United States v. Gregory Bartko

Filed: August 23, 2013

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 12-4298
(5:09-cr-00321-D-1)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

GREGORY BARTKO,

Defendant - Appellant.

O R D E R

The Court amends its opinion filed August 23, 2013, as

follows:

On page 17, in the citation to United States v. Bartko

slip op., “W.D.N.C.” is corrected to read “E.D.N.C.”

On page 30, Part III, second paragraph, line 4, the

spelling of “Jenks” is corrected to read “Jencks.”

For the Court – By Direction

/s/ Patricia S. Connor
Clerk
 PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 12-4298

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

GREGORY BARTKO,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of North Carolina, at Raleigh. James C. Dever III,
Chief District Judge. (5:09-cr-00321-D-1)

Argued: May 17, 2013 Decided: August 23, 2013

Before KEENAN and FLOYD, Circuit Judges, and Henry E. HUDSON,
United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Virginia, sitting by designation.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Floyd wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Keenan and Judge Hudson concurred.

ARGUED: Donald Franklin Samuel, GARLAND, SAMUEL & LOEB, Atlanta,
Georgia, for Appellant. Kristine L. Fritz, OFFICE OF THE UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Amanda R. Clark-Palmer, GARLAND, SAMUEL & LOEB, Atlanta,
Georgia, for Appellant. Thomas G. Walker, United States
Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, Assistant United States
Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North
Carolina, for Appellee.
FLOYD, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Gregory Bartko was charged by a superseding

indictment with conspiracy to commit mail fraud, launder money

instruments, engage in unlawful monetary transactions, make

false statements, and obstruct proceedings of the Securities and

Exchange Commission (SEC), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (Count

One); mail fraud and aiding and abetting, in violation of 18

U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 2 (Count Two through Count Five); sale of

unregistered securities and aiding and abetting, in violation of

15 U.S.C. §§ 77e, 77x, and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count Six); and making

false statements to a federal agent in January and October 2009,

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2) (Counts Seven and Eight).

Before trial, and pursuant to the government’s motion, the

district court dismissed Counts Seven and Eight, as well as two

of the objects of the conspiracy in Count One—making false

statements and obstructing SEC proceedings. After a thirteen-

day trial, the jury convicted Bartko of the remaining counts.

Thereafter, Bartko filed four motions for a new trial, all

of which the district court denied. The district court

subsequently sentenced Bartko to 272 months’ imprisonment. This

timely appeal followed.

In his appeal, Bartko maintains that the district court

erred in denying two of his motions for a new trial, improperly

considered an ex parte sealed document submitted by the

2
government, abused its discretion by not instructing the jury on

accomplice/informant testimony and on multiple conspiracies, and

improperly imposed Sentencing Guidelines enhancements based on

the amount of loss, the number of victims, and Bartko’s status

as a registered broker/dealer at the time of the offenses. We

have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C.

§ 3742(a). Discerning no reversible error, we affirm both

Bartko’s conviction and sentence.

I.

From 2004 to 2005, Bartko was the leader and organizer of a

financial scheme that involved securing money from investors to

provide funding for two private equity funds, the Caledonian

Fund and the Capstone Fund. John Colvin, Scott Hollenbeck,

Darryl Laws, Rebecca Plummer, and Levonda Leamon participated in

the scheme. As a part of their scheme, the parties mailed,

faxed, and e-mailed correspondence to one another and engaged in

banking transactions.

Bartko was a securities attorney, investment banker, and

registered broker/dealer. Laws was also an investment banker

who, along with Bartko, created the Caledonian Fund. Colvin was

the president of Colvin Enterprises and a co-managing general

partner with Scott Hollenbeck of Franklin Asset Exchange.

3
Leamon and Plummer were financial advisors who owned and

operated Legacy Resource Management (LRM).

In January 2004, Bartko was seeking investors for the

Caledonian Fund. On January 15, 2004, Colvin sent to Bartko a

fax regarding an investment opportunity that one of Colvin’s

companies, Webb Financial Services, was offering. The articles

of incorporation for the company were attached. They listed

Scott Hollenbeck as the initial registered agent of Webb Group.

These materials made fraudulent claims that the principal and

interest were guaranteed and that the investments were insured.

On January 15 and 16, 2004, Bartko performed a record check on

Colvin with the National Association of Securities Dealers. On

February 17, 2004, he made the same record check on Hollenbeck.

According to those records, both had past allegations of forgery

and both had been fired from securities-related jobs.

Hollenbeck’s check also showed that his securities license had

been suspended for violations of securities rules.

Bartko sent a fax to Laws on January 19, 2004, which

detailed Colvin’s fraudulent fundraising methods. For example,

one page of the materials stated that “[p]rincipal investment is

secured & insured [and that the] [i]nterest rate declared is

guaranteed[.]” In a fax that Colvin sent to Bartko on February

9, 2004, proposing an agreement between Franklin Asset Exchange

and the Caledonian Fund, Hollenbeck was referred to in the

4
materials as a “Co-Managing General Partner” of Franklin Asset

Exchange and as “the founder and creator of both Franklin Asset

Exchange, LLC and The Webb Group Financial Services, Inc.”

Colvin ultimately agreed to raise $3 million for the

Caledonian fund through the Franklin Asset Exchange. Although

the March 30, 2004, agreement to raise the money was signed by

Colvin, it was Hollenbeck who actually solicited and secured the

money from the individual investors.

In April 2004, the North Carolina Securities Regulatory

Agency issued a cease and desist order directing Hollenbeck to

stop selling securities in North Carolina. This arose from his

involvement in a separate investment scheme regarding Mobile

Billboards of America (Mobile Billboards). Bartko, along with

his co-counsel, Wes Covington, provided legal representation to

Hollenbeck on this matter. During the course of that

representation, Hollenbeck provided Bartko with information

concerning how he had sold the Mobile Billboards investments.

Hollenbeck informed Bartko that he had promised investors that

their money was guaranteed and insured. He also provided to

Bartko a copy of his promotional materials, including an

application for an insurance policy that he used to show that

the investment was insured.

