State v. Bent

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

Opinion Number: ______________

Filing Date: August 26, 2013

Docket No. 29,227

STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

WAYNE BENT,

Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF UNION COUNTY
Gerald E. Baca, District Judge (by designation)

Gary K. King, Attorney General
Nicole Beder, Assistant Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM

for Appellee

Law Works L.L.C.
John A. McCall
Albuquerque, NM

for Appellant

OPINION

KENNEDY, Chief Judge.

{1} The Opinion previously filed in this matter on August 15, 2013 is hereby withdrawn,
and the following Opinion is being issued in its place.

{2} Wayne Bent (Defendant) appeals his conviction for criminal sexual contact with a
minor and two convictions of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. Defendant was the
leader of a religious group, and his convictions were based on unclothed experiences with

1
two teenage girls who were members of the community, which he claimed were purely
spiritual healings. In a previous opinion, we reversed his convictions based on problems
with the grand jury indictment. The New Mexico Supreme Court reversed and instructed
this Court to consider the rest of Defendant’s arguments on remand.

{3} Defendant’s remaining issues on appeal are numerous. Defendant argues that (1) the
district court excluded certain witnesses, photographs, and his closing presentation
soundtrack; (2) the prosecution wrongly exceeded the scope of direct examination on its
cross-examination; (3) his proposed jury instructions regarding lawfulness were erroneously
denied; (4) there was insufficient evidence to convict him of the crimes charged; (5) his
counsel was ineffective by failing to raise a defense under New Mexico’s Religious Freedom
Restoration Act (RFRA); and (6) he was deprived of a fair trial by cumulative error. We see
no error and affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

{4} Defendant was the spiritual leader of a religious group that lived together on an area
of land in northern New Mexico. Two teenage sisters, L.S. and A.S., each paid a visit alone
to Defendant and lay in his bed naked with him. Whether he touched L.S. and A.S. illegally
during their visits, and whether the events were religiously motivated or the result of
coercion was disputed below and on appeal. Defendant was indicted by a grand jury on two
counts of criminal sexual contact with a minor (CSCM) and two counts of contributing to
the delinquency of a minor (CDM). He was acquitted of one count of CSCM and convicted
on the remaining charges.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Limitation of Defendant’s Witnesses And Evidence Was Not Error

{5} Defendant argues that he was not allowed to present his desired evidence due to time
constraints imposed by the district court and, specifically, he was not permitted to present
his full list of witnesses. He claims on appeal that this prevented him from presenting any
female members of the community he led, including L.S.’s and A.S.’s aunt and grandmother
with whom the sisters lived. Defendant also disputes the district court’s exclusion of some
of the photographs offered into evidence. The State argues that the district court properly
granted its motion to exclude what it deemed to be cumulative witnesses. “The admission
or exclusion of evidence is within the discretion of the [district] court. On appeal, the
[district] court’s decision is reviewed for abuse of discretion.” State v. Downey, 2008-
NMSC-061, ¶ 24, 145 N.M. 232, 195 P.3d 1244 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).

{6} Rule 11-403 NMRA permits a court to exclude relevant evidence if its probative
value is outweighed by the danger of, among several things, “needless presentation of
cumulative evidence.” City of Albuquerque v. Westland Dev. Co., 1995-NMCA-136, ¶ 27,

2
121 N.M. 144, 909 P.2d 25 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[T]he [district]
court in its discretion may properly exclude cumulative evidence.” State v. Marquez, 1998-
NMCA-010, ¶ 24, 124 N.M. 409, 951 P.2d 1070.

{7} Defendant attempted to present several members of the community as witnesses to
testify to the general nature of the touching they observed in the healing rituals of their
religion, none of whom were teenage girls or others who had been touched in a similar
manner as L.S. and A.S. The district court permitted “one, maybe two,” because it did not
want “eight or nine people saying the same thing.” The district court ruled that L.S.’s and
A.S’s grandmother and aunt also could not testify because they were only offered for
“unrelated experiences” that did not deal with the issues being tried. Defendant did not
argue before or after this ruling that the grandmother and aunt had relevant testimony that
was non-cumulative. He raised that argument for the first time on appeal. As well,
Defendant did not argue at trial that the eight or nine witnesses had individualized
experiences about healing rituals. By failing to argue or make an offer of proof below that
the witnesses had distinct, non-cumulative testimony, Defendant failed to preserve this
argument. In order to preserve an issue for appeal, a defendant must make a timely objection
or motion that specifically apprises the district court of the nature of the claimed error and
invokes an intelligent ruling thereon. State v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, ¶ 25, 128 N.M. 454,
993 P.2d 1280. A party may claim that evidence was excluded in error only if it affects a
substantial right of the party, and “the party informs the court of its substance by an offer of
proof, unless the substance was apparent from the context.” Rule 11-103(A)(2) NMRA.
Without such an objection to the district court’s exclusion of the cumulative witnesses or
submission of an offer of proof, we affirm the district court’s decision as it did not abuse its
discretion.

