FILED
AUGUST 27, 2013
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
Kevin Grudzinski, ) No. 30795-6-111
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Randy Grudzinski and )
Nancy Grudzinski, husband and wife, )
)
Respondents. )
KULIK, J. - Kevin Grudzinski appeals summary dismissal of claims against his
brother Randy Grudzinski. The claims stem from Randy dumping demolition debris on
land that Kevin later inherited. I Kevin alleged that the debris was toxic, devalued the
land, and clouded title. He sued Randy for relief under the Model Toxics Control Act
(MTCA), chapter 70.105D RCW, chapter 82.21 RCW; damages for negligent injury to
property; an injunction ordering Randy to clean up the land; and a declaration quieting
title. Eleven days before trial, the court dismissed all of the claims on summary
judgment.
I For clarity, we will refer to Kevin Grudzinski and Randy Grudzinski by fIrst
No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
We conclude that there was no release of hazardous substances and the court
properly dismissed the remaining claims. Accordingly, we affirm.
FACTS
Elsie Grudzinski was the mother of two sons, Kevin Grudzinski and Randy
Grudzinski. Ms. Grudzinski owned 57 acres in Walla Walla. Parts of that acreage are
known as Lots 1,3, and 4. Those lots are at issue here.
Debris Disposal on Lots 1, 3, and 4
Randy owned a demolition and excavation company called Randy Grudzinski, Inc.
(RGI). He planned to use Lot 1 as a base of operations for RGI. 2 He intended to store his
equipment there. He began dumping debris, which included large pieces of asphalt and
concrete, on Lot 1. However, the plan to make it a base of operations never materialized.
While dumping a load of excavation material on·Lot 1, an "end-dump trailer"
tipped over on its side. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 118. It remained tipped over for several
months. During that time, fluid leaked out of the trailer and onto the soil. Kevin believed
that the liquid was hydraulic fluid. The record does not reveal what the fluid was made of
or whether it was cleaned up.
name. We intend no disrespect.
2 The parties submitted evidence on and argued about whether Ms. Grudzinski
gave Randy permission to use her land and, if so, what the scope of that permission was.
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No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
Later, RGI had an excavation contract with Apollo, Inc. Apollo, Inc. was the
general contractor on the "Myra Road project." CP at 146. According to Randy, he
dumped "asphalt, concrete, vegetation, tree stumps and pit-run gravel" on his mother's
land during the project. CP at 52. He dumped most of the debris on Lot 4, but also
dumped some on Lot 3. Apollo, Inc. itselfwas dumping debris on Ms. Grudzinski's land.
She signed a document giving Apollo, Inc. permission to dump dirt and vegetation on her
land, but not "[m]aterials from Stubblefield property.,,3 CP at 55.
The "Stubblefield property" refers to the former Stubblefield Salvage Yard. It is a
hazardous site awaiting clean up by the Department of Ecology. The Myra Road project
went through a portion of the salvage yard. As a result, some of the salvage yard was
excavated.
According to Randy, debris from the Stubblefield Salvage Yard was disposed of
on another part of the yard, which Randy and a business partner eventually bought.
Randy knew that Stubblefield Salvage Yard's debris was there because he saw Apollo
moving loads of it and there "was truckloads and truckloads stacked that [he] had to deal
However, Ms. Grudzinski's permission is irrelevant to the issues addressed here.
3 What land she gave them permission to dump on is unclear. The letter that she
signed authorizing the dumping $ays that Apollo may dump on "parcel number
350725220004 at 531 Hatch Street." CP at 55. That parcel number is Lot 4, but 531
Hatch Street was Ms. Grudzinsk;i's residence, which was on a different parceL
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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
with" when he bought the land. CP at 187. He indicated that the Environmental
Protection Agency had tested his portion of the yard and concluded that it was not
contaminated.
Kevin, however, suggested that Stubblefield Salvage Yard debris ended up on Ms.
Grudzinski's land. Although he did not actually see debris from the Stubblefield being
dumped on Ms. Grudzinski's land, he did see Apollo's and RGI's trucks loaded with
Stubblefield debris and traveling toward Lots 3 and 4. According to Kevin, the debris on
Lots 3 and 4 included "iron pipe, cast iron manhole covers, cast iron manhole rings, and
PVC pipe," and a "concrete manhole ring." CP at 118. None of the land was tested for
the presence of hazardous substances.