From January 15, 2004, to May 6, 2004, Hollenbeck

fraudulently raised large amounts of money for the Caledonian

5
Fund, as well as for other investments, from a total of 171

investors. He then deposited the money into Franklin Asset

Exchange or some similar account. The money was not separated

but was instead comingled. He sent the money to various

entities, as directed by Colvin.

Hollenbeck and Colvin raised $701,000 for the Caledonian

Fund, which was wired to the Caledonian Fund on four separate

occasions between February and May 2004. Bartko and Laws used

the money to pay salaries and expenses. None of it was used for

investments or loans.

In late 2004, after Colvin failed to send Bartko the $3

million that he had promised, Bartko terminated their

relationship. In November 2004, the Caledonian Fund dissolved.

The $701,000 in the fund was not returned to the investors.

Almost immediately after dissolution of the Caledonian

Fund, Bartko began the Capstone Fund. Hollenbeck was the

primary fundraiser. Nevertheless, on December 8, 2004, during a

deposition with the SEC concerning Mobile Billboards,

Hollenbeck was asked what investments he was currently selling.

He failed to mention the Capstone Fund. Bartko and his co-

counsel, Wes Covington, were at the deposition representing

Hollenbeck, but neither one corrected Hollenbeck’s false

statement.

6
 Although securities law disallowed it, Hollenbeck continued

selling securities and raising money for the Capstone Fund

through fraudulent means. Moreover, some of the investors were

not accredited or sophisticated investors, as required by

securities law. To be an accredited investor, one’s net worth

or net income must reach a certain threshold.

On January 11, 2005, Bartko met with potential investors at

LRM. Around the same time as this meeting, Bartko asked Plummer

and Leamon whether LRM would receive money from the Capstone

Fund’s investors and then send the money back to the Capstone

Fund. Because the money that Hollenbeck had raised—over $1

million at that point—was fraudulently obtained and because the

Capstone Fund was an unregistered fund, Bartko wanted LRM to

appear to be the investor. Plummer and Leamon agreed, and on

January 19, 2005, they opened a bank account with TriStone Bank

for the purpose of receiving the Capstone Fund money. TriStone,

however, eventually closed their account and so, at Bartko’s

suggestion, they opened an account with Wachovia.

Also on January 19, 2005, Bartko issued reimbursement

checks to several investors. But then Bartko instructed

Hollenbeck to have the investors receiving the reimbursements

endorse the checks and return them to LRM. Bartko sent some of

the checks to Hollenbeck to return to the investors because he

did not have their addresses. Instead, Hollenbeck forged the

7
signatures of the investors on the checks and embezzled the

proceeds.

The money that was sent to LRM was returned to the Capstone

Fund. Thus, with the exception of one individual, no refunds

were actually made to the investors. All told, Bartko received

$2,684,928.86 from forty Capstone Fund investors.

In February 2005, the North Carolina Secretary of State

learned that Hollenbeck was continuing to sell investments for

Bartko, and it advised the SEC of that fact. On March 14, 2005,

Alex Rue, an attorney for the SEC, confronted Bartko. Bartko

then filed an interpleader action in the Middle District of

North Carolina on May 26, 2005, and ultimately returned ninety-

four percent of the Capstone Fund money to the court.

Bartko eventually stood trial for conspiracy to commit mail

fraud, launder money instruments, and engage in unlawful

monetary transactions (Count One); mail fraud and aiding and

abetting (Count Two through Count Five); and sale of

unregistered securities and aiding and abetting (Count Six).

The district court dismissed Counts Seven and Eight, as well as

two of the objects of the conspiracy in Count One—false

statements and obstructing SEC proceedings. After a thirteen-

day trial, the jury convicted Bartko of the remaining counts.

Bartko then filed four motions for a new trial. The

district court denied them all in a comprehensive and well-

8
reasoned 120-page order. At the subsequent sentencing hearing,

Bartko objected to several of the Sentencing Guidelines

enhancements, including those based on the amount of loss, the

number of victims, and Bartko’s status as a registered

broker/dealer at the time of the offenses. The district court

overruled the objections and sentenced Bartko to 272 months’

imprisonment. This appeal followed.

II.

First, Bartko argues that the district court erred in

denying two of his motions for a new trial. Rule 33 of the

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provides, in relevant part,

that “[u]pon the defendant’s motion, the court may vacate any

judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of justice so

requires.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 33. “We review the district

court’s denial of a motion for a new trial under an abuse of

discretion standard.” United States v. Wilson, 624 F.3d 640,

660 (4th Cir. 2010).

A.

Bartko’s first motion for a new trial concerns a report on

Internal Revenue Agent Scott Schiller’s interview with Judge

Anderson Cromer, who presided over receivership litigation

involving Webb Group and Franklin Asset Exchange as plaintiffs

9
and Bull Mountain Project, Colvin, Colvin Enterprises, and

others as defendants. Bartko and Covington had represented the

plaintiffs and had obtained a substantial settlement. The

government failed to give this report to Bartko until after

trial.

In the fact section of Bartko’s opening brief, he states

the following:

This interview summary, referred to in Bartko’s new
trial motions as the Judge Cromer “302,” revealed that
the judge believed that Bartko had performed ethically
and professionally in connection with the coal company
litigation and that Bartko had made disclosure of his
prior relationship with Colvin, Hollenbeck and the
proposed receiver. Because that information had not
previously been furnished to the defense, the defense
did not know that Judge Cromer’s testimony would have
been favorable. He was, therefore, never called as a
witness and the topic of the coal company litigation
was never raised at trial. The jury never learned
that Bartko’s efforts on behalf of Hollenbeck’s
victims in other schemes resulted in a $20
million recovery for the people he—Bartko—supposedly
victimized.

The only mention that Bartko makes in the argument section of

his opening brief, however, is that the interview report

“related to Mr. Bartko’s actual innocence of the charges in this

case, because that information related to his behavior and state

of mind, rather than the credibility of any particular witness.”