{8} Defendant makes a similar argument with respect to numerous photographs he
attempted to admit into evidence. Again, he fails to show, with any particularity, how the
photographs would have been non-cumulative. A nearly identical situation arose in
Westland Development when “[t]he court examined a box of pictures offered by Westland
and required Westland to pick the five best representatives of what it wanted to show[.]”
1995-NMCA-136, ¶ 30. We affirmed the district court in that case because Westland failed
to establish why the unadmitted photographs were not needlessly cumulative. Id. Here,
again, Defendant failed to articulate both in district court and on appeal how the excluded
photographs were non-cumulative. Rule 11-103(A)(2). We affirm the district court’s
decision on the photographs as it was not an abuse of discretion.

{9} Defendant’s final argument in this vein is that he was prevented from playing, and
the jury was prevented from hearing, a song during his closing presentation. He intended
the song to be the soundtrack to a video slideshow of photographs that had been admitted
into evidence. The district court sustained the State’s objection to the song, asking that the
sound be turned off, although permitting the slideshow to play. Defendant argues on appeal
that this prejudiced him in front of the jury and disrupted his closing. He does not explain
further how this refusal to allow the audio track prejudiced him and, at the time, his only

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argument was “[i]t’s just commentary[.]” “Because district judges are in the best position
to assess the impact of any questionable comment, we afford them broad discretion in
managing closing argument.” State v. Ramos-Arenas, 2012-NMCA-117, ¶ 16, 290 P.3d 733
(alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted), cert. denied, 2012-NMCERT-
010, 297 P.3d 332. Without further explanation from Defendant as to the relevance or
necessity of musical accompaniment to his slideshow or, more specifically, regarding the
alleged prejudice to his case, we defer to the district court and affirm the decision to refuse
the playing of new musical material during closing argument.

B. The Prosecution Did Not Exceed the Scope of Direct Examination on Cross-
Examination

{10} We next consider whether the State exceeded the scope of direct examination when
it cross-examined Defendant. “The general rule upon the scope of cross-examination . . . is
that the examination can only relate to the facts and circumstances connected with the
matters stated in the direct examination of the witness.” State v. Carter, 1915-NMSC-084,
¶ 8, 21 N.M. 166, 153 P. 271 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). It is well
settled that in cross-examination,

[f]or the purpose of testing the credibility of a witness, it is permissible to
investigate the situation of the witness with respect to the parties and to the
subject of litigation, his interest, his motives, inclinations, and prejudices, his
means of obtaining a correct and certain knowledge of the facts to which he
bears testimony, the manner in which he has used those means, his powers
of discernment, memory, and description.

Id. ¶ 13. The district court has broad discretion to control the scope of cross-examination,
see State v. Martin, 1984-NMSC-077, ¶ 20, 101 N.M. 595, 686 P.2d 937, including the
discretion to control cross-examination to ensure a fair and efficient trial. Sanchez v. State,
1985-NMSC-060, ¶ 6, 103 N.M. 25, 702 P.2d 345, overruled on other grounds by State v.
Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, 272 P.3d 110.

{11} The scope of Defendant’s direct examination was very limited. Defense counsel only
asked Defendant questions regarding whether he touched L.S. and A.S. when they came to
his house, and whether he would generally ever encourage delinquency in a minor. On
appeal, Defendant specifically identifies a few places in cross-examination that he claims
exceeded the scope of direct. Defendant states that the prosecution’s questions about his
position of spiritual authority were improper, particularly those in relation to statements he
made in a television special filmed about his community. Defense counsel objected
generally to several of the State’s questions about a two-minute long video segment
containing an interview of Defendant. The district court expressed its concern with the
State’s attempt to impeach Defendant by referring to prior interviews and instructed the State
to first make Defendant state his current position on the question before impeaching him
with a prior inconsistent statement. Ultimately, the district court took a recess and instructed

