IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: _____________
Filing Date: August 29, 2013
Docket No. 28,897
MARVIN L. RIST AND LEE RIST,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
THE DESIGN CENTER AT FLOOR
CONCEPTS,
Defendant-Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DONA ANA COUNTY
Jerald A. Valentine, District Judge
Scherr & Legate, LLC
Connie Quintero
El Paso, Texas
for Appellants
Holt, Babington, Mynatt, P.C.
Matthew P. Holt
Las Cruces, NM
for Appellee
OPINION
ZAMORA, Judge.
{1} Marvin and Lee Rist (Plaintiffs) were dismissed from their jobs at The Design
Center at Floor Concepts (Defendant) in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Plaintiffs alleged that
they were punished for not participating in religious activities at the invitation of
Defendant’s owners. Plaintiffs filed suit under the New Mexico Human Rights Act
(NMHRA), NMSA 1978, §§ 28-1-1 to -15 (1969, as amended through 2007), alleging
discrimination. After Plaintiffs’ presentation of their case, the district court granted
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dispositive defense motions for directed verdict. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
{2} Defendant hired Plaintiffs in the fall of 2006. Lee Rist, the son, was first hired as a
polisher of granite but was quickly trained for and promoted to the position of templater.
Marvin Rist, the father, was hired to manage the operations. Defendant’s two owners are
members of the Jehovah’s Witness faith, as were some of its employees, and Plaintiffs, who
are of a different faith, allege that they were the targets of proselytizing efforts by the owners
and other employees. Following several such overtures, Plaintiffs were invited to attend a
religious service around Easter in April 2007. After Marvin told the owners to stop urging
Lee to attend religious events, both Plaintiffs say they were ostracized by the owners and
fellow workers. Subsequently, Lee was required to work as a templater and a polisher, and
Marvin alleges that he was stymied in his efforts to do his job by uncooperative salespeople.
In June 2007, two months after the last incident involving a dispute over religion, Plaintiffs
were fired along with one other employee in what Defendant said was a reduction in the
work force as a result of a decrease in business. Defendant also claims that Plaintiffs were
ineffective in their jobs.
{3} Plaintiffs filed complaints with the federal Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (the EEOC). Both ignored requests for information from the EEOC. Eventually,
the EEOC issued right-to-sue letters to Plaintiffs. The complaints with the EEOC were cross-
filed with the New Mexico Human Rights Division (the Division). Plaintiffs did not receive
a letter of nondetermination from the Division.
{4} After receiving their right-to-sue letters from the EEOC, Plaintiffs filed this action,
alleging “wrongful termination” and unlawfully discriminatory practice under the NMHRA,
Section 28-1-7(A). After Plaintiffs presented their case, Defendant moved for directed
verdicts. The district court granted the motions for: (1) lack of subject matter jurisdiction
resulting from Plaintiffs’ failure to exhaust administrative remedies, (2) Plaintiffs’ failure
to allege a cause of action for the common law tort of retaliatory discharge, (3) Plaintiffs’
request for punitive damages, and (4) Plaintiffs’ claims against the two owners of the
business individually. Plaintiffs appealed.
DISCUSSION
{5} Plaintiffs raise six issues. They contend that the district court erred by: (1) directing
a verdict against them because they failed to exhaust their administrative remedies, (2)
concluding that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, (3) concluding that Plaintiffs
failed to allege a claim for the tort of retaliatory discharge, (4) dismissing their claims for
punitive damages, and (5) failing to consider the record as a whole when dismissing the
complaint and directing a verdict for Defendant.
{6} The sixth issue has become moot. This last issue involved the district court’s
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dismissal of the complaint against the individual owners of Defendant because of Plaintiffs’
failure to identify them as respondents in the underlying charge filed with the EEOC. After
a discharge of all liabilities in the United States Bankruptcy Court and supplemental briefs
filed by both parties addressing the effect, if any, the discharge had on Plaintiffs’ appeal, this
Court issued an order dismissing the individual owners with prejudice.
I. Standard of Review
{7} A district court should not grant a motion for directed verdict unless it is clear that
“the facts and inferences are so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of the moving party
that the judge believes that reasonable people could not arrive at a contrary result.” Melnick
v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 1988-NMSC-012, ¶ 11, 106 N.M. 726, 749 P.2d 1105. “A
directed verdict is appropriate only when there are no true issues of fact to be presented to
a jury. . . . The sufficiency of evidence presented to support a legal claim or defense is a
question of law for the [district] court to decide.” Sunwest Bank of Clovis, N.A. v. Garrett,
1992-NMSC-002, ¶ 9, 113 N.M. 112, 823 P.2d 912 (citations omitted). We review de novo
the district court’s decision on a motion for a directed verdict. McNeill v. Burlington Res. Oil
& Gas Co., 2008-NMSC-022, ¶ 36, 143 N.M. 740, 182 P.3d 121.
II. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
{8} Plaintiffs contend that they each engaged in the administrative process by timely
filing their complaints with the EEOC, which were cross-filed with the Division, per
administrative procedure, thereby exhausting their administrative remedies. Cf. 9.1.1.8(F)(2)
NMAC (10/1/01) (recognizing “a complaint filed with any duly authorized civil rights
agency holding a work sharing agreement or memorandum of understanding with the
[D]ivision shall be deemed to have filed with the [D]ivision as of the date [it] was filed with
any of these agencies”). Complaints filed with the EEOC are deemed properly filed with the
Division. Mitchell-Carr v. McLendon, 1999-NMSC-025, ¶ 18, 127 N.M. 282, 980 P.2d 65;
see Sabella v. Manor Care, Inc., 1996-NMSC-014, ¶ 12, 121 N.M. 596, 915 P.2d 901 (noting
that the EEOC is an agent of the Division for purposes of filing charges of discrimination
pursuant to NMHRA). While filing a complaint with the EEOC puts the matter properly
before the Division, meeting those filing requirements means only that a complainant may
then proceed through the grievance process either under federal or state law. Mitchell-Carr,
1999-NMSC-025, ¶ 18. Plaintiffs in this case chose to proceed under state law.1
{9} When electing to proceed with a complaint under state law, a person is bound by the
NMHRA. It is the Division’s grievance procedure that controls the resolution of a complaint.
Id. ¶ 16. After a complaint has been filed, the director of the Division is required to advise
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Defendant raises the issue of whether Plaintiffs acted in good faith in cooperating
with the investigation by the EEOC of the discrimination complaint. Because Plaintiffs
decided to proceed with their complaint under state law, we decline to address.
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the respondent of the complaint, promptly investigate the alleged act(s), and determine
whether probable cause exists for the complaint. Section 28-1-10(B). If the director finds
probable cause does not exist, the complaint is dismissed. Id. If it is found that probable
cause exists, the director attempts to achieve a resolution of the complaint. Section 28-1-
10(C).
{10} Compliance with the administrative process is a prerequisite to filing a claim in
district court. A complainant “may request and shall receive an order of nondetermination
from the director” and “[t]he order of nondetermination may be appealed.” Section 28-1-
10(D). A person can only appeal from an order of the Division. See §§ 28-1-10(D), -13(A).
“An order of nondetermination signals that the person who filed the complaint has fully
complied with the NMHRA grievance procedures and may proceed to court.” Mitchell-Carr,
1999-NMSC-025, ¶ 16; see also Sonntag v. Shaw, 2001-NMSC-015, ¶ 13, 130 N.M. 238,
22 P.3d 1188 (holding that under the NMHRA, “a plaintiff must exhaust his or her
administrative remedies against a party before bringing an action in district court against that
party”). Plaintiffs have correctly acknowledged that EEOC right-to-sue letters are not orders
from the Division within the meaning of Section 28-1-13(A). EEOC right-to-sue letters
cannot be treated as orders of nondetermination from the Division. Mitchell-Carr, 1999-
NMSC-025, ¶ 18. Because Plaintiffs’ EEOC right-to-sue letters cannot be treated as orders
of nondetermination from the Division, Plaintiffs have failed to exhaust their administrative
remedies under the NMHRA.
{11} Plaintiffs alleged in their complaint that they “timely filed a charge of religion
discrimination with the [EEOC] and satisfied all administrative requirements for filing this
suit.” Defendant asserted as one of its affirmative defenses that Plaintiffs were barred from
bringing an action under the NMHRA because Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their
administrative remedies. Defendant renewed that argument at the close of Plaintiffs’ case.
Defendant has correctly pointed out that there is no New Mexico case law addressing the
issue of who has the burden of proof in this instance. But New Mexico case law has clearly
established that the exhaustion of administrative remedies is a prerequisite to filing a case
under the NMHRA. We therefore hold that Plaintiffs, who have alleged in their complaint
that they have exhausted their administrative remedies, have the burden of proving such in
order for their case to proceed at the district court level.
{12} Plaintiffs acknowledge that they failed to procure a notice of nondetermination from
the Division, but they contend that this action should be dismissed without prejudice in order
to give them time to obtain the proper notice from the Division. Plaintiffs further contend
that the district court should have afforded them the opportunity to cure the administrative
defect, and that failure of the court to do so late in the litigation process was unfair. “To
preserve an issue for review on appeal, it must appear that appellant fairly invoked a ruling
of the [district] court on the same grounds argued in the appellate court.” Woolwine v.