Bartko also states that the government agreed “when it moved to

exclude this evidence” that it “would have unfairly cast Bartko

in a favorable light.”

10
 After reading Bartko’s opening brief, it first appeared to

us, as it did to the government, that Bartko was not raising

this issue on appeal. But, then in his reply brief, buried in a

footnote, he states that it is an issue in this appeal and that

“this Brady violation [was] a component of his argument that the

cumulative effect of the withheld evidence resulted in a trial

that was unfair.”

The argument section of an appellant’s opening brief must

contain the “appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them,

with citations to the authorities and parts of the record on

which the appellant relies.” Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9)(A).

Because Bartko has failed in this regard, we consider this issue

waived. See Wahi v. Charleston Area Med. Ctr., 562 F.3d 599,

607 (4th Cir. 2009) (concluding that those issues on which the

appellant failed to comply with the specific dictates of Rule

28(a)(9)(A) were waived).

B.

In Bartko’s second motion for a new trial, he protests that

the government allowed Scott Hollenbeck to testify falsely that

he had not received any promises or inducements in exchange for

his trial testimony. The Supreme Court long ago opined that “a

State may not knowingly use false evidence, including false

testimony, to obtain a tainted conviction.” Napue v. Illinois,

11
360 U.S. 264, 269 (1959). “This is true regardless of whether

the [g]overnment solicited testimony it knew or should have

known to be false or simply allowed such testimony to pass

uncorrected.” United States v. Kelly, 35 F.3d 929, 933 (4th

Cir. 1994). A new trial is required when the government’s

knowing use of false testimony could affect the judgment of the

jury. See Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 (1972).

“We do not, however, automatically require a new trial whenever

‘a combing of the prosecutors’ files after the trial has

disclosed evidence possibly useful to the defense but not likely

to have changed the verdict. . . .’” Id. (quoting United States

v. Keogh, 391 F.2d 138, 148 (2d Cir. 1968)).

To obtain a new trial on the basis that Hollenbeck

testified falsely, Bartko must demonstrate that Hollenbeck gave

false testimony; he need not demonstrate that Hollenbeck

committed perjury. “[D]ue process is violated not only where

the prosecution uses perjured testimony to support its case, but

also where it uses evidence which it knows creates a false

impression of a material fact.” Hamric v. Bailey, 386 F.2d 390,

394 (4th Cir. 1967). Hence, “[e]vidence may be false either

because it is perjured, or, though not itself factually

inaccurate, because it creates a false impression of facts which

are known not to be true.” Id.

12
 In early 2009, as part of its investigation of the Capstone

Fund, as well as several other investment schemes, the United

States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina

wanted to interview Scott Hollenbeck. Thus, the government

entered into a proffer agreement with him and his attorney,

Scott Holmes. The agreement, directed to Holmes but signed by

both Holmes and Hollenbeck, set forth the following:

As you have indicated, your client, Mr.
Hollenbeck, is interested in meeting with federal
agents currently investigating the sale of numerous
investments, including Webb Group, Franklin Asset
Exchange, Disciples Trust, and Capstone. I have
informed you that Mr. Hollenbeck is not a target of
this investigation. The parties will schedule an
interview of Mr. Hollenbeck to take place at the
Federal Correctional Institution in Coleman, Florida.
Mr. Hollenbeck, you, and the United States Attorney’s
Office (USAO) agree as follows concerning the “ground
rules” for this interview:

1. In any trial in this matter, the USAO will not
offer into evidence in its case in-chief or at
sentencing any statements made by Mr. Hollenbeck
at the interview; provided, however, this
Paragraph 1 shall not apply to any prosecution
for false statements, obstruction of justice, or
perjury that is based in whole or in part on
statements made by Mr. Hollenbeck at the
interview.

2. Notwithstanding Paragraph 1 above:

a. the USAO may use information derived
directly or indirectly from statements made
by Mr. Hollenbeck at the interview for the
purpose of obtaining other evidence, and
that evidence may be used in the prosecution
and sentencing of Mr. Hollenbeck by the
USAO; in any trial of this matter or at
sentencing, the USAO may use statements made

13
 by Mr. Hollenbeck at the interview to cross-
examine him if he testifies or to rebut any
evidence offered by or on behalf of him.

3. This agreement is limited to statements made
by Mr. Hollenbeck at the interview and does
not apply to any other statements made by
Mr. Hollenbeck at any other time. No
understandings, promises, or agreements
exist with respect to the meeting other than
those set forth in this agreement, and none
will be entered into unless memorialized in
writing and signed by all parties.

4. The USAO will not share the statements made
by Mr. Hollenbeck during the interview with
any other state or federal prosecuting
entity unless the prosecuting entity agrees
to be bound by the terms of this agreement.

Please return the original signed copy of this letter
agreement prior to the interview.

Scott Hollenbeck’s wife, Crystal Hollenbeck, also entered into a

proffer agreement with the government. It is almost identical to

her husband’s agreement.

At trial, on direct examination, the government asked

Hollenbeck, “Mr. Hollenbeck, what if any promises has the

government made to you about your testimony here today?”

Hollenbeck responded, “None.” Despite any contrary suggestion

by Bartko, our review of the record convinces us that this was a

truthful statement.

Bartko makes much of the fact that the agreements stated

that the Hollenbecks were not targets of the investigation into

the sale of investments, including Webb Group, Franklin Asset

14
Exchange, Disciples Trust, and the Capstone Fund. From this,

Bartko concludes that Hollenbeck had some sort of incentive to

assist the government in its prosecution of Bartko. But that is

not how we interpret the agreement.

Paragraph three of the agreements make clear that “[n]o

understandings, promises, or agreements exist[ed] with respect

to the meeting other than those set forth in th[e] agreement[s],

and none will be entered into unless memorialized in writing and

signed by all parties.” Because nothing in the agreements

suggests that the Hollenbecks not being a target was conditioned

on their participation in the investigative interviews, or that

they would not be a target in the future, we decline to graft

such a provision into the agreements.