4
the State to use the time to review the video interview. After the State reviewed the video,
the prosecution proceeded without further objections as to the scope of cross-examination
or improperly referring to the video interview. The district court later overruled new
objections from defense counsel that Defendant was being questioned about a lack of prior
statements consistent with his position, as Defendant could address the matter on redirect.
The State’s clumsy questions related to Defendant’s conduct were corrected by the district
court and did not amount to “improper argumentative questioning of . . . Defendant in front
of the jury” as Defendant claims. The conferences between counsel and the district court
were extensive enough that the jury was sometimes sent out of the room. However, the
cross-examination did not exceed the scope of Defendant’s direct examination in a way that
amounts to trial error.

{12} We focus on the scope of cross-examination because that is how Defendant frames
his appeal. “Ordinarily[,] the scope of cross-examination should be limited to facts and
circumstances connected with matters inquired of in direct examination. An exception to
this limitation is where the cross-examination tends to discredit or impeach the witness or
shows his bias or prejudice.” State v. Mireles, 1972-NMCA-105, ¶ 18, 84 N.M. 146, 500
P.2d 431. Here, as we described above, the State was attempting to discredit or impeach the
witness.

{13} We reiterate that the district court has broad discretion over cross-examination. State
v. Smith, 2001-NMSC-004, ¶ 23, 130 N.M. 117, 19 P.3d 254 (stating that “the [district] court
has broad discretion to control the scope of cross-examination”). None of this questioning
exceeds the scope of cross-examination, which can include questioning designed to impeach
the witness. Defendant could properly be questioned about his conflicting statements and
about the factual circumstances to which they related. We conclude that the district court
did not abuse its discretion in permitting the State to question Defendant on his prior
statements about whether he had touched L.S. and A.S.

C. The District Court Did Not Err in Refusing Some of Defendant’s Proposed Jury
Instructions

{14} Defendant next argues that the district court erred in denying four of his requested
jury instructions. First, Defendant wanted to define the term “breast,” which he states is not
defined in the context of the CSCM statute with which he was charged or any CSCM case
law. Second, Defendant argues that the jury should have been given a “[m]istake of [f]act”
or “unlawfulness” instruction that he believed he was touching L.S. and A.S. for a religious
purpose. Defendant also argues that this should have been the subject of an “unlawfulness”
instruction, in which he wanted to instruct the jury that “CSC does not include a touching
for purposes of religious beliefs.” Finally, he argues that it was error by the court to refuse
and modify his proffered intent instruction. “The propriety of jury instructions given or
denied is a mixed question of law and fact. Mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed
de novo.” State v. Salazar, 1997-NMSC-044, ¶ 49, 123 N.M. 778, 945 P.2d 996.

5
{15} Defendant argues that “breast” could mean “entire frontal section of the body,” or
“the entire area where the female and male breasts are conjoined.” Defendant submitted an
unnumbered jury instruction to the court that contained his definition of “breast.” The
district court wrote on the page that the instruction was “[n]ever requested and never given.”
Defendant fails to point us to any part of the record where he pursued the matter. The jury
instruction for CSCM in the second degree defines several body parts. UJI 14-926 NMRA;
UJI 14-981 NMRA. However, the committee commentary explains that “[d]efinitions for
‘breast’ . . . were not included because these terms are in common usage and have a
commonly understood meaning.” UJI 14-981 comm. cmt.

{16} We find no record of this definition being specifically requested in the remainder of
the record. Defendant cites to a part of the record in which he opposed the inclusion of the
word “breast” in another instruction. However, there was no discussion of the issue of the
word’s definition at that point either. Therefore, we conclude that the issue of the definition
of “breast” was not adequately preserved, and we do not consider Defendant’s arguments.
Varela, 1999-NMSC-045, ¶ 25 (“In order to preserve an error for appeal, it is essential that
the ground or grounds of the objection or motion be made with sufficient specificity to alert
the mind of the [district] court to the claimed errors or errors, and that a ruling thereon then
be invoked.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). We hold that no error was
made by the district court on this issue.

