Case: 11-31013 Document: 00512390891 Page: 1 Date Filed: 09/30/2013
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
September 30, 2013
No. 11-31013 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
PANOS TSOLAINOS,
Petitioner - Appellant
v.
BURL CAIN, WARDEN, LOUISIANA STATE PENITENTIARY,
Respondent - Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
USDC No. 2:10-CV-3387
Before OWEN, HAYNES, Circuit Judges, and LEMELLE,* District Judge.