Therefore, Hollenbeck’s answer that he had not been

promised anything in return for his testimony at trial was true.

But, his answer to the follow-up question by his counsel was

not. During cross-examination of Hollenbeck, Bartko’s counsel

asked, “Now, one of the things that you said when you took the

stand was that the government has made you no promises, correct?

You said that?” Hollenbeck replied, “That is exactly right.”

Then defense counsel followed up: “And the government has not,

as of this time, made you any promises, have they?” Hollenbeck

answered, “They have not.” The district court held that

Hollenbeck’s answer to this question was not false. However, it

15
provided an alternative analysis on the assumption that

Hollenbeck’s testimony on this point was false.

From our review of the record, we conclude that the

government had made a promise to Hollenbeck. In fact, it made

to him several promises concerning how the information that he

gave at the investigatory interview would and would not be used

against him. And, because the government made those promises,

it had a duty to correct Hollenbeck’s answers when he testified

falsely that it had not made any promises. But this it

regrettably failed to do. Therefore, we must now decide whether

that testimony could have affected the jury’s judgment.

Had Hollenbeck testified truthfully when asked whether the

government had made any promises to him up to that time, Bartko

arguably could have used that fact to impeach Hollenbeck. But,

having made an exhaustive review of the record, we do not think

that impeachment could have made an iota of difference in the

jury’s final judgment. As explained by the district court,

[d]efense counsel thoroughly impeached Hollenbeck on
the subject of bias in favor of the government and on
Hollenbeck’s motive to lie to please the government.
Defense counsel thoroughly impeached Hollenbeck
concerning his desire to avoid prosecution for his
fraud involving Colvin, Webb Group, Franklin Asset
Exchange, Disciple Trust, the Caledonian Fund, and the
Capstone Fund. Defense counsel thoroughly impeached
Hollenbeck about his desire to receive a cooperation-
based reduction in his 168-month prison sentence
stemming from the Mobile Billboards fraud.
Furthermore, defense counsel explored at great length
and with absolutely devastating effect Hollenbeck’s

16
 character for untruthfulness. Defense counsel
recounted the many lies Hollenbeck had told and the
many frauds he had committed throughout his life. In
fact, this court has never seen a witness more
thoroughly impeached than Hollenbeck. In the face of
such blistering impeachment and the other evidence in
the trial, one more false statement by Hollenbeck
could not have possibly affected the jury’s judgment.

United States v. Bartko, No. 5:09-CR-321-D, slip op. at 101-02

(E.D.N.C. Jan. 17, 2012) (citations omitted). Consequently, the

district court did not err in refusing to grant to Bartko a new

trial on this issue.

C.

In Bartko’s second motion for a new trial, he also contends

that the government’s failure to disclose the agreements between

it and Scott and Crystal Hollenbeck amounts to a Brady

violation.

As this Court recognized in United States v. Wilson, 624

F.3d 640 (4th Cir. 2010):

In Brady, the Supreme Court held “that the suppression
by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused
upon request violates due process where the evidence
is material either to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the
prosecution.” 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194. In
order to prove that the [g]overnment’s failure to
tender certain evidence constitutes a Brady violation,
the burden rested on [the defendant] to show that the
undisclosed evidence was (1) favorable to him either
because it is exculpatory, or because it is
impeaching; (2) material to the defense, i.e.,
“prejudice must have ensued”; and (3) that the
prosecution had materials and failed to disclose them.

17
 United States v. Stokes, 261 F.3d 496, 502 (4th Cir.
2001).

Id. at 660-661. “Evidence is ‘exculpatory’ and ‘favorable’ if

it ‘may make the difference between conviction and acquittal’

had it been ‘disclosed and used effectively.’” Id. at 661

(quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676 (1985)).

And, it is “‘material’ if it is ‘likely to have changed the

verdict.’” Id. (quoting Moseley v. Branker, 550 F.3d 312, 318

(4th Cir. 2008)). “It is an abuse of discretion for the

district court to commit a legal error—such as improperly

determining whether there was a Brady violation—and that

underlying legal determination is reviewed de novo.” Wilson,

624 F.3d at 661 n.24.

There is no dispute that factors one and three of the test

set forth in Stokes are satisfied—namely that the proffer

agreements were favorable to Bartko because they were impeaching

and that the prosecution had the materials and failed to

disclose them. See Stokes, 261 F.3d at 502. Thus, our inquiry

here will focus on only the second element: whether the

agreements were material to the defense. In other words, was

Bartko prejudiced by the non-disclosure? See id.

The district court held that the Hollenbecks’ proffer

agreements constituted cumulative impeachment evidence. In the

alternative, it stated that there is no reasonable probability

18
that the jury’s verdict would have been different if the

government had disclosed the agreements.

If Bartko had had the Hollenbecks’ proffer agreements, he

could have used them in an attempt to attack Scott Hollenbeck’s

credibility. But, as the district court noted, “Bartko’s

impeachment of Hollenbeck was devastatingly thorough and

thoroughly devastating.” Bartko, No. 5:09-CR-321-D, slip op. at

103. It encompassed:

(1) Hollenbeck’s felony convictions, (2) his bias in
favor of the government due to his desire to receive a
Rule 35 motion and a reduction in his 168-month prison
sentence for his involvement in Mobile Billboard’s
fraud, (3) his bias in favor of the government due to
his desire to avoid being prosecuted for the fraud
that he committed with Colvin, Webb Group, Franklin
Asset Exchange, Disciples Trust, and others, (4) his
bias in favor of the government due to his desire to
avoid being prosecuted for the fraud he committed
while raising money for the Caledonian Fund and the
Capstone Fund, (5) myriad specific instances of lying,
fraud, and forgery throughout Hollenbeck’s adult life,
(6) prior inconsistent statements to prosecutors, (7)
contradictions within his trial testimony, and (8) his
inability to recall certain facts.