{17} We next address Defendant’s proposed mistake of fact instruction. We agree with
the State that Defendant is actually arguing a “mistake of law” defense. The disputed
instruction offered by Defendant at trial states that “[t]he burden is on the [S]tate to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that . . . [D]efendant did not act under an honest and reasonable
belief in the existence of those facts [that the touching of L.S. and A.S. was a religious act].”
This instruction does not claim a mistake of fact. Rather, it concedes the touchings while
stating a legal justification. “A mistake of law is a mistake about the legal effect of a known
fact or situation, whereas a mistake of fact is a mistake about a fact that is material to a
transaction; any mistake other than a mistake of law.” State v. Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014,
¶ 22, 146 N.M. 70, 206 P.3d 579 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant
does not dispute his actions in this instruction. Instead, he disputes the fact of his
understanding of the legality of his actions. Legal justification is not a factual matter. As
we discuss below in response to Defendant’s vagueness and statutory defense arguments,
there is no legal exception to CSCM based on a religious purpose for the contact. It is well
established that “[n]o instruction on [mistake of law] shall be given.” UJI 14-5121 NMRA
Use Note 1. “When a person voluntarily does that which the law forbids and declares to be
a crime, it is no defense that he did not know that his act was unlawful or that he believed
it to be lawful.” UJI 14-5121.

{18} Defendant’s unlawfulness and intent arguments stem from a single premise that
because he believed that touching L.S. and A.S. was a religious act, he was not guilty of
committing a crime. The CSCM statute limits the offense to instances where the touching
is unlawful and, specifically, exempts touching for non-abusive medical treatment and

6
parental care.

We begin our analysis by noting that the [criminal sexual penetration
of a minor (CSPM)] and CSCM statutes specifically limit the application of
such offenses to instances wherein [the] defendant’s conduct in touching or
penetrating the child is “unlawful” or “unlawfully” committed. The terms
“unlawful” or “unlawfully” limit the scope of prohibited conduct to those
acts that are without legal justification or excuse.

State v. Pierce, 1990-NMSC-049, ¶ 12, 110 N.M. 76, 792 P.2d 408. “Neither CSPM nor
CSCM prohibit the touching or penetration of the intimate parts of a minor for purposes of
providing reasonable medical treatment to a child, nor do they criminalize non[-]abusive
parental or custodial child care.” Id. The statute specifically exempts “medically indicated
procedures[,]” and the case law makes clear that non-abusive care is also not unlawful.
NMSA 1978, § 30-9-11(B) (2009). As we explain more fully below, despite Defendant’s
arguments, there is no such justification for touching minors that would otherwise fall under
the statute. While Defendant is correct that the State must establish that the touching was
unlawful, he is incorrect in asserting that the question is rooted in fact. Nor does he provide
authority to support his assertion that religiously motivated touching is lawful. In fact, as
far as Defendant argues intent, we note that our Supreme Court has stated that it “[does] not
believe the [L]egislature intended to adopt a requirement of specific sexual intent as an
element of either [CSPM or CSCM] statute.” Pierce, 1990-NMSC-049, ¶ 21. Defendant
was mistaken as to whether his conduct was illegal, not as to what he did. Therefore, the fact
that Defendant believed that his behavior was excepted, because it was motivated by a
sincere religious belief, from what would otherwise be considered criminal, is not an
appropriate matter for the jury, and the instruction was properly rejected by the district court.

D. Sufficient Evidence Supported the Jury’s Verdict

{19} Substantial evidence claims can be raised for the first time on appeal. State v. Stein,
1999-NMCA-065, ¶ 9, 127 N.M. 362, 981 P.2d 295. “In reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict,
indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the
verdict.” State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176.
Consequently, “[w]e determine whether a rational factfinder could have found that each
element of the crime was established beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Kent, 2006-
NMCA-134, ¶ 10, 140 N.M. 606, 145 P.3d 86.

{20} Defendant argues that the State did not provide enough evidence on the elements of
CSCM to support his conviction with regards to A.S. He was convicted of one count of
CSCM, which is defined as:

A. Criminal sexual contact of a minor is the unlawful and intentional
touching of or applying force to the intimate parts of a minor or the unlawful

7
 and intentional causing of a minor to touch one’s intimate parts. For the
purposes of this section, “intimate parts” means the primary genital area,
groin, buttocks, anus[,] or breast.
B. Criminal sexual contact of a minor in the second degree consists of
all criminal sexual contact of the unclothed intimate parts of a minor
perpetrated:
....
(2) on a child thirteen to eighteen years of age when:
(a) the perpetrator is in a position of authority over the child
and uses that authority to coerce the child to submit[.]

