Filed 8/29/13
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, )
)
Plaintiff and Respondent, )
) S182621
v. )
) Ct.App. 5 F057384
LEWIS MARCUS DOWL, )
) Kern County
Defendant and Appellant. ) Super. Ct. No. BF125801A
____________________________________)
The Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (CUA) (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11362.5)1 and the Medical Marijuana Program (MMP; § 11362.7 et seq.)
authorize use of marijuana for medical purposes under certain circumstances. We
granted review in this case to consider issues relating to expert testimony when a
criminal defendant defends against a charge of possession of marijuana for
purposes of sale by introducing evidence that, under these statutes, he legally
possessed the marijuana for medical purposes. Defendant Lewis Marcus Dowl,
who asserted such a defense, contends the evidence at trial was insufficient to
establish his intent to sell because the expert who opined at trial on that subject
lacked experience distinguishing between lawful possession for medical use and
unlawful possession for purposes of sale. Insofar as defendant argues the expert‟s
1 All further unlabeled statutory references are to the Health and Safety
Code.
1
opinion was inadmissible or insufficient because the witness was unqualified, we
find that defendant forfeited the argument by failing to object at trial to the
witness‟s qualifications. Insofar as defendant otherwise contends the evidence is
insufficient to sustain his conviction, we disagree. We therefore affirm the
judgment.
I. Facts
On Saturday, November 29, 2008, a little after 4:00 p.m., two police officers
stopped defendant for playing loud music in his car. Defendant presented his
driver‟s license and a medical marijuana identification (ID) card with an
expiration date of August 21, 2009, and said there was marijuana in the car. A
search revealed $21 in cash, a WD-40 can with a hidden compartment containing
marijuana residue, and a total of over two ounces of marijuana: 17.2 grams in a
single bag in defendant‟s pocket, three grams in each of 10 bags in the driver‟s
door, and 6.5 grams in each of three bags on the backseat. Defendant did not
exhibit signs of being under the influence of marijuana and possessed nothing that
would be used for ingesting marijuana, such as pipes or rolling papers. His belt
buckle read, “CA$H ONLY.” Based on these circumstances, an information
charged defendant with unlawful transportation of marijuana in violation of
section 11360, subdivision (a), and unlawful possession of marijuana for purposes
of sale in violation of section 11359.
At trial, Officer Jason Williamson, who was one of the arresting officers,
testified that in his expert opinion, defendant possessed the marijuana for sale. He
based his opinion on (1) the packaging and location of the marijuana found in the
door and on the backseat, (2) defendant‟s “CA$H ONLY” belt buckle, viewed in
conjunction with the absence of “pay-and-owe” sheets or any written record of
sales transactions, and (3) the fact that defendant was on probation for a prior
conviction for possession of marijuana for sale. Regarding the first circumstance,
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the officer explained: “We have 10 bags all almost exactly three grams in the
driver‟s map compartment of the vehicle. These bags typically sell for about
$5.00 a piece. The price could go up to [$]10 if it‟s extremely good marijuana.
We have three bags which are approximately 6.5 grams each in the backseat, again
packaged with the same materials but double the value of the ones in the door.
And the ones of equal size were kept in different places that I know through my
training and experience to be for quick reference.” Drug dealers “know” the areas
where people go to buy drugs, and “they can drive up to that area and give what
they call curb service. People walk up to the door of their car.” Regarding the
belt buckle, the officer testified that “CA$H ONLY” “[l]et[] people know if they
want marijuana they got to come out with the cash, he‟s not going to front it to
them or take an IOU. It‟s also significant in the fact that it shows his mind-set
regarding the sales of narcotics and the reason why I did not find a pay-and-owe
sheet or a written recordation of sales transactions because he is not giving anyone
credit.” Officer Williamson also testified that, given the totality of the
circumstances, defendant‟s possession of a medical marijuana ID card did not
affect his opinion. He also testified that he had been a police officer for nine
years, had received training in identifying marijuana possessed for personal use
and marijuana possessed for sale, and had received no training in determining the
validity of a medical marijuana ID card.
In his defense, defendant claimed he possessed the marijuana, not unlawfully
for purposes of sale, but lawfully for purposes of medical treatment. According to
the evidence he offered at trial, including his own testimony, he obtained a
prescription for marijuana from his doctor to help with chronic pain and insomnia
related to a 2007 shoulder injury. He obtained a medical marijuana ID card from
the Kern County Health Department in Bakersfield in July 2008, and it was valid
at the time of his arrest. He smoked marijuana in cigars and was carrying a cigar
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“splitter” on his keychain at the time of his arrest. He purchased the marijuana at
a medical marijuana dispensary in Los Angeles, but could not recall the
dispensary‟s name. The marijuana came packaged in a single bag. He divided it
into separate bags, based on the amount he smoked on a daily basis and because
small bags are easier to carry. A small bag would fit into the secret compartment
of the WD-40 can found in his car upon his arrest, which was where he stored his
marijuana at work. There were many bags in the door and on the backseat because
he had been in a rush and had thrown them into the car. He denied selling
marijuana, but admitted having previously been convicted of possession of
marijuana for sale.