Ms. Grudzinski's Estate
Ms. Grudzinski died in 2009 and left her estate to Kevin and Randy. In her will,
she indicated,
I am concerned that my children will argue over the disposition of
my estate and management of my estate after my death .... [S]hould either
of my children contest the terms of my Will or the manner in which my
Personal Representative is handling the resolution of my estate, said child
shall receive the sum of ONE DOLLAR ($1.00) and otherwise receive
nothing under this Will.
CP at 3 1. She devised and bequeathed 60 percent of the estate's residue to Kevin and 40
percent to Randy. The residue included Lots 1,3, and 4.
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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
The court appointed Thomas Sawatzki personal representative. Instead of selling
the land and dividing the proceeds, Mr. Sawatzki divided the land between Randy and
Kevin. Kevin ended up with Lots 1,3, and 4.
Mr. Sawatzki knew that those lots had demolition debris on them. He concluded
that the debris did not reduce the land's value, but got several estimates on the cost to
clean up the debris. The estimates indicated that it would cost $15,000 to $43,700 to
remove the debris. Based on those figures, he decided to give Kevin a setoff of $25,000
worth of additional estate property.4 According to Kevin, rather than giving Kevin
anything of value, Mr. Sawatzki artificially inflated the value of personal property already
distributed to Kevin.
Procedural History
The Walla Walla County Health Department ordered that Kevin remove the debris
and properly dispose of it. Nobody had a permit to dump excavation debris on Ms.
Grudzinski's land and the dumping was prohibited by a zoning regulation. Nothing in the
record shows that Walla Walla County has enforced its order.
4 The record also suggest$ that Kevin may have received $43,700 rather than
$25,000. However, Randy agre¢d at the summary judgment hearing and in his appellate
brief that Kevin received $25,00~.
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No. 30795-6-II1
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
Kevin did not clean up the land, but he did sue Randy for the cost of cleanup. He
claimed that he was entitled to relief under the MTCA, damages for negligent injury to
real property, equitable relief ordering Randy to clean up the property, a declaration
quieting title, and a dech"tration of the legal status of an easement for well water.
On February 16,2012, Randy moved for summary judgment on every claim. The
summary judgment hearing was set for March 15,2012, which was 11 days before trial.
Kevin moved to strike the summary judgment hearing as untimely. He argued that it was
prejudicial because it would be impossible to prepare for the summary judgment hearing
and trial 11 days later. The court denied the motion.
At the summary judgment hearing, Kevin conceded that hardened asphalt could
not support an MTCA claim. Counsel for Kevin explained that the MTCA claim did not
include Lot 1 "because of the nature of the material dumped there, which are hardened
asphalt, large volume of trees, tree trunks, and tree stumps and concrete, so forth. None
of that is going to be a MTCA claim." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 24.
The court granted the motion and dismissed every claim except the easement-
related claim. It concluded that there was insufficient evidence of hazardous substances
to support the MTCA claim, Randy did not owe a duty to Kevin or that Ms. Grudzinski's
negligence claim did not pass to!Kevin, that the equities did not support a declaratory
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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
relief, and that there was no cloud on the title. Kevin appeals.
ANALYSIS
We review orders on summary judgment de novo. Michak v. Transnation Title
Ins. Co., 148 Wn.2d 788, 794-95, 64 P.3d 22 (2003). Summary judgment should be
granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact and that the moving party is entitled to a summary judgment as a matter of law."
CR 56(c). We consider all facts and all reasonable inferences from those facts in a light
most favorable to the nonmoving party. Lakey v. Puget Sound Energy, Inc., 176 Wn.2d
909,922,296 P.3d 860 (2013). A genuine issue of material fact exists when reasonable
minds could disagree about the facts controlling the outcome of litigation. Wilson v.
Steinbach, 98 Wn.2d 434,437,656 P.2d 1030 (1982).
MTCA Claim
The MTCA's goal is to protect human and environmental health from
irresponsible use and disposal of hazardous substances. RCW 70.l05D.OIO. The MTCA
allows the Department of Ecology to recover "all remedial action costs and for all natural
resource damages resulting from the releases or threatened releases of hazardous
substances." RCW 70.105D.040(2). Additionally, a landowner liable for clean up costs
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No. 30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
may seek contribution or declaratory relief from other liable parties. RCW
70.105D.040(l)(a), .080. To support a private MTCA claim, the evidence must show that
(l) the plaintiff is responsible for clean up costs, (2) the defendant is a liable party, (3) the
property is a "facility," and (4) there is a release or threatened release of a hazardous
substance. RCW 70.105D.040(l), .080. Once the court concludes that the plaintiff may
recover, it determines the measure of recovery using equitable factors and limits the
recovery to fees and expenses that are the "substantial equivalent of a [Department of
Ecology]-supervised remedial action." RCW 70.105D.080.