NMSA 1978, § 30-9-13 (2003). Defendant was convicted of CSCM with respect to A.S.,
who testified that he kissed her “[o]n the breast[].” Defendant argues that because A.S.
testified on cross-examination that he had not touched her anywhere that would be covered
by a bikini, there was insufficient evidence that he had criminal sexual contact with the
unclothed intimate parts of a minor. We note that CSCM also may be committed over
clothes, although here, Defendant was charged with the offense of touching unclothed
intimate parts. Section 30-9-13(A). A.S. did testify at trial that Defendant had not touched
her anywhere that would be covered by a bikini. However, she also testified that he kissed
her “[o]n the breast[].” “Contrary evidence supporting acquittal does not provide a basis for
reversal because the jury is free to reject [a witness’s] version of the facts.” State v. Rojo,
1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 19, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829. Because the jury was free to weigh
the conflicting testimony and give weight to A.S.’s description of Defendant kissing her
breast, there was sufficient evidence to support his conviction for CSCM. To the extent that
he also argues that there was not enough evidence to support the jury finding of criminal
intent, as opposed to religious intent, we note again that there is no exception to the statute
based on religious purpose. As Defendant cites no authority in making an argument for one,
we consider it no further. Section 30-9-13.

{21} Defendant next argues that the CSCM statute is vague and he was therefore
inadequately notified that there was no religious exception to the statute. Defendant claims
that he was “not informed that CSCM would find him to have criminal intent to commit
sexual contact and be a sex offender when he did not have sexual intent, but rather a
religious one.” Defendant cites only Pierce for this proposition, which in fact held the
opposite. “After reviewing the statutory provisions of our CSPM and CSCM statutes, we
do not believe the [L]egislature intended to adopt a requirement of specific sexual intent as
an element of either statute.” 1990-NMSC-049, ¶ 21. Defendant points out that Pierce
states that “[t]he terms ‘unlawful’ or ‘unlawfully’ limit the scope of prohibited conduct to
those acts that are without legal justification or excuse.” Id. ¶ 12. And, we agree. There is
little need to inform Defendant of a proposition of law that does not exist. As we previously
discussed in relation to Defendant’s jury instruction argument, there is no support for
including religious ceremonies within those activities that are legally justified, particularly
when, as in this case, he was convicted under the section of the statute that requires only a
violation of bodily integrity. We conclude that Defendant’s intent argument fails to identify

8
any basis for a religious intent exception to our CSCM statute.

{22} Defendant’s final argument based on sufficiency of the evidence is that it was
inconsistent that the jury found him guilty of CDM, but not CSCM, with respect to L.S.,
because the jury instructions for both required that the jury find that he touched L.S.’s breast.
He maintains that if he was found not guilty of CSCM, it is impossible for him to be found
guilty of the other.

{23} The CDM statute requires that “committing any act or omitting the performance of
any duty, which act or omission causes or tends to cause or encourage the delinquency of
any person under the age of eighteen years.” NMSA 1978, § 30-6-3 (1990). The jury
instruction defined the necessary elements of this particular instance of contributing to
delinquency as permitting “L.S.[] to take her clothes off and lay naked with him and touched
her unclothed intimate part, to wit: breast, with a part or parts of his body[.]” L.S. testified
that Defendant did not touch her breast.

{24} We reiterate that “[c]ontrary evidence supporting acquittal does not provide a basis
for reversal because the jury is free to reject [a witness’s] version of the facts.” Rojo, 1999-
NMSC-001, ¶ 19. Still, the fact that the jury did not believe the witness does not establish
that the opposite of her testimony is true. See State v. Wynn, 2001-NMCA-020, ¶ 6, 130
N.M. 381, 24 P.3d 816. “The test for sufficiency of the evidence is whether substantial
evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt with respect to every element essential to a conviction.” State v. Duran,
2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 5, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d 515 (emphasis added) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). “A reasonable inference is a conclusion arrived at by a process
of reasoning. . . . This conclusion, however, must be a rational and logical deduction from
facts admitted or established by the evidence, when such facts are viewed in light of common
knowledge or common experience.” Dull v. Tellez, 1971-NMCA-133, ¶ 13, 83 N.M. 126,
489 P.2d 406 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); State v. Romero, 1968-NMCA-
078, ¶ 17, 79 N.M. 522, 445 P.2d 587.