The jury convicted defendant of both unlawful transportation and possession
of marijuana. The court sentenced him to three years in prison.
On appeal, defendant argued in relevant part that his convictions should be
reversed because the evidence at trial was insufficient to establish he possessed the
marijuana for purposes of sale. Officer Williamson‟s opinion testimony was not
evidence of this fact, defendant asserted, because he needed, but lacked,
experience in differentiating those who possess marijuana lawfully for medical
purposes from those who possess it unlawfully with the intent to sell.
Defendant relied on two cases: People v. Hunt (1971) 4 Cal.3d 231 (Hunt)
and People v. Chakos (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 357 (Chakos). In Hunt, a jury
convicted the defendant of unlawful possession for sale of a restricted dangerous
drug, methedrine. On appeal, we reversed that conviction for two reasons: (1)
nondisclosure of an informer‟s name; and (2) insufficient evidence. (Hunt, supra,
4 Cal.3d at pp. 237-241.) Regarding the latter ground, we reasoned that, “in the
circumstances of this case,” a police officer‟s testimony that the defendant
possessed methedrine for sale was not “substantial evidence to support the
conviction.” (Id. at p. 237.) We explained: “In cases involving possession of
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marijuana and heroin, it is settled that an officer with experience in the narcotics
field may give his opinion that the narcotics are held for purposes of sale based
upon matters such as quantity, packaging, and the normal use of an individual. On
the basis of such testimony convictions of possession for purposes of sale have
been upheld. [Citations.] [¶] A different situation is presented where an officer
testifies that in his opinion a drug, which can and has been lawfully purchased by
prescription, is being held unlawfully for purposes of sale. In the heroin and
marijuana situations, the officer experienced in the narcotics field is experienced
with the habits of both those who possess for their own use and those who possess
for sale because both groups are engaged in unlawful conduct. As to drugs, which
may be purchased by prescription, the officer may have experience with regard to
unlawful sales but there is no reason to believe that he will have any substantial
experience with the numerous citizens who lawfully purchase the drugs for their
own use as medicine for illness. [¶] In the absence of evidence of some
circumstances not to be expected in connection with a patient lawfully using the
drugs as medicine, an officer‟s opinion that possession of lawfully prescribed
drugs is for purposes of sale is worthy of little or no weight and should not
constitute substantial evidence sufficient to sustain the conviction. No such
special circumstances were shown here as to the methedrine in the blue and white
travel case.” (Id. at pp. 237-238.)
In Chakos, the Court of Appeal held that, under Hunt, when a defendant
offers evidence he lawfully possessed marijuana for medical purposes, a police
officer‟s opinion testimony that the defendant possessed the marijuana for sale
does not constitute substantial evidence to convict unless the officer has “expertise
in distinguishing lawful patterns of possession from unlawful patterns of holding
for sale.” (Chakos, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 367.) The court found that the
testifying officer in Chakos “was unqualified to render an expert opinion” because
5
“[t]he record fail[ed] to show” he was “any more familiar than the average
layperson or the members of this court with the patterns of lawful possession for
medicinal use that would allow him to differentiate them from unlawful
possession for sale.” (Id. at pp. 368-369, some italics omitted.)
In opposing defendant‟s appeal, the People argued they had qualified
Officer Williamson at trial as an expert on possession of marijuana for sale, and
cited his trial testimony that he had specific training in the difference between
possession of marijuana for personal use and possession for sale.
The Court of Appeal rejected defendant‟s argument and affirmed his
convictions, finding that Chakos had erred in applying Hunt. The court held that
Officer Williamson “was not required to additionally qualify as a medical
marijuana expert in order to render a valid opinion that the marijuana found in
defendant‟s possession was possessed for sales.” Hunt is distinguishable, the
court reasoned, because the CUA, unlike the statute at issue in Hunt, “provides an
affirmative defense.” Chakos, the court further reasoned, is “inconsistent with the
nature” of that “affirmative defense”; it “improperly reallocates” to the
prosecution the burden of proof on the CUA defense by “requiring the
prosecution‟s narcotics expert to also qualify as a medical marijuana expert in
order to opine that marijuana in a defendant‟s possession is possessed for sales.”