Bartko, No. 5:09-CR-321-D, slip op. at 107-08. Thus, the

proffer agreements would have been cumulative and, as such, we

are unable to fathom how the jury’s knowing about them could

have further damaged Hollenbeck’s credibility. The “proffer

agreement[s] had nothing to add and would not have shed any new

light on the depth of Hollenbeck’s wrongdoing, the magnitude of

his incentive to cooperate with the government, or the absence

19
of his credibility.” Bartko, No. 5:09-CR-321-D, slip op. at

103. Hence, we are confident that there is no reasonable

probability that the jury would have reached a different verdict

if Bartko had been given and effectively used the Hollenbecks’

proffer agreements.

D.

In Bartko’s third motion for a new trial, he contends that

the government committed a Brady violation in failing to

disclose the tolling agreements that it had entered into in 2010

with Levonda Leamon. The agreements tolled the statute of

limitations “for potential federal criminal violations regarding

Ms. Leamon’s involvement in the fraudulent sale of investments

during the year 2005, including conspiracy, mail fraud, the sale

of unregistered securities, and money laundering.” The purpose

of the agreements was “to allow additional time for the parties

to present facts and discuss the matter . . . [and] to evaluate

and discuss potential resolutions to [the] case.” The January

5, 2010, agreement tolled the statute of limitations on Leamon’s

crimes until July 5, 2010; and the July 2, 2010, agreement

tolled the statute of limitations until December 5, 2010. It

appears from the record that, without these agreements, the

statute of limitations on some of Leamon’s alleged crimes would

have run before she gave her testimony at Bartko’s trial.

20
 As already enumerated, we consider three factors in

determining whether a Brady violation has occurred: whether the

undisclosed evidence was “(1) favorable to [the defendant]

either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching;

(2) [whether the evidence was] material to the defense, i.e.,

‘prejudice must have ensued’; and (3) [whether] the prosecution

had materials and failed to disclose them.” Stokes, 261 F.3d at

502. The government acknowledges that the Leamon agreements are

impeaching and that it had the materials but failed to disclose

them. Thus, as before, because factors one and three are met,

we need focus on only the second factor—the materiality factor.

We “discard[] as immaterial . . . undisclosed impeachment

evidence where it was cumulative of evidence of bias or

partiality already presented ‘and thus would have provided only

marginal additional support for [the] defense.’” United States

v. Cooper, 654 F.3d 1104, 1120 (10th Cir. 2011) (second

alteration in original) (quoting Douglas v. Workman, 560 F.3d

1156, 1174 (10th Cir. 2009)).

“In general, evidence whose function is impeachment may be

considered to be material where the witness in question supplied

the only evidence linking the defendant to the crime.” United

States v. Avellino, 136 F.3d 249, 256 (2nd Cir. 1998).

Likewise, we may find impeaching evidence to be “material where

the witness supplied the only evidence of an essential element

21
of the offense.” Id. at 257. “This is especially true where

the undisclosed matter would have provided the only significant

basis for impeachment.” Id..

Leamon testified at trial that she was a seventy-year-old

high school graduate and former flight attendant. She became a

co-owner of LRM in 2003 or 2004 with her role primarily being

community involvement. She also attested to Bartko’s use of

LRM’s office for the January 11, 2005, meeting and how LRM

received money from the Capstone Fund, as well as Hollenbeck’s

other investors, and then sent the money back to Capstone.

According to Leamon, she spoke with Hollenbeck and Bartko about

pooling the money that came in from investors and the potential

round trip of the refund checks as the investors endorsed them

to LRM. Leamon also stated that LRM received a six-percent

commission from the Capstone Fund.

Leamon further testified about LRM’s process of mailing

statements and letters to investors, as well as corrected

statements and letters, the closing of the account at TriStone

Bank and the opening of an account with, as Bartko put it, “a

larger bank like a Wachovia.”

As the district court noted, “This testimony served

primarily as summary evidence of [LRM’s] bank activity,

mailings, and meetings, which was corroborated by substantial

documentary evidence, the testimony of victims, the testimony of

22
Plummer, and the testimony of Bartko.” Bartko, No. 5:09-CR-321-

D, slip op. at 111. “In short, Bartko’s admissions and a

mountain of other evidence independently corroborate Leamon’s

testimony.” Id. at 112. As such, Leamon’s testimony was not

material. And, because it was not material, the district court

did not err in its refusal to grant Bartko a new trial on this

issue.

E.

Although “courts of necessity examine undisclosed evidence

item-by-item, their materiality determinations must evaluate the

cumulative effect of all suppressed evidence to determine

whether a Brady violation has occurred.” United States v.

Ellis, 121 F.3d 908, 916 (4th Cir. 1997). When “the net effect

of the evidence withheld by the [government] in [a] case raises

a reasonable probability that its disclosure would have produced

a different result, [the defendant] is entitled to a new trial.”

Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 421-22 (1995). “A reasonable

probability does not mean that the defendant ‘would more likely

than not have received a different verdict with the evidence,’

only that the likelihood of a different result is great enough

to ‘undermine[] confidence in the outcome of the trial.’” Smith

v. Cain, 132 S. Ct. 627, 630 (2012) (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at

434).

23
 Here “the likelihood of a different result is [not] great

enough to ‘undermine[] confidence in the outcome of [Bartko’s]

trial.’” See id. As the district court aptly noted,

In so finding, the court stresses that Bartko’s case
was not a close one. The trial record reveals
overwhelming evidence of Bartko’s guilt. The jury
carefully heard the evidence over a three-week period.
The jury received detailed jury instructions. After
deliberating approximately four hours, the jury
unanimously convicted Bartko on all six counts.

. . . .

Circumstantial this case was; tenuous it absolutely
was not. The mountain of evidence marshaled against
Bartko demonstrated his guilt beyond any shadow of a
doubt. Moreover, if the jury had had any doubts,
Bartko’s testimony destroyed them. The jury was
permitted not only to disbelieve Bartko’s testimony,
but to believe the opposite.