{25} L.S. testified that, while she was unclothed and in bed next to the unclothed
Defendant, he put his chest on her chest below her breast, he embraced her by putting his
arm on her back as they lay on their sides, and he laid his head and hand on her heart. She
stated that there was distance between them at first, but then he held her closer. She could
not remember if they had been “skin-to-skin.” We conclude that it is possible that a rational
factfinder could find from the circumstances L.S. described—close proximity, lack of
clothing, and touching of various areas of her chest—that Defendant touched her unclothed
breast.

{26} The fact that the jury did not convict Defendant of CSCM does not matter. In a case
where a defendant was similarly convicted on a CDM charge, but acquitted on an assault
charge for the same behavior, this Court has stated that “[f]or its acquittal . . . , the jury is
answerable only to conscience. The verdict of acquittal is beyond our control. Our business

9
is to review the verdict of conviction.” State v. Leyba, 1969-NMCA-030, ¶ 36, 80 N.M. 190,
453 P.2d 211 (explaining further that “we can only speculate that the jury found [the]
defendant did not commit an assault . . . . The jury acquitted him on that charge. They may
have done so for any number of reasons. They may have decided that one punishment would
meet the ends of justice. [The d]efendant’s guilt of assault may have been plain and the jury
may have refused to convict in defiance of reason”). We therefore will not review the
acquittal for CSCM and conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s
conviction for CDM.

E. Prosecutorial Misconduct

{27} Although the brief-in-chief headings include one for a “prosecutorial misconduct”
argument, no material follows the heading, and we disregard the issue as it is not raised on
appeal.

F. It Was Not Ineffective Assistance that Defendant’s Counsel Did Not Raise
RFRA at Trial

{28} Defendant next claims that it constituted ineffective assistance by his counsel to fail
to assert a defense based specifically on RFRA, NMSA 1978, § 28-22-3 (2000). Defendant
claims that because religion was a key aspect of his entire defense, his counsel could have
only omitted mention of RFRA in error. The State argues that Defendant fails to show how
the merits of a RFRA argument would have been relevant at trial and that he had no religious
defense available and therefore was not prejudiced by the lack of mention of RFRA. At trial,
Defendant’s counsel frequently raised his religion as a defense, particularly to the
unlawfulness of his behavior. We note that this Court rejected Defendant’s previous
arguments above that used religious purpose to justify unlawfulness with regard to jury
instructions, statutory vagueness, and mistake of law.

{29} “The standard of review for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is de novo.”
State v. Boergadine, 2005-NMCA-028, ¶ 33, 137 N.M. 92, 107 P.3d 532. “[The d]efendant
has the burden of demonstrating ineffective assistance of counsel by showing that trial
counsel did not exercise the skill of a reasonably competent attorney and that [the d]efendant
was prejudiced by trial counsel’s performance.” State v. Harrison, 2000-NMSC-022, ¶ 61,
129 N.M. 328, 7 P.3d 478. A defendant cannot make a claim for ineffective assistance of
counsel “if there is a plausible, rational strategy or tactic to explain the counsel’s conduct.”
Lytle v. Jordan, 2001-NMSC-016, ¶ 26, 130 N.M. 198, 22 P.3d 666 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted).

{30} “[The d]efendant has the burden of showing that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the trial would have been
different.” Harrison, 2000-NMSC-022, ¶ 61. Accordingly, we examine whether the results
of the trial would have been different had defense counsel raised a RFRA defense in addition
to the other religious arguments, and therefore turn to the merits of RFRA as applied to

10
Defendant’s case. The RFRA states:

A government agency shall not restrict a person’s free exercise of religion
unless:

A. the restriction is in the form of a rule of general applicability
and does not directly discriminate against religion or among religions; and

B. the application of the restriction to the person is essential to
further a compelling governmental interest and is the least restrictive means
of furthering that compelling governmental interest.

Section 28-22-3. “ ‘[F]ree exercise of religion’ means an act or a refusal to act that is
substantially motivated by religious belief[.]” NMSA 1978, § 28-22-2(A) (2000). On
appeal, neither party relies on New Mexico cases interpreting RFRA. Both cite to federal
cases interpreting the federal RFRA. Defendant specifically claims that “[i]t is presumed
the [f]ederal RFRA is a guideline.” We note that the federal RFRA and the New Mexico
statute differ and any guidance from the federal statute is misplaced.1 The New Mexico
statute states that the government shall not restrict free exercise of religion unless the law
is one of general applicability, does not discriminate against or among religions, furthers a
compelling governmental interest, and is the least restrictive means of furthering that
interest. Section 28-22-3. Therefore, when a statute is one of general applicability, RFRA
is not violated if the government demonstrates that such a law furthers a compelling interest
and is the least restrictive means to do so. Id.