Furr’s, Inc., 1987-NMCA-133, ¶ 20, 106 N.M. 492, 745 P.2d 717. “[O]n appeal, the party
must specifically point out where, in the record, the party invoked the court’s ruling on the
issue. Absent that citation to the record or any obvious preservation, we will not consider the
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issue.” Crutchfield v. N.M. Dep’t of Taxation & Revenue, 2005-NMCA-022, ¶ 14, 137 N.M.
26, 106 P.3d 1273. Plaintiffs did not specify where, in the record, they asked the district
court to allow them time to cure their defect, and we were unable to locate the preservation
of this issue in the record. If the district court did not have an opportunity to consider or rule
on this issue, it is not properly before this Court. Barron v. Evangelical Good Samaritan
Soc’y, 2011-NMCA-094, ¶ 48, 150 N.M. 669, 265 P.3d 720. Plaintiffs’ request will not be
considered.
III. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
{13} Our Supreme Court has stated that failure to exhaust administrative remedies
deprives a district court of subject matter jurisdiction. Mitchell-Carr, 1999-NMSC-025, ¶
20. “Jurisdiction of the matters in dispute does not lie in the courts until the statutorily
required administrative procedures are fully complied with.” In re Application of Angel Fire
Corp., 1981-NMSC-095, ¶ 5, 96 N.M. 651, 634 P.2d 202. When a plaintiff has failed to
exhaust administrative remedies, thus depriving a district court of subject matter jurisdiction,
dismissal of the complaint is appropriate. Luboyeski v. Hill, 1994-NMSC-032, ¶ 7, 117 N.M.
380, 872 P.2d 353; Angel Fire, 1981-NMSC-095, ¶ 5; Jaramillo v. J. C. Penney Co., 1985-
NMCA-002, ¶ 4, 102 N.M. 272, 694 P.2d 528.
{14} “Typically, subject matter jurisdiction cannot be waived and can be raised at any
time.” State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Andree G., 2007-NMCA-156, ¶ 18,
143 N.M. 195, 174 P.3d 531. Furthermore, when subject matter jurisdiction is lacking,
dismissing a claim with prejudice is appropriate. See generally Schneider Nat’l, Inc. v. State
Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, 2006-NMCA-128, ¶¶ 7-12, 140 N.M. 561, 144 P.3d 120
(holding it was proper to grant summary judgment where district court did not have subject
matter jurisdiction when complaint was not filed within specific time frame).
{15} We conclude that the district court was correct in determining that a failure to
exhaust administrative remedies divested the district court of subject matter jurisdiction. It
was proper for the court to grant Defendant’s motion for directed verdict on this issue.
IV. Tort Claim for Retaliatory Discharge
{16} Separate from the requirements of the NMHRA, exhaustion of remedies is not a
prerequisite to a tort claim that is independent of a cause of action under the NMHRA.
Gandy v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 1994-NMSC-040, ¶ 9, 117 N.M. 441, 872 P.2d 859. We
proceed with the issue of whether Plaintiffs brought a proper common law claim for
retaliatory discharge.
{17} The question before us is whether Plaintiffs set out such a claim of common law
retaliatory discharge sufficient to provide notice of such a charge to Defendant. Plaintiffs
contend that the district court erred in concluding that Plaintiffs’ claim was brought only
under the NMHRA and not under the common law tort of retaliatory discharge. Defendant
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argued that an action for retaliatory discharge fails because neither Plaintiffs’ complaint,
pretrial statement, nor proposed pretrial order provided notice of such a claim, and that
Plaintiffs failed to establish such a claim. Plaintiffs also argued to the district court that
reading the complaint as a whole, and taking into consideration all of the actions by
Defendant, would be sufficient to establish a claim for retaliatory discharge. Nonetheless,
Defendant asserted, it was not given adequate notice of a claim of retaliatory discharge.
{18} Plaintiffs brought a claim for “wrongful termination based on religious
discrimination.” Specifically, they alleged that the “acts of [Defendant] constitute unlawful
discrimination against [Plaintiffs] because of [their] religion in violation of the [NMHRA]
and more particularly . . . [Section] 28-1-7[(A)].” Plaintiffs also requested punitive damages
for the original individual Defendants’ “malice” or “wanton and willful disregard” for
Plaintiffs’ rights, even though such damages are not allowed under the NMHRA.
{19} Plaintiffs alleged the following in their pretrial statement:
This is a claim for unlawful discrimination on the basis of religion in
violation of [the NMHRA] and more particularly . . . [Section] 28-1-7[(A)].
....
Plaintiffs claim that . . . Defendant[] created a hostile work
environment for Plaintiffs and retaliated against Plaintiffs by ultimately
terminating Plaintiffs . . . in violation of [the NMHRA] and more particularly
. . . [Section] 28-1-7[(A)].