Here, the parties dispute whether there was a release of hazardous substances,
whether Randy is a liable party, and whether Kevin is entitled to relief. Because we
conclude that there was no release of hazardous substances, we do not reach the
remaining issues.
Kevin argues that the trial court erred by concluding that there was no evidence of
hazardous substances on the land. "Hazardous substance" is statutorily defined. RCW
70.105D.020(l0), It includes many substances, but the substances most relevant here are
"petroleum products" and "extremely hazardous waste." See RCW 70.105D.020(10)(a),
(d). "Extremely hazardous waste" is any waste "[i]f disposed of at a disposal site in such
I
quantities as would present an ettreme hazard to human beings or the environment."
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No.3079S-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
RCW 70.1 OS.O 1O(7)(b). Other hazardous substances include those that are
highly toxic to or "may affect the genetic make-up of human beings or wildlife,"
RCW 70.l0S.01O(7)(a)(i); have "short-lived, toxic properties that may cause death,
injury, or illness," are "mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic," RCW 70.10S.010(1)(a);
or are "corrosive, explosive, [or] flammable." RCW 70.l0S.010(1)(b).
Kevin contends that there was evidence of hazardous substances on the land.
Specifically, he contends that the Stubblefield Salvage Yard debris, hardened asphalt, and
hydraulic fluid -are all hazardous substances.
Stubblefield Salvage Yard Material. Kevin contends that there was evidence that
this material was a hazardous substance because the evidence showed that the
Stubblefield Salvage Yard was awaiting clean up by the Department of Ecology and the
debris from the salvage yard was on Lots 3 and 4. From that evidence, he contends the
court can infer that there are hazardous substances on the land. Randy responds that there
is no way to know whether hazardous substances are on the land because Kevin failed to
test the land for hazardous substances.
The evidence shows that RGI worked on the Myra Road project with Apollo, the
Myra Road project went througH the salvage yard; RGI and Apollo trucks traveled toward
!
I
Lots 3 and 4 while loaded with ~alvage yard debris; and that the salvage yard was
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No.30795-6-II1
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
awaiting clean up by the Department of Ecology. By all accounts, the debris on Lots 3
and 4 consisted of asphalt, concrete, vegetation, tree stumps, gravel, cast iron, and PVC.
Viewed in a light most favorable to Kevin, this court could infer that material from
the Stubblefield Salvage Yard was on the land. However, this court cannot infer that the
material is hazardous. Perhaps the material would be hazardous if it was in such a
quantity as to present an extreme hazard to human beings or the environment. See
RCW 70.105.010(7)(b). However, there is no evidence to suggest that. Additionally, the
materials were not tested for contamination from hazardous substances that might be, for
example, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, corrosive, explosive, or flammable. See
RCW 70. 105.0 lO(1)(a), (b).
The evidence does not support the conclusion that any debris from the Stubblefield
Salvage Yard is hazardous.
Hydraulic Fluid. Next, Kevin argues that hydraulic fluid is a hazardous
substance. His argument, however, consists only of a conclusory statement that hydraulic
tluid is a hazardous substance. That statement relies on the assumption that hydraulic
fluid is a petroleum product. Petroleum products are hazardous substances.
RCW 70.l05D.020(10)(d).
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No.30795-6-III
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The evidence showed that hydraulic fluid spilled onto the soil, but not that the
fluid was a petroleum product or any other kind of hazardous substance. Indeed, there are
at least four types of hydraulic fluids and only one type is a petroleum product. 5 See U.S.
DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES, PUBLIC HEALTH SERV., AGENCY FOR TOXIC
SUBSTANCES & DISEASE REGISTRY, TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS at
9 (Sept. 1997) (there are mineral oil, organophosphate ester, and polyalphaolefin
hydraulic fluids);6 Dawn Lyons-Johnson, Biodegradable Plant-Based Hydraulic Fluid,
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, Nov. 1998, at 9 (there are plant-based hydraulic fluids).7
Hardened Asphalt. On appeal, Kevin also argues that hardened asphalt is a
hazardous substance. However, this court may refuse to review issues not raised in the
trial court. RAP 2.5(a). At the summary judgment hearing, Kevin conceded that
hardened asphalt could not contribute to his MTCA claim. There, Kevin's counsel
explained that the MTCA claim did not include Lot 1 "because of the nature of the
materials dumped there, which are hardened asphalt, large volume of trees, tree trunks,
5 Thiscourt may take judi~ial notice of facts "not subject to reasonable dispute."
ER 201(b). .
6 Available at http://wwwfatsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiIes/tp99.pdf.
7 Available at http://wwwj.ars.usda.gov/is/ar/archive/nov98/0iII198.pdf.
I
I
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No.30795-6-III
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and tree stumps and concrete, so forth. None ofthat is going to be a MTCA claim."
RP at 24 (emphasis added). Because Kevin did not preserve this issue for appeal, we
need not address it. See RAP 2.5(a).
In sum, Kevin failed to present any evidence of hazardous substances on the land.
There being no genuine issue of material fact on that element, Randy was entitled to
summary judgment as a matter oflaw. See CR 56(c).
Negligence
Kevin next argues that the trial court incorrectly dismissed his negligence claim.
A plaintiff raising negligence must establish four elements: (l) a duty owed to the
plaintiff, (2) breach of that duty by the defendant, (3) resulting injury, and (4) proximate
cause between the breach and the injury. Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoological Soc y, 124
Wn.2d 121, 127-28,875 P.2d 621 (1994). Whether the defendant owed a duty to the
plaintiff is a threshold question. Munich v. Skagit Emergency Commc 'ns Ctr., 175 Wn.2d
871,877,288 P.3d 328 (2012). If the existence of a duty does not depend on disputed
facts and the plaintiff does not establish that a duty exists, then summary judgment is
appropriate. See Hymas v. UAP Distrib., Inc., 167 Wn. App. 136, 150,272 P.3d 889,
review denied, 175 Wn.2d 1006 (2012) (summary judgment inappropriate when duty
depends on disputed facts); Jackson v. City ofSeattle, 158 Wn. App. 647,652,244 P.3d
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No. 30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
425 (2010) (burden of establishing duty is on the plaintiff).
Kevin contends that Randy owed him a duty because Randy owed Ms. Grudzinski
a duty and now Kevin owns her land. Randy responds that he did not owe Kevin a duty
because Kevin did not own the land at the time of Randy's alleged negligent conduct.
While the issue may certainly be framed as one of duty, it might better be framed
as one of standing: Does Kevin have standing to assert Ms. Grudzinski's negligence
claim? Standing is a common law doctrine that prohibits a plaintiff from raising the legal
rights of another. Grant County Fire Prot. Dist. No.5 v. City ofMoses Lake, 150 Wn.2d
791,802,83 P.3d 419 (2004). Generally, a person has standing to raise a claim for injury
to real property only if that person owned the real property at the time of the injury.
Powell v. Superior Portland Cement, Inc., 15 Wn.2d 14, 18, 129 P.2d 536 (1942) ("[T]he
right of action, if any, respondent's grantor may have had for damages to that property ...
did not pass to respondent grantee with conveyance of the property, needs no citation of
sustaining authority."); Scott v. Elliot, 253 Or. 168, 181, 451 P.2d 474 (1969); West v.
Brenntag Sw., Inc., 168 S.W.3d 327,333 (Tex. App. 2005); Beach St. Corp. v. A.P.
Constr. Co., 441 Pa. Super. 639, 641-42, 658 A.2d 379 (1995); Frank C. Minvielle, LLC
v./MC Global Operations, Inc.,:380 F. Supp. 2d 755, 771-72 (W.D. La. 2004). Kevin
does not have standing to assert Ms. Grudzinski's claim.
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No.30795-6-III
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
Kevin also contends that he is entitled to assert Ms. Grudzinski's negligence claim
because of this state's survival statute. See RCW 4.20.046(1). Under the survival statute,
the claim of a decedent survives and passes to the personal representative. Id. The statute
provides:
All causes of action by a person or persons against another person or
persons shall survive to the personal representatives ofthe former and
against the personal representatives of the latter, whether such actions arise
on contract or otherwise, and whether or not such actions would have
survived at the common law or prior to the date of enactment of this
section.