{31} Defendant focuses on his claim that the least restrictive enforcement of the law would
have allowed him to present a religious exception to the CSCM and CDM statutes to the jury
in line with his claim that his religious purpose prevented him from forming the requisite
intent, or otherwise excused his actions. This argument echoes his earlier claims that the law
permits a religious exception to the general CSM statute, which we dealt with above.

{32} A law is generally applicable “when it does not impose burdens on select groups.”
Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock, 2012-NMCA-086, ¶ 36, 284 P.3d 428, 441, cert.
granted, 2012-NMCERT-008, 296 P.3d 491. In a case dealing with whether spanking in
childcare facilities violates regulations prohibiting physical punishment, this Court has
stated: “We find nothing within [the childcare] statutes [and regulations] that detracts from
their character as being generally applicable and religion-neutral. We find nothing that

1
The federal RFRA sought “to restore the compelling interest test as set forth in
Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963) and Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972) and
to guarantee its application in all cases where free exercise of religion is substantially
burdened[.]” 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb(b)(1). It was held unconstitutional as applied to the states
in City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997).

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intimates a legislative intent to discriminatorily burden religious exercise.” Health Servs.
Div., Health & Env’t Dep’t of State of N.M. v. Temple Baptist Church, 1991-NMCA-055,
¶ 18, 112 N.M. 262, 814 P.2d 130. The criminal prohibition against sexual contact of minors
or contributing to their delinquency is no less generally applicable.

{33} Further, protecting minors from criminal sexual contact and delinquency is a
compelling state interest. See Oldfield v. Benavidez, 1994-NMSC-006, ¶ 15, 116 N.M. 785,
867 P.2d 1167 (“The state itself has a compelling interest in the health, education, and
welfare of its children.”); see also State v. Lucero, 1982-NMSC-069, ¶ 14, 98 N.M. 204, 647
P.2d 406 (holding child abuse statutes to be strict liability because of the “obvious public
interest of prevention of cruelty to children”).

{34} In addition, the statutes are the least restrictive method of achieving the government’s
goal of protecting children by punishing their abusers. The “least restrictive” factor does not
permit a defendant to present instructions to the jury on an incorrect religious exception to
intent. As we stated above, the Supreme Court has stated: “[W]e do not believe the
[L]egislature intended to adopt a requirement of specific sexual intent as an element of either
statute.” Pierce, 1990-NMSC-49, ¶ 2. Therefore, to the extent that Defendant argues that
there is a religious exception to intent, showing that he had a religious intent does not negate
any element of the crimes, or contribute to an argument that the statutes are not the least
restrictive means for achieving the government’s goal.

{35} The CSCM and CDM statutes are laws of general applicability that do not directly
discriminate against or among religions, further the compelling governmental interest of
protecting minors from sexual abuse and delinquency, and are the least restrictive means of
doing so. We conclude that Defendant’s RFRA argument is without merit, and his counsel’s
tactical decision to not raise RFRA as part of his other religious argument did not constitute
ineffective assistance by his counsel.

G. There Was No Error and Therefore No Cumulative Error

{36} Defendant finally claims that cumulative error deprived him of a fair trial. “The
doctrine of cumulative error requires reversal when a series of lesser improprieties
throughout a trial are found, in aggregate, to be so prejudicial that the defendant was
deprived of the constitutional right to a fair trial.” State v. Duffy, 1998-NMSC-014, ¶ 29,
126 N.M. 132, 967 P.2d 807, modified on other grounds by State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-
007, ¶ 17, 141 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828.

{37} Here, we have found no error in any of the district court’s decisions that Defendant
challenges. When there is no error, “there is no cumulative error.” State v. Aragon, 1999-
NMCA-060, ¶ 19, 127 N.M. 393, 981 P.2d 1211. Because there was no individual error, we
find no cumulative error.

III. CONCLUSION

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{38} We hold there was no error in the remaining claims raised by Defendant on appeal.
We affirm his convictions.

{39} IT IS SO ORDERED.

____________________________________
RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Chief Judge

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

____________________________________
TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

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