Bartko, No. 5:09-CR-321-D, slip op. at 118. Therefore, having

reviewed the omitted evidence “in the context of the entire

record.” United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 112 (1976), and

finding that there is no reasonable probability that the

disclosure of the withheld evidence or the correction of

Hollenbeck’s false testimony could have produced a different

result, we conclude that the district court did not err in

refusing to grant Bartko a new trial.

F.

Having analyzed the Brady and Giglio issues that Bartko

raises, we pause here to address the discovery practices of the

24
United States Attorney’s office in the Eastern District of North

Carolina. 1 A cursory review of this Court’s opinions reveals

recent consideration of at least three cases involving discovery

abuse by government counsel in this district. See, e.g., United

States v. Flores-Duran, No. 11-5167, 2013 WL 3286248, *2-4 (4th

Cir. July 1, 2013) 2 (noting that (1) “[d]uring the week prior to

trial, . . . the [g]overnment sent over one thousand pages of

additional discovery, the bulk of which was due no later than

fourteen days prior to trial” and that the government argued its

“discovery violation” was excusable because it “misread[] . . .

the discovery order; a power outage [occurred] at the courthouse

in Raleigh; and [it made a] last minute decision to present

certain evidence” and (2) that on the Saturday immediately prior

to the Monday on which trial was to begin, the government faxed

key information obtained approximately twenty-four hours earlier

to defense counsel’s office, but it did nothing to ensure that

counsel received the fax, even though it sent the information

1
We note that the current United States Attorney for the
Eastern District of North Carolina did not assume office until
2011, which is after some of the conduct described herein
occurred.
2
We recognize that unpublished cases have no precedential
value in this circuit. We rely on them here not for their legal
conclusions, but only to demonstrate that certain conduct has
occurred repeatedly.

25
outside of normal business hours); United States v. Burkhardt,

484 F. App’x 801, 802 (4th Cir. 2012) (considering a defendant’s

appeal of his civil commitment as a sexually dangerous person

and citing as a “matter of concern” the government’s failure to

disclose prior to the commitment hearing that one of the

defendant’s victims would testify); United States v. King, 628

F.3d 693, 701-04 (4th Cir. 2011) (vacating and remanding the

defendant’s conviction for felony possession of a firearm

because the government “specifically rebuffed both . . . written

and oral demands [by the defendant] that it disclose”

potentially exculpating grand jury testimony and “refused to

disclose” the testimony, even after the district court

“suggest[ed] that it do so”). And this case, which confronts us

with three alleged constitutional violations—two instances of

withholding discoverable evidence and one choice to leave

uncorrected a witness’s false testimony—only adds to the list.

Mistakes happen. Flawless trials are desirable but rarely

attainable. Nevertheless, the frequency of the “flubs”

committed by this office raises questions regarding whether the

errors are fairly characterized as unintentional. Cf. Oral

Argument at 24:50-25:10, Flores-Duran, 2013 WL 3286248 (No. 11-

5167), available at http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/OAaudioop.htm.

(referencing the government’s late disclosure of pages of

discovery in violation of the judge’s discovery order and

26
stating, “This is a repeat offense by the government. The order

is entered by the court requiring disclosure by a certain date,

and the government simply ignores it. And their explanation for

ignoring it is, ‘I missed it. So what. There’s no prejudice.’

And it just happens again and again.”). Moreover, the

government’s responses to queries regarding its practices are

less than satisfactory. For example, in this case, when asked

at oral argument about its failure to correct Scott Hollenbeck’s

testimonial misstatement regarding promises he had received, the

government suggested that at the time Hollenbeck made the

misstatement, trial counsel had no recollection of the promises

made to him. But as Judge Keenan aptly noted, such an idea

“just strains credulity.” Oral Argument at 21:54-21:56, United

States v. Bartko (No. 12-4298), available at

http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/OAaudiotop.htm. Similarly artless

responses have been given in other cases. See, e.g., Oral

Argument at 11:20-14:30, Flores-Duran, 2013 WL 3286248 (No. 11-

5167), available at http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/OAaudiotop.htm.

And here, when we gave counsel an opportunity to correct her

farfetched assertion, she refused. Faced with such behavior, we

must conclude that this office is uninterested in placating

concerns about its practices.

As detailed above, our confidence in the jury’s conviction

of Bartko was not undermined by the government’s misconduct in

27
this case. And such is the result in many cases. Remedies

elude defendants because discovery violations ultimately prove

immaterial to the verdict. But that is not the true problem.

The problem is that the government appears to be betting on the

probability that reams of condemning evidence will shield

defendants’ convictions on appeal such that at the trial stage,

it can permissibly withhold discoverable materials and ignore

false testimony. Make no mistake, however. We may find such

practices “harmless” as to a specific defendant’s verdict, but

as to litigants in the Eastern District of North Carolina and

our justice system at large, they are anything but harmless.

“No [one] in this country is so high that [she or] he is above

the law. No officer of the law may set that law at defiance

with impunity. All the officers of the government, from the

highest to the lowest, are creatures of the law and are bound to

obey it.” United States v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196, 220 (1882). The

law of this country promises defendants due process, U.S. Const.

amend. V, and the professional code to which attorneys are

subject mandates candor to the court, see Model Rules of Prof’l

Conduct R. 3.3., and fairness to opposing parties, see id. R.

3.4. Yet the United States Attorney’s office in this district

seems unfazed by the fact that discovery abuses violate

constitutional guarantees and misrepresentations erode faith

that justice is achievable. Something must be done.

28
 We urge the district court in the Eastern District of North

Carolina to meet with the United States Attorney’s Office of

that district to discuss improvement of its discovery procedures

so as to prevent the abuses we have referenced here. Moreover,

if this sort of behavior continues in subsequent cases, this

Court may wish to require that the United States Attorney for

the Eastern District of North Carolina, as well as the trial

prosecutor, be present at oral argument so that the panel can

speak directly to her or him about any alleged misconduct.

Sanctions or disciplinary action are also options.

To underscore our seriousness about this matter, and to

ensure that the problems are addressed, we direct the Clerk of

Court to serve a copy of this opinion upon the Attorney General

of the United States and the Office of Professional

Responsibility for the Department of Justice. The transmittal

letter should call attention to this section of the opinion.