{20} In its order of dismissal, the district court basically found that Plaintiffs’ complaint
did not allege a claim for retaliatory discharge but instead made a claim only for alleged
violations of the NMHRA. The district court did not consider any evidence, nor did it
address Plaintiffs’ public policy argument.
{21} We acknowledge that our standard of notice pleading allows a plaintiff to state only
general allegations of conduct in a complaint. See Schmitz v. Smentowski, 1990-NMSC-002,
¶ 9, 109 N.M. 386, 785 P.2d 726. However, such allegations must be “sufficiently detailed
to give the parties and the court a fair idea of the plaintiff’s complaint and the relief
requested.” Valles v. Silverman, 2004-NMCA-019, ¶ 18, 135 N.M. 91, 84 P.3d 1056.
Further, a party’s pleadings must “give fair notice of the claims and defenses so that the
opposing party may prepare for trial.” Farmers, Inc. v. Dal Mach. & Fabricating, Inc., 1990-
NMSC-100, ¶ 11, 111 N.M. 6, 800 P.2d 1063; see also Credit Inst. v. Veterinary Nutrition
Corp., 2003-NMCA-010, ¶ 19, 133 N.M. 248, 62 P.3d 339 (“The theory of pleadings is to
give the parties fair notice of the claims and defenses against them, and the grounds upon
which they are based.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
{22} While pleadings are to be liberally construed by New Mexico’s courts, we will not
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read into a complaint a cause of action that is not stated. See Wells v. Arch Hurley
Conservancy Dist., 1976-NMCA-082, ¶ 35, 89 N.M. 516, 554 P.2d 678 (Hernandez, J.,
specially concurring) (noting that “a court under the guise of liberal construction of a
pleading cannot supply matters which it does not contain”). And once a plaintiff pleads
specific claims, that plaintiff is held to those claims. See In re Doe’s Adoption, 1975-NMCA-
009, ¶ 10, 87 N.M. 253, 531 P.2d 1226 (noting that “once a pleader pleads specifically, he
will be held to what has been specifically plead[ed]”). Plaintiffs failed to set forth a claim
of retaliatory discharge.
{23} Plaintiffs argue that a violation of the NMHRA is a violation of public policy
actionable under Vigil v. Arzola, 1983-NMCA-082, 102 N.M. 682, 699 P.2d 613, rev’d on
other grounds, 1984-NMSC-090, 101 N.M. 687, 687 P.2d 1038. However, for discharge to
be actionable as a violation of public policy, the public policy in question cannot be a
general one, but rather the plaintiff “must identify a specific expression of public policy
which the discharge violated[.]” Maxwell v. Ross Hyden Motors, Inc., 1986-NMCA-061, ¶
20, 104 N.M. 470, 722 P.2d 1192; see also Vigil, 1983-NMCA-082, ¶ 35 (“A general
allegation that the discharge contravened public policy is insufficient; to state a cause of
action for retaliatory or abusive discharge the employee must identify a specific expression
of public policy.”). Plaintiffs’ public policy argument also fails from a practical standpoint.
Assuming that the general public policy against religious discrimination expressed by the
NMHRA could be a basis for Plaintiffs’ retaliatory discharge claim, Plaintiffs would be able
to circumvent all the procedures set up by the Legislature for bringing discrimination claims
by skipping the administrative process entirely. Such a tactic cannot prevail.
{24} Plaintiffs further contend that because they requested punitive damages—which are
not available under the NMHRA but are available under the tort of retaliatory
discharge—Defendant should have been on notice that the tort of retaliatory discharge was
being pleaded. Our Supreme Court has rejected the notion that a request for damages may
form the basis for a specific cause of action. See Lett v. Westland Dev. Co., 1991-NMSC-
069, ¶ 6, 112 N.M. 327, 815 P.2d 623 (“While a prayer for relief may be helpful in
specifying the contentions of the parties, it forms no part of the pleader’s cause of action, and
the prevailing party should be given whatever relief he is entitled to under the facts pleaded
and proved at trial.”).
{25} We conclude that Plaintiffs did not plead a claim for the tort of retaliatory discharge,
nor did they give Defendant adequate notice of the common law tort claim separate from the
charge filed under the NMHRA. The district court did not err in granting Defendant’s motion
for directed verdict for failure to state a separate claim for retaliatory discharge.
IV. Consideration of Record as a Whole
{26} Plaintiffs lastly argue that the district court erred by failing to consider the record as
a whole in directing the verdict for Defendant. Because we agree with the district court that
Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies, denying subject matter jurisdiction
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to the district court under the NMHRA, and also failed to allege a claim of retaliatory
discharge, we need not address this issue.
CONCLUSION
{27} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s order of dismissal and
granting of Defendant’s motions for directed verdict.
{28} IT IS SO ORDERED.
__________________________________
M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
WE CONCUR:
____________________________________
JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
____________________________________
JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
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