The court thus held that “a police officer need not qualify as a medical marijuana
expert in order to render an opinion that marijuana being possessed is possessed
for sales in cases where the defendant raises an affirmative defense under” the
CUA. It found that “the presence of the marijuana in defendant‟s car, combined
with Officer Williamson‟s expert opinion that the circumstances of defendant‟s
possession were consistent with unlawful sales, constituted substantial evidence
supporting defendant‟s convictions for transporting and possessing marijuana for
sales.”
6
We granted defendant‟s petition for review and requested briefing on
several additional issues, including the effect on this appeal of defendant‟s failure
to object at trial to Officer Williamson‟s qualifications to render an opinion on
defendant‟s intent to sell the marijuana.
II. Discussion
California‟s statutes specify that, except as authorized or provided by law,
it is a crime to possess marijuana (§ 11357), to cultivate, harvest, dry, or process it
(§ 11358), to possess it for sale (§ 11359), to transport, import, sell, administer, or
furnish it (§ 11360), or to give it away (id.).
California‟s statutes also contain several medical-related exceptions to this
criminal liability. The CUA, which California voters adopted in 1996, provides
that the laws prohibiting possession and cultivation of marijuana — sections
11357 and 11358, respectively — “shall not apply to a patient, or to a patient‟s
primary caregiver, who possesses or cultivates marijuana for the personal medical
purposes of the patient upon the written or oral recommendation or approval of a
physician.” (§ 11362.5, subd. (d).) This statute “provides an affirmative defense
to the crimes” sections 11357 and 11358 define: possessing and cultivating
marijuana. (People v. Wright (2006) 40 Cal.4th 81, 84 (Wright).) A defendant
may invoke it by introducing at trial evidence that raises a reasonable doubt as to
the facts underlying the CUA defense. (People v. Mower (2002) 28 Cal.4th 457,
464, 479-483.)
“Almost immediately after the CUA became effective, questions arose
about whether it provided a defense to marijuana-related offenses” other than the
two “specified in its text”: possession of marijuana under section 11357 and
cultivating marijuana under section 11358. (Wright, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 90.)
For example, a split of published authority developed as to whether the CUA
7
established a defense to one of the crimes of which defendant was convicted here:
transporting marijuana (§ 11360). (Wright, supra, at pp. 90-92.)
In 2003, to settle this question, and others surrounding the CUA, the
Legislature enacted the MMP (§ 11362.7 et seq.). (See Wright, supra, 40 Cal.4th
at p. 92.) Under that program, those who provide documentation from an
“attending physician” that they have “been diagnosed with [certain] serious
medical condition[s] and that the medical use of marijuana is appropriate”
(§ 11362.715, subd. (a)(2)) may obtain an “identification card that identifies” them
as “a person authorized to engage in the medical use of marijuana” (§ 11362.71,
subd. (d)(3)). The MMP further specifies that a person who (1) “transports or
processes marijuana for his or her own personal medical use” (§ 11362.765, subd.
(b)(1)) and (2) either has an identification card or does not have one but is
“entitled to” the CUA‟s “protections” (see § 11362.7, subd. (f) [defining “qualified
patient”]), “shall not be subject, on that sole basis, to criminal liability under
Section 11357 [possession of marijuana], 11358 [cultivation of marijuana], 11359
[possession for sale], 11360 [transportation], 11366 [maintaining a place for the
sale, giving away, or use of marijuana], 11366.5 [making available premises for
the manufacture, storage or distribution of controlled substances], or 11570
[abatement of nuisance created by premises used for manufacture, storage or
distribution of controlled substance].” (§ 11362.765, subd. (a).)
As noted above, defendant argued at trial that he possessed the marijuana
not for purposes of sale, but for legally authorized medical use. On appeal, he
argues that, because the evidence he introduced at trial raised a reasonable doubt
as to his lawful medical use claim, the prosecution had to call a witness with
“expertise in distinguishing unlawful possession . . . from lawful possession” for
medical purposes, “if there would not be substantial evidence to support
conviction without such an expert.” Here, defendant continues, we must reverse
8
his conviction because Officer Williamson, who testified regarding defendant‟s
intent, lacked the expertise to distinguish between lawful and unlawful possession,
and “there was no other substantial evidence to support a conviction.” “[B]ecause
he had insufficient expertise regarding lawful possession for medical use,” his
opinion cannot “constitute substantial evidence” of intent to sell.
The precise legal basis of defendant‟s attack on the sufficiency of the
officer‟s opinion testimony is somewhat unclear. At several points in his opening
brief, he argued that, because of the officer‟s lack of expertise, the testimony
lacked “adequate foundation.” Later, in his reply brief, he argued that the problem
is one of “admissibility”; the testimony, he asserts, “cannot go to the weight of
evidence on the possession for sales issue” because it “is not based on sufficient
knowledge so as to meet the threshold standard of admissibility.” After we
requested supplemental briefing on the consequences of his failure to object at trial
to the officer‟s qualifications, defendant asserted that the problem is not one of
“admissibility” but simply of insufficient evidence. Regardless of its
admissibility, he argued, the testimony cannot constitute substantial evidence
because the record fails to show the officer had adequate experience with lawful
possession of marijuana for medical purposes.