We do not mean to be unduly harsh here. But “there comes a

point where this Court should not be ignorant as judges of what

we know as men [and women].” Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426,

465 n.10 (2004) (Stevens, J., dissenting) (quoting Watts v.

Indiana, 338 U.S. 49, 52 (1949)). What we know is that we are

repeatedly confronted with charges of discovery abuse by this

office. What we know is that our questions regarding this abuse

remain unanswered. And what we know is that such conduct is

29
unacceptable. Appropriate actions need to be taken to ensure

that the serious errors detailed herein are not repeated.

Whatever it takes, this behavior must stop.

III.

Next, Bartko contends that the district court improperly

considered an ex parte sealed document submitted by the

government. Bartko had filed a motion asking the district court

to unseal the document, but the court denied his motion.

At our request, the government provided to us a copy of the

sealed document, which asks the district court to make an in

camera review of grand jury testimony in another case to

determine whether that testimony contained any Jencks materials.

The district court concluded that the sealed document did not,

and we agree. Thus, we need not decide whether the district

court erred in considering the document in that it caused no

harm to Bartko.

IV.

Bartko also maintains that the district court erred by not

instructing the jury on accomplice/informant testimony and on

multiple conspiracies. A district court’s “decision to give (or

not to give) a jury instruction . . . [is] reviewed for abuse of

discretion.” United States v. Russell, 971 F.2d 1098, 1107 (4th

30
Cir. 1992). A district court’s decision not to give a requested

instruction by the criminal defendant amounts to reversible

error only if the proffered instruction: (1) was correct, (2)

was not substantially covered by the charge that the district

court actually gave to the jury, and (3) involved some point so

important that the failure to give the instruction seriously

impaired the defendant’s defense. United States v. Lewis, 53

F.3d 29, 32 (4th Cir. 1995). Even if these factors are met,

however, failure to give the defendant’s requested instruction

is not reversible error unless the defendant can show that the

record as a whole demonstrates prejudice. See Ellis, 121 F.3d

at 923.

A.

Bartko complains that the district court abused its

discretion in its refusal to instruct the jury that it “should

consider the testimony of Hollenbeck, Leamon and Plummer with

great care and scrutiny.” It appears that Bartko asked for an

instruction regarding the testimony of an accomplice, informer,

or witness with immunity. But, the district court declined and

gave the following instruction instead:

You, as jurors, are the sole and exclusive judges of
the credibility of each of the witnesses called to
testify in this case, and only you can determine the
importance or weight that their testimony deserves.
After making your assessment concerning the

31
 credibility of a witness, you may decide to believe
all of that witness’[s] testimony, only a portion of
it, or none of it.

In making your assessment of each witness, you
should carefully scrutinize all of the testimony given
by each witness, the circumstances under which each
witness has testified, and all of the other evidence
which tends to show whether a witness, in your
opinion, is worthy of belief.

Consider each witness’[s] intelligence, motive to
falsify, state of mind, and appearance and manner
while on the witness stand. Consider each witness’[s]
ability to observe the matters as to which he or she
testified and consider whether he or she impresses you
as having an accurate memory or recollection of these
matters. Consider also any relation each witness may
bear to either side of the case, the manner in which
each witness might be affected by your verdict, and
the extent to which, if at all, each witness is either
supported or contradicted by other evidence in the
case.

This instruction certainly encompasses any specific

instruction that the jury “should consider the testimony of

Hollenbeck, Leamon and Plummer with great care and scrutiny.”

And, as detailed herein, the record fails to support any

argument that the three were promised something in exchange for

their testimony. Thus, in our judgment, we are unable to say

that the district court’s decision denying Bartko’s request to

give an accomplice/informer instruction was an abuse of

discretion in that Bartko was not prejudiced by the omission.

32
 B.

Bartko also insists that the district court erred in

refusing to give his requested multiple conspiracy charge. “A

court need only instruct on multiple conspiracies if such an

instruction is supported by the facts.” United States v. Mills,

995 F.2d 480, 485 (4th Cir. 1993). Hence, “[a] multiple

conspiracy instruction is not required unless the proof at trial

demonstrates that appellants were involved only in ‘separate

conspiracies unrelated to the overall conspiracy charged in the

indictment.’” United States v. Kennedy, 32 F.3d 876, 884 (4th

Cir. 1994) (quoting United States v. Castaneda-Cantu, 20 F.3d

1325, 1333 (5th Cir. 1994)). And, even if one overarching

conspiracy is not evident, the district court’s failure to give

a multiple conspiracies instruction is reversible error only

when the defendant suffers substantial prejudice as a result.

United States v. Tipton, 90 F.3d 861, 883 (4th Cir. 1996). For

us to find such prejudice, “the evidence of multiple

conspiracies [must have been] so strong in relation to that of a

single conspiracy that the jury probably would have acquitted on

the conspiracy count had it been given a cautionary multiple-

conspiracy instruction.” Id.

Bartko proposed that the district court give the following

multiple conspiracy charge:

33
 You must determine whether the conspiracy charged
in the indictment existed, and, if it did, whether the
defendant was a member of it. If you find that the
conspiracy charged did not exist, then you must return
a not guilty verdict, even though you find that some
other conspiracy existed. If you find that a
defendant was not a member of the conspiracy charged
in the indictment, then you must find that defendant
not guilty, even though that defendant may have been a
member of some other conspiracy.

According to Bartko, “the [g]overnment’s evidence, at best,

would show that there were two separate and independent

conspiracies: the Caledonian Fund and Capstone Fund. . . .

There was no testimony that the activities of either fund

overlapped or coexisted. The only connection between the Funds

was Bartko.”

But, “a single overall conspiracy can be distinguished from

multiple independent conspiracies based on the overlap in

actors, methods, and goals.” United States v. Stockton, 349

F.3d 755, 762 (4th Cir. 2003). Here, we have all three. The

actors in both conspiracies were the same: Bartko, Franklin

Exchange, and Scott Hollenbeck. The methods of investor

recruitment and the handling of their money were also the same.

