder the entire load‖ . . .; [and] ‗our respect for the
inviolability of the human personality and of the right of each individual ―to a private
enclave where he may lead a private life. . . .‘ . . .‖‘‖ (Joshua D., supra,
157 Cal.App.4th at p. 565, quoting Murphy v. Waterfront Com’n (1964) 378 U.S. 52, 55;
overruled on another point in United States v. Balsys (1998) 524 U.S. 666, 687.)~(check
cite)~ We therefore cannot agree with Lopez the right not to testify has no meaningful
application in a section 1026.5 proceeding. It is not our province to second-guess the
15
Legislature‘s policy choices by allowing the prosecution to call the defendant committee
as a witness.
Adopting Lopez‘s rationale in denying a committee the right not to testify
in commitment extension hearings would produce an anomalous contrast with juvenile
commitment extensions under Welfare and Institutions Code section 1801.5. As noted,
Luis C. held juveniles in commitment extension hearings have the right under
section 1801.5 not to testify, and we presume the Legislature approved this construction
when it amended the statute without disturbing Luis C.‘s interpretation. We discern no
reason why the Legislature would choose to treat persons subject to extended
commitment under section 1801.5 differently from those subject to extended commitment
under section 1026.5.
Lopez‘s historical rationale for deviating from the statutory language of
section 1026.5 is not persuasive. While it is plausible the Legislature amended
section 1026.5 in 1979 in response to Moye, and intended to conform the procedures for
the extension of commitment of individuals acquitted by reason of insanity with
commitment procedures for MDSOs, nothing suggests the Legislature intended by the
use of similar language in both statutes (patient or person ―shall be entitled to the rights
guaranteed under the Federal and State Constitutions for criminal proceedings‖) to limit
the rights in either proceeding to the due process-based rights of proof beyond a
reasonable doubt and a unanimous verdict.
Lopez relied on Henderson in determining former section 6316.2 merely
codified constitutional protections previously mandated by judicial decision. Henderson,
in turn, relied on Burnick and Feagley, but neither case suggested the rights discussed in
those cases (proof beyond a reasonable doubt, unanimous verdict, cruel or unusual
punishment) should be the only ones available to persons subject to extended
commitment. In Burnick, the Supreme Court likened the commitment of an MDSO to
imprisonment for crime. (Burnick, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 310 [―it is no less cruel to
16
falsely find a man to be a ‗mentally disordered sex offender‘ and confine him indefinitely
in a prison-like state mental institution. Against such grievous errors the law has erected
sturdy bulwarks of procedure.‖].) Given the backdrop of Burnick and Feagley, and the
Legislature‘s use of broad language in section 6316.2, it is implausible the Legislature
intended to guarantee only those rights expressly at issue in Burnick and Feagley.
Lopez‘s reliance on Bones is also problematic. As noted above, Bones held
Welfare and Institutions Code section 5303 did not grant the potential LPS committee a
privilege not to testify. Bones relied on Burnick, where the Supreme Court explained
why the due process clauses of the California and federal Constitutions required proof
beyond a reasonable doubt in MDSO proceedings even though they are viewed as civil
matters. The court stated it was ―moved by constitutional considerations of the highest
order, inasmuch as we discharge our duty to insure that no person be deprived of his
liberty without the due process of law guaranteed by article I, section 7, subdivision (a),
of the California Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution.‖ (Burnick, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 314.) In the footnote mentioned above,
Burnick noted that while the Legislat ure had not specified the standard of proof for
involuntary commitment of persons under the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Welf. & Inst.
Code, § 5000 et seq.), the Legislature had provided in section 5303 that such proceedings
must comply with constitutional guarantees of due process and the procedures required
under article 1, section 13 of the California Constitution. The Supreme Court placed the
following bracketed insertion after the reference to section 13: ―[now § 7, subd. (a)].‖
(Burnick, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 314, fn. 5.)
Based solely on this footnote, Bones surmised that Burnick‘s reference to
section 7, but not section 15, showed the Supreme Court would interpret section 5303 to
merely incorporate due process principles found in section 7 and not the panoply of
criminal defense rights found in section 15. (Bones, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at p. 1016.)
Lopez surmised, ―The Supreme Court in Burnick apparently concluded that, despite the
17
Legislature‘s reference in Welfare and Institutions Code section 5303 to ‗the procedures
required under‘ the part of the constitution containing the right not to testify, the
Legislature did not intend that a potential LPS committee‖ to have that right. (Lopez,
supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at p. 1113.)
Bones‘s conclusion does not withstand scrutiny. ―It is axiomatic that cases
are not authority for propositions not considered.‖ (People v. Gilbert (1969) 1 Cal.3d
475, 482, fn. 7.) Burnick did not decide whether an MDSO was entitled to the right not
to testify, nor did it consider whether Welfare and Institutions Code section 5303 also
included the rights contained in section 15 after the 1974 constitutional reshuffling of
criminal rights. The issue in Burnick concerned whether due process required proof
beyond a reasonable doubt in MDSO proceedings. The footnote in Burnick simply
pointed out where the due process and burden of proof provisions were currently located
in the State Constitution. Indeed, Lopez implicitly recognized Bones may have overstated
the import of Burnick when Lopez remarked the Supreme Court had ―apparently
concluded‖ (italics added) the Legislature‘s reference in Welfare and Institutions Code
section 5303 included only the section 7 criminal rights (Lopez, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1113). Lopez‘s construction of section 1026.5, subdivision (b)(7), proceeds from the
unwarranted assumption that Bones correctly interpreted Burnick. The conclusion in
Bones on which Lopez relies is weak fodder compared to ―the plain, commonsense
meaning of the language used by the Legislature.‖ (Leiva, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 506.)
Lopez also noted that two years after Williams was decided, the Legislature
amended section 1026.5 without modifying its language to overrule Williams or to state
explicitly that an NGI committee has the criminal defendant‘s privilege not to testify.
(Lopez, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at p. 1115.) Williams, however, involved double
jeopardy, not testimonial privileges. That the Legislature later amended the statute in a
manner that had nothing to do with jeopardy or a right not to testify, but rather to overrule
the determination in People v. Gunderson (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 1292 that time spent in
18
outpatient status must count towards an MDSO‘s extended commitment, is of little
import here.
In Joshua D., we recognized policy reasons exist both to grant and to deny
the right not to testify at commitment extension hearings, but ―[w]here the Legislature
has made a policy choice, using as here particularly clear and unambiguous language, we
may not second-guess its determination.‖ (Joshua D., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 565;
see Murphy, supra, 378 U.S. at p. 55.) That conclusion applies here with equal force.
III
DISPOSITION
Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue directing the superior court to
vacate its order granting the People‘s motion to compel Hudec to testify at the section
1026.5 hearing and enter a new and different order denying the People‘s motion.
ARONSON, J.
WE CONCUR:
RYLAARSDAM, ACTING P. J.
BEDSWORTH, J.
19