Insofar as defendant argues the evidence failed to meet the test of
admissibility, his failure at trial to object on this ground precludes him from
asserting it on appeal. We have long and repeatedly held that a defendant who
fails at trial to object that a witness lacks the qualifications to render an expert
opinion may not on appeal contest the opinion‟s admissibility. (People v.
Gonzalez (2006) 38 Cal.4th 932, 948; People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395 ,
477-478; People v. Farnam (2002) 28 Cal.4th 107, 161-162; People v. Bolin
(1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 321.) This rule helps the trial court “take steps to prevent
error from infecting the remainder of the trial” and to develop an adequate record.
9
(People v. Williams (2008) 43 Cal.4th 584, 624.) “Equally important,” it
“afford[s] the prosecution the opportunity to . . . provide additional foundation for
the admission of evidence . . . .” (Ibid.) It thus ensures that the party offering the
evidence has an opportunity to address any objection and “ „prevents a party from
engaging in gamesmanship by choosing not to object, awaiting the outcome, and
then claiming error.‟ ” (Ibid.)
The reasons for the forfeiture rule fully apply on the record here.
Defendant argues that, during his trial testimony, Officer Williamson did not
describe any specific training regarding lawful possession of marijuana for
medical purposes. However, the record shows that Officer Williamson was never
asked about such training at trial. It also shows that, on cross-examination at the
preliminary hearing, defense counsel elicited testimony from the officer regarding
his training in this area. On this subject, Officer Williamson testified at the
preliminary hearing as follows: (1) he had received “in-field training on people
possessing marijuana for medical use”; (2) he had “seen marijuana purchased from
a dispensary and it was most often put in like prescription bottles with a label on it
and so forth”; (3) he had received training or experience in how marijuana is
packaged when sold for medical use and had “[run] into people who actually
purchased from a dispensary that had marijuana packaged in that fashion with
labels that said what it was, where it was from, who it was for”; and (4) he
understood that those possessing a medical marijuana ID card use “about a gram
or less” each time they use it. This testimony at the preliminary hearing suggests
that defendant‟s later failure at trial to object to Officer‟s Williamson‟s
qualifications may have been “part of a tactical strategy on his part to avoid”
further testimony regarding the officer‟s expertise, either to avoid enhancing the
officer‟s credibility or as part of a “gamble” that some error regarding the
testimony‟s admission would “provide grounds for reversal.” (People v. Coleman
10
(1988) 46 Cal.3d 749, 778, 777.) Because a party offering expert testimony need
not establish the witness‟s qualifications absent an objection (Evid. Code, § 720;
People v. Hogan (1982) 31 Cal.3d 815, 852), defendant‟s failure to object at trial
eliminated the incentive of the prosecution “to provide additional testimony to lay
a foundation for [Officer Williamson‟s] testimony” (People v. Coleman, supra, 46
Cal.3d at p. 778) and of the trial court to “take steps to prevent error from infecting
the remainder of the trial” and to develop an adequate record. (People v. Williams,
supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 624.) He therefore cannot now challenge on appeal the
testimony‟s admissibility based on the officer‟s qualifications. 2
It follows from this conclusion, and from other basic principles of
California law, that defendant also may not now obtain reversal by having a
reviewing court declare on appeal, as a matter of substantial evidence review, that
Officer Williamson was unqualified to render an opinion at trial regarding
defendant‟s intent to sell. If there is an objection at trial to a proffered expert‟s
qualifications, the determination of whether the witness is qualified to testify as an
expert is a question for the trial court, not the jury. (People v. Davis (1965) 62
Cal.2d 791, 800; Huffman v. Lindquist (1951) 37 Cal.2d 465, 476.) A trial court‟s
2 At the preliminary hearing, after Officer Williamson opined that defendant
possessed the marijuana for purposes of sale, defendant‟s counsel stated:
“Objection, lack of foundation.” Even were this objection sufficient to constitute a
challenge to the officer‟s expertise (compare People v. Roberts (1992) 2 Cal.4th
271, 298 [defendant who made “lack of foundation” objection to expert testimony
“never sought to challenge the witnesses‟ qualifications as experts”] with Lemley
v. Doak Gas Engine Co. (1919) 40 Cal.App. 146, 154-155 [Supreme Court
opinion on denial of petition for hearing stating that lack of foundation objection
“fairly presented the question of the sufficiency of the evidence as to the expert
qualifications of the witness”]), defendant‟s failure to reassert the objection at trial
forfeited the issue for appeal. (See People v. Zambrano (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1082,
1139.)