And, the goals of raising money for investing and personal gain

were the same. Moreover, we are unable to say that “the

evidence of multiple conspiracies was so strong in relation to

that of a single conspiracy that the jury probably would have

acquitted on the conspiracy count had it been given a cautionary

34
multiple-conspiracy instruction.” Tipton, 90 F.3d at 883.

Hence, we are unconvinced that the district court committed

reversible error in its refusal to give a multiple conspiracy

charge.

V.

Bartko next complains that the district court improperly

imposed Sentencing Guidelines enhancements based on the amount

of loss, the number of victims, and his status as a registered

broker/dealer at the time of the offenses. When deciding

whether the district court properly applied the Guidelines, “we

review the court’s factual findings for clear error and its

legal conclusions de novo.” United States v. Allen, 446 F.3d

522, 527 (4th Cir. 2006). The district court’s decision

concerning a role adjustment is a factual determination,

reviewable for clear error. United States v. Kellam, 568 F.3d

125, 147-48 (4th Cir. 2009). “A finding of fact is clearly

erroneous when, ‘although there is evidence to support it, the

reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’” In re

Mosko, 515 F.3d 319, 324 (4th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States

v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948)).

35
 A.

Bartko argues that the district court erred in determining

the amount of loss attributed to him. The district court

imposed an eighteen-level increase to his base offense level

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(J) (providing an eighteen-

level increase for a loss of more than $2,500,000).

But Bartko claims that he should have been able to take

advantage of a Guidelines-provided credit against loss for the

amount of money he caused to be returned “to the victim[s]

before the offense was detected.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt.

n.3(E)(i). The Guidelines provide, however, that “[t]he time of

detection of the offense is the earlier of (I) the time the

offense was discovered by a victim or a government agency; or

(II) the time the defendant knew or reasonably should have known

that the offense was detected or about to be detected by a

victim or government agency.” Id.

First, Bartko contends that none of the refund checks

should be counted in the loss amount. But, as detailed above,

and as observed by the district court during the sentencing

hearing, “the part [of the refund checks] that wasn’t embezzled

ended up being filtered back through LRM as part of the

conspiracy,” with the exception of investor Danny Briley, who

decided not to endorse his refund check over to LRM. Thus,

36
because the money was not ultimately returned to the investors,

the district court did not clearly err on this point.

Second, Bartko avers that the loss amount should be reduced

by the money that was returned to the investors through the

interpleader. As noted above, the SEC knew of Bartko’s offense

when Alex Rue, an attorney from that office, met with him on

March 14, 2005. But, Bartko did not file his interpleader

action until after that, on May 26, 2005. Consequently, he is

unable to avail himself of Guidelines-provided credit against

loss for the amount of money he caused to be returned “to the

victim[s] before the offense was detected.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1

cmt. n.3(E)(i). Thus, the district court did not err in

overruling Bartko’s objection to this enhancement.

B.

Bartko also avers that the district court erred by finding

that there were more than fifty victims of his crimes. Bartko

posits “that none of the money invested in Caledonian should be

counted towards [his] loss amount . . . . Therefore, the number

of victims is limited to those people who invested in Capstone,

which is fewer than 50.” The import of this objection is that,

under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(B), the district court is to impose

a four-level enhancement if the offense that the defendant was

convicted of “involved 50 or more victims.” The commentary

37
accompanying this Guideline provides, in relevant part:

“‘Victim’ means . . . a person who sustained any part of the

actual loss determined under subsection (b)(1) [the amount of

loss chart].” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.1. Neither party

disputes that there were at least thirty-nine investors in

Capstone. So, we are left to decide if there were at least

eleven investors in Caledonian. We think that there were.

As we have already observed, from January 15, 2004, to May

6, 2004, Hollenbeck fraudulently raised large amounts of money

from a total of 171 investors for the Caledonian Fund, as well

as other investments. The money was not separated, but was

comingled. He sent the money to various entities, including the

Caledonian Fund, as directed by Colvin.

If one’s money is combined with other funds and, as here,

$701,000 is lost from the total, then each individual or entity

who contributed to the total loses a pro-rata share of her

contribution. And, because each of those who contributed

“sustained [a] part of the actual loss determined under

subsection (b)(1),” id., they are a victim pursuant to U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(B). Accordingly, the district court did not

commit clear error in its refusal to sustain Bartko’s objection

to the imposition of this enhancement.

38
 C.

Finally, Bartko asserts that the district court erred in

imposing an enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(18)(A)

inasmuch as, according to him, he was part-owner of a registered

broker-dealer, but it was not used to commit the crime.

Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(18), “[i]f the offense

involved . . . a violation of securities law and, at the time of

the offense, the defendant was . . . a registered broker or

dealer, or a person associated with a broker or dealer[,] . . .

increase by 4 levels.” The accompanying comment to this

Guideline defines a “registered broker or dealer” as “a broker

or dealer registered or required to register.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1

cmt. n.14(A) (incorporating 15 U.S.C. § 78c(a)(48)).

Without citation, Bartko maintains that “[t]he purpose of

this enhancement is not to increase the punishment for anybody

who happened to have a broker-dealer license who commits a

securities law violation.” He is mistaken. The meaning of the

Guideline is clear. Under § 2B1.1(b)(18), the district court is

to impose a four-level enhancement when a broker or dealer’s

criminal offense involves a securities law violation. There is

no dispute that Bartko was a broker and that his offense

involved a securities violation. Thus, the four-level

enhancement was proper.

39
 D.

The government states that, even if we find any procedural

sentencing error in our review, the error is harmless. But,

because we find no error in the district court’s sentencing of

Bartko, we need not engage in a harmless error review.

VI.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Bartko’s conviction

and sentence.

The Clerk of Court shall serve a copy of this opinion upon

the Attorney General of the United States and the Office of

Professional Responsibility for the Department of Justice. The

transmittal letter should call attention to Section II(F) of

this opinion.

AFFIRMED

40