Id. (emphasis added).
There are two problems with Kevin's argument. First, Mr. Sawatzki-not
Kevin-was Ms. Grudzinski's personal representative. He had the discretion to sue
Randy, but chose not to do so. See RCW 11.48.010. Second, the record does not show
that Mr. Sawatzki distributed a negligence claim to Kevin. The claim is not listed in the
inventory and appraisal of the estate or as an asset to be distributed to Kevin. Kevin
points out that Mr. Sawatzki did not formally release the claim either and it therefore
remains an undistributed asset of the estate. If so, a trial court may reissue letters of
administration to dispose of the claim. See RCW 11.76.250. But in the meantime, Ms.
Grudzinski's negligence claim dbes not belong to Kevin.
The court correctly dismissed Kevin's negligence claim.
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No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
Equitable and Quiet Title Claims
Next, Kevin argues that the trial court incorrectly dismissed his equitable and quiet
title claims. Both claims sought an order requiring Randy to clean up the land to the
satisfaction of Walla Walla County and Kevin.
Kevin contends that the trial court erred because he raised a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether Mr. Sawatzki adequately compensated him for the cost of
cleaning up the land. However, that factual issue is immaterial to the court's conclusion
that Kevin was not entitled to equitable relief. The court observed that Ms. Grudzinski's
will appointed a neutral third-party personal representative and contained a no-contest
clause. The court concluded that the will evidenced Ms. Grudzinski's intent to avoid
conflict between Randy and Kevin. It further concluded that Kevin's suit was an attempt
to circumvent the terms of the will and allowing Kevin to do so would be inequitable.
Even assuming that Mr. Sawatzki's setoff was inadequate, the court's conclusion would
apply. There was no genuine issue of material fact that prevented summary judgment on
this issue.
Kevin also contends that the trial court erred by dismissing the claims without
citing to any authority. However, we will not consider arguments that are not supported
by citations to authority. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Joy v. Dep't o/Labor & Indus., 170 Wn. App.
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No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
614,629,285 P.3d 187 (2012), review denied, 176 Wn.2d 1021 (2013). Because Kevin
does not cite to any authority to support his argument, this court will not consider it.
There is no basis to conclude that the court erred by dismissing the equitable and
quiet title claims.
Timeliness ofSummary Judgment Motion
Finally, Kevin contends that the court erred by hearing the summary judgment
motion untimely. A motion for summary judgment "shall be heard more than 14 calendar
days before the date set for trial unless leave of court is granted to allow otherwise."
CR 56(c). An order shortening time between a summary judgment hearing and trial is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State ex ref. Citizens Against Tolls v. Murphy, 151
Wn.2d 226,236,88 P.3d 375 (2004). Shortening time is an abuse of discretion ifit
prejudiced the nonmoving party. ld. To demonstrate prejudice, the nonmoving party
"must show a lack of actual notice, a lack of time to prepare for the motion, and no
opportunity to submit case authority or provide countervailing oral argument." ld. at 236
37.
In Citizens Against Tolls, the plaintiff argued that a summary judgment hearing
eight days prior to trial was prejudicial because it had insufficient time to collect evidence
or file a CR 56(t) motion. ld.; sJe CR 56(t) (the court may refuse to consider a summary
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No.30795-6-II1
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judgment motion if the nonmoving party cannot present affidavit facts to oppose the
summary judgment motion). The court concluded that there was no prejudice because the
plaintiff knew about the issues that might lead to summary judgment months before the
hearing and the uncollected evidence had no value. ld. at 238.
Here, Kevin argued that shortening time prejudiced him because it would be too
hard to prepare for summary judgment and then trial 11 days later. On appeal, he further
explains that he did not have time to file a CR 56(f) motion or conduct more discovery to
address the issues raised by Randy. However, the record shows that Kevin had more than
one month to file a CR 56(f) motion, prepare for summary judgment, and then 11 more
days to prepare for trial. He also never explained what type of evidence he needed to
obtain through additional discovery. Like in Citizens Against Tolls, he has not shown
prejudice.
The court did not abuse its discretion by hearing the summary judgment motion 11
days before trial.
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No. 30795-6-111
Grudzinski v. Grudzinski
We affirm the decision of the trial court.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Kulik, 1.
WE CONCUR:
err
Korsmo, C ..
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