11
determination that a witness is qualified to testify “is binding on” the jury,
although jurors may consider any evidence of the witness‟s qualifications in
determining the weight to give the testimony. (Cal. Law Revision Com. com.,
29B pt. 2 West‟s Ann. Evid. Code (1995 ed.) § 720 , p. 316; see also Bossert v.
Southern Pacific Co. (1916) 172 Cal. 504, 506; Fairbank v. Hughson (1881) 58
Cal. 314, 315.) While an appellate court may review the trial court‟s decision, it
may reverse only for an abuse of discretion, and must uphold the ruling unless
“ „ “the evidence shows that a witness clearly lacks qualification as an
expert . . . .” ‟ ” (People v. Chavez 1985) 39 Cal.3d 823, 828.) In light of these
principles, defendant, by failing to object, has forfeited appellate review of
whether the evidence is sufficient to establish that Officer Williamson was
qualified to testify as an expert that defendant possessed the marijuana for
purposes of sale.3
Nevertheless, despite his failure to object, defendant may argue on appeal
that the evidence put before the jury at trial — including the officer‟s opinion
testimony — was insufficient to establish he possessed the marijuana for purposes
of sale. (Tahoe National Bank v. Phillips (1971) 4 Cal.3d 11, 23, fn. 17
[“contention that a judgment is not supported by substantial evidence” is an
“exception” to the rule that “points not urged in the trial court cannot be raised on
appeal”].)
3 Contrary to the assertion in the concurring opinion, we do not hold that
defendant has forfeited his claim that the officer's lack of expertise “rendered his
opinion insufficient „as a matter of substantial evidence.‟ ” (Conc. opn. of
Werdegar, J., post, at p. 2.) Rather, we hold that defendant has forfeited any claim
that the officer was unqualified to testify as an expert that defendant possessed the
marijuana for purposes of sale, even if presented as a substantial evidence
argument. As our subsequent discussion demonstrates, defendant remains free to
argue on appeal about the weight to which that testimony was entitled.
12
However, having reviewed the record, we reject defendant‟s argument. We
begin by reiterating that the jury heard not only Officer Williamson‟s opinion
regarding defendant‟s intent, but also the officer‟s testimony regarding the various
circumstances that, in his experience, were consistent with that conclusion.
Notably, although contesting the officer‟s ultimate opinion regarding defendant‟s
intent, defendant does not challenge the officer‟s expertise in identifying for the
jury circumstances that are generally consistent with an intent to sell. On the
contrary, defendant concedes that the officer “had significant experience and
training in distinguishing between marijuana possessed for personal use and
possession [of] marijuana for sale,” such that he could identify “different factors
that would be considered when somebody is running a sales operation as opposed
to just using it for personal enjoyment.” Indeed, consistent with the officer‟s
testimony regarding the circumstances on which he based his opinion, defendant
concedes that the “factors” that “typically” or “normally indicate sales” of
marijuana include “large quantity,” “baggies,” and “the number of packages found
containing marijuana.”
Defendant‟s concessions are understandable given the evidence at trial.
Regarding Officer Williamson‟s expertise, the jury heard the following testimony:
(1) before his hiring in March 1999 as a reserve police officer, Officer Williamson
“attended a year and a half long reserve police academy, the extended version, . . .
where [he] received several hours of training in drug recognition, people
possessing drugs for personal use, people possessing drugs for the purpose of
sales, signs and symptoms of people being under the influence of various drugs,
paraphernalia associated with ingesting various drugs, and in each one of those
categories to some extent with marijuana”; (2) after his March 1999 hiring, he
entered “a field training program . . . with a senior police officer where [he] ran
into many people in the street that were in possession of marijuana; in possession
13
of rolling papers, pipes, various items used for ingesting marijuana; people
possessing marijuana for the purpose of sales, and either handled those
investigations or was present while other officers handled those investigations”;
(3) after being hired full-time in August 1999, he was “put back through a full-
time police academy at the Bakersfield Police Department Law Enforcement
Training Center where [he] received more hours of instruction on drug
recognition, people possessing drugs for personal use, people possessing drugs for
the purpose of sales, paraphernalia associated with the ingestion of various drugs,
and in each one of those areas dealt to some extent with marijuana”; (4) after
graduating from that program in December 1999, he “entered into a full-time field
training program . . . with three different senior police officers, where [he] saw
many more people in possession of marijuana, people possessing marijuana for
personal use, and people possessing marijuana for the purposes of sales”: (5) since
then, he had “made many, many arrests of people in possession of marijuana,
several arrests for people possessing marijuana for the purpose of sales”; and (6)
he received training in the difference between possession of marijuana for
personal use and possession of marijuana for the purposes of sale, which
“consisted of different factors that would be taken into consideration when
somebody is running a sales operation as opposed to just using it for personal
enjoyment, to include amount, packaging, how marijuana is typically distributed
on the street, the average prices that marijuana goes for, how to tell slight
differences in quality of marijuana by looking at it and smelling it.”
Regarding the circumstances supporting the officer‟s opinion, as noted
above, the jury heard evidence that police found 10 bags, each containing three
grams of marijuana, in the driver‟s door of defendant‟s car and three bags, each
containing “approximately 6.5 grams” of marijuana, on the backseat, “packaged
with the same materials” as the bags in the door. Officer Williamson testified that
14
bags of the size found in the door “typically sell for about $5.00 a piece,” and
could sell for as much as $10 if they contain “extremely good marijuana.” Bags of
the size found on the backseat sell for “double the value of” the three-gram bags
found “in the door.” Based on his training and experience, the officer also
explained that bags “of equal size [are] kept in different places . . . for quick
reference.” Drug dealers “know” the areas where people go to buy drugs, and
“they can drive up to that area and give what they call curb service. People walk
up to the door of their car.” Notably, defendant testified that he himself had taken
all of the marijuana out of one bag, packaged it in the bags the police found —
deciding both the number of bags and the amount to put in each — and placed the
bags at various places in the car. Defendant was wearing a belt buckle that read
“CA$H ONLY,” which the officer testified both suggested that defendant intended
to sell the marijuana and explained why there was no written record of sales
transactions. According to Officer Williamson, the belt buckle “[l]et[] people
know if they want marijuana they got to come out with the cash, he‟s not going to
front it to them or take an IOU.” Defendant possessed no paraphernalia associated
with personal use of marijuana and showed no signs of having used it. He had a
prior conviction for possession of marijuana for purposes of sale. Officer
Williamson testified that he based his opinion regarding defendant‟s intent to sell
the marijuana on all of these circumstances.
In addition, evidence before the jury regarding defendant‟s financial
circumstances further supported the officer‟s opinion. From May 2007 until his
arrest in November 2008, defendant‟s wages as a part-time baby-sitter — roughly
$100 to $300 per month — were his only income. In terms of expenses, defendant
testified he paid about $1,500 for his car; paid for his gas and his food; paid his
mother over $100 a month for rent; “help[ed] from time to time” with his mother‟s
electric bill; paid for his own marijuana, which he had been using daily for about
15
10 years, since age 15; and paid $200 for the marijuana he possessed when the
police arrested him. The prosecution highlighted this testimony during closing
argument, commenting: “You heard testimony that the defendant makes
anywhere from $100 to $300 a month baby-sitting and that that‟s his only form of
income. You also heard that he pays $100 a month in rent to his mom. He takes
care of his own food. He takes care of putting gas in his car and maintaining the
vehicle. He also told you he spent $200 purchasing the marijuana. There‟s the
$300 bucks. So where is he getting the rest of the money that he needs to make it
through the month? By selling marijuana.”
To be sure, defendant offered explanations for some of these circumstances,
but the jurors did not have to believe them. Indeed, based on the evidence before
them, there were valid reasons not to. For example, defendant testified he pleaded
guilty in 2007 to possession of marijuana for purposes of sale only because he had
been threatened, but he refused at trial to identify the persons who purportedly
threatened him and he testified he had never told anyone about the supposed
threat. He testified he purchased the marijuana at a dispensary in Los Angeles, but
he could not remember the dispensary‟s name. He testified he “just threw” the
bags into the car because he “was in a rush,” but did not explain where he was
going, why he was in a rush, or how 13 hurriedly thrown bags ended up neatly
segregated in two places based on the amount of marijuana they contained, with
10 bags, each containing an amount that sells for $5, within easy reach in the
driver‟s door, and three bags on the backseat, each containing an amount having
double that value. He testified he was using the marijuana for an injury he
sustained in May 2007, but he did not obtain his medical marijuana ID card until
July 2008, after his October 2007 possession for sale conviction.
On this record, the evidence before the jury was not insufficient regarding
defendant‟s intent to sell merely because none of it specifically referenced Officer
16
Williamson‟s experience with the legal use of marijuana for medical purposes.
Notably, defendant never asserted otherwise at trial; he never made an issue of the
officer‟s expertise or argued to the jurors that they should disbelieve the officer‟s
testimony because the evidence failed to show he had any experience with the
legal use of marijuana for medical purposes. On the contrary, during closing
argument, defendant emphasized the officer‟s expertise, arguing that, because of
his law enforcement experience, he had assumed from the circumstances before
him — a “young Black man” playing “his radio real loud” and “packaged”
marijuana — that defendant intended to sell the marijuana, and had discounted all
indications inconsistent with that assumption.
The facts supporting the officer‟s opinion, as detailed above, distinguish
this case from Hunt, supra, 4 Cal.3d 231. There, in reversing a conviction for
unlawful possession for sale of methedrine, this court found that none of the
circumstances on which the testifying officer based his opinion regarding the
defendant‟s intent to sell — “ „the quantity involved, the over-all street value,
[and] the normal use by an individual‟ ” — supported that conclusion. (Id. at p.
238.) Our opinion explained: “Under [the officer‟s] own testimony, the use by an
individual could be up to 8 ccs. a day. The quantity [the defendant possessed] was
less than 120 ccs. and could have been as little as a two-week supply. The street
value seems immaterial. The fact that medicine purchased lawfully at reasonable
prices may demand a much greater price in the illegal market furnishes no reason
to suppose that a possession of a two-week supply of the drug pursuant to
prescription is held for profit rather than use.” (Ibid.) By contrast, as explained
above, the circumstances surrounding defendant‟s possession did “furnish[]”
(ibid.) valid reasons for the officer‟s opinion. For this reason, defendant‟s reliance
on Hunt is unavailing.
17
Also unavailing is his reliance on Chakos, supra, 158 Cal.App.4th 357. As
noted above, in finding insufficient evidence, the court there reasoned that, under
Hunt, the testifying officer was “unqualified to render an expert opinion”
regarding the defendant‟s intent (id. at p. 369, first italics added) because the
record showed he “had only the most tenuous knowledge of the patterns of lawful
possession of marijuana under state law” (id. at p. 359). However, Hunt nowhere
states that the officer who testified in that case was unqualified to render an
opinion. It held that, because the record offered no “reason to believe” the
testifying officer had “any substantial experience with the numerous citizens who
lawfully purchase [methedrine] for their own use as medicine for illness,” his
opinion that the defendant possessed that drug for purposes of sale was, combined
with the factual circumstances of that possession, insufficient evidence of the
defendant‟s intent. (Hunt, supra, 4 Cal.3d at pp. 237-238.) Moreover, the Chakos
court, having reviewed the record for substantial evidence, was not convinced that
the circumstances surrounding the defendant‟s possession supported the testifying
officer‟s opinion. The officer “laid great stress on the fact that” there was a single
bag in the defendant‟s backpack containing a “precise amount” — “a quarter-
ounce” — that was “consistent with drug dealing.” (Chakos, at p. 368.) However,
the court continued, the officer also found bags and jars containing “irregular
amounts” in the defendant‟s closet, a circumstance which, based on the officer‟s
own testimony, a reasonable trier of fact could view as being “inconsistent with
dealing and . . . consistent with lawful use under the [CUA].” (Ibid.) Such an
inference, the court reasoned, was indeed “intuitive because, while marijuana may
be lawfully possessed under the [CUA], it is not exactly easily obtainable in open,
licit circumstances.” (Ibid.) In the court‟s view, the “[p]ractical difficulties [in]
obtaining the drug” could explain not only the irregular amounts, but also why
defendant had a gram scale in his closet — to ensure that the legal medical user
18
does not possess more than the maximum amount the CUA permits — and why,
as a lawful, medical user, he had “an extra supply on hand within the legal
amount.” (Ibid.) As explained above, we find that, in this case, the circumstances
surrounding the possession do support the officer‟s testimony. Thus, without
deciding whether we would have reached the same conclusion in Chakos, we find
that case distinguishable.
III. Disposition
For reasons set forth above, we affirm the Court of Appeal‟s judgment.
CHIN, J.
WE CONCUR:
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C.J.
KENNARD, J.
BAXTER, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
LIU, J.
19
CONCURRING OPINION BY WERDEGAR, J.
I concur in the court‟s judgment affirming the judgment of the Court of
Appeal. I write separately to state my view regarding the impact of the procedural
forfeiture created by defendant‟s failure to object at trial to the testimony of a
prosecution expert on distinguishing possession of marijuana for sale from
possession for personal use.
As the majority states, defendant contends the evidence at trial was
insufficient to establish possession of marijuana for sale (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11359) because the expert who opined on that subject at trial, one of the
arresting officers, lacked training and experience distinguishing between lawful
possession for medical use, which defendant advanced as a defense, and unlawful
possession for purposes of sale. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 1.) I concur fully in the
court‟s rejection of this insufficient evidence claim. Despite defendant‟s claim he
possessed the marijuana only for his personal medical use, the trial record is
replete with evidence of circumstances “not to be expected in connection with a
patient lawfully using the drugs as medicine” (People v. Hunt (1971) 4 Cal.3d 231,
238 (Hunt)), circumstances on which both the police officer testifying as a
prosecution expert and the jury itself could reasonably rely for the conclusion the
marijuana was possessed for sale.
I also agree that defendant, by failing to object at trial to admission of the
officer‟s opinion on possession for sale, has forfeited any claim the opinion was
1
erroneously admitted. (Maj. opn., ante, at pp. 9-11.) Speculation on defense
counsel‟s possible tactical reasons for not objecting is beside the point. (See maj.
opn., ante, at p. 10.) Under Evidence Code section 353, subdivision (a), the lack
of an objection precludes any claim of erroneous admission regardless of whether
counsel was deliberately sandbagging, thought the objection futile, or was merely
inattentive. Nor does it appear, as the majority suggests, that defendant‟s failure to
object eliminated any incentive for the prosecution to buttress the officer‟s
qualifications as an expert. (See maj. opn., ante, at p. 11.) Informing the jury of
the officer‟s special expertise in medical marijuana use would have added force
and weight to his opinion and would have greatly reduced the likelihood of an
insufficient evidence claim under Hunt, supra, 4 Cal.3d 231. Defendant‟s failure
to object bars him from complaining on appeal about admission of the officer‟s
opinion, but it does not make him responsible for any weaknesses in the evidence
the People chose to put on.
Nor can I agree with the majority that the absence of a trial objection
precludes defendant from arguing the officer‟s lack of expertise in medical
marijuana rendered his opinion insufficient “as a matter of substantial evidence
review.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 11, italics added.) The majority acknowledges that
while admissibility of an expert opinion is for the court to decide, the jury may
still consider the expert‟s qualifications in determining the weight to be given his
or her opinion. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 12; see Seneris v. Haas (1955) 45 Cal.2d
811, 833 [“Where a witness has disclosed sufficient knowledge of the subject to
entitle his opinion to go to the jury, the question of the degree of his knowledge
goes more to the weight of the evidence than its admissibility”]; accord, People v.
Eubanks (2011) 53 Cal.4th 110, 140.) The jury thus remains free, notwithstanding
the trial court‟s decision on admissibility, to decide that a prosecution expert‟s
relative lack of knowledge on a particular point reduces the probative force of his
2
or her opinion below the level needed to prove a fact in issue beyond a reasonable
doubt.
As the majority also acknowledges, a claim of insufficient evidence
requires no trial objection for its preservation. (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 12; see
People v. Butler (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1119, 1126.) Substantial evidence to support a
criminal verdict being evidence that is “reasonable, credible, and of solid value”
(People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 578), it follows that despite the absence
of an objection to the testimony, an appellate court, reviewing the record for
substantial evidence to support the verdict, may conclude a prosecution expert‟s
relative lack of knowledge on a particular point renders his or her opinion
insufficiently solid to constitute substantial evidence of guilt, even when taken
with the other evidence presented. That is precisely the conclusion this court
reached in Hunt, supra, 4 Cal.3d at pages 237-238. Defendant, in challenging the
sufficiency of the evidence to support his possession for sale conviction on the
ground of the officer‟s lack of specific expertise, simply urges us to follow Hunt
and reach the same conclusion here.
Of course, that defendant‟s contention is procedurally proper does not mean
it succeeds on the merits. While the prosecution did not present evidence at trial
of the officer‟s special training and experience with medical marijuana use, the
significant evidence of his expertise that was presented (see maj. opn., ante, at
pp. 13-14), together with the circumstances of possession upon which his opinion
was based (id., pp. 14-15), gave the expert opinion here the substantial probative
force we found lacking in Hunt. The majority therefore correctly rejects
defendant‟s claim of insufficient evidence on its merits.
WERDEGAR, J.
3
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.
Name of Opinion People v. Dowl
__________________________________________________________________________________
Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 183 Cal.App.4th 702
Rehearing Granted
__________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion No. S182621
Date Filed: August 29, 2013
__________________________________________________________________________________
Court: Superior
County: Kern
Judge: Kenneth C. Twisselman II
__________________________________________________________________________________
Counsel:
Michelle May and John R. Hargreaves, under appointments by the Supreme Court, and Thomas M.
Singman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Carlos A. Martinez, Catherine Chatman,
Jeffrey Grant and David A. Rhodes, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):
John R. Hargreaves
Central California Appellate Program
2407 J Street, Suite 301
Sacramento, CA 95816
(916) 441-3792
Jeffrey Grant
Deputy Attorney General
1300 I Street, Suite 125
Sacramento, CA 94244-2550
(916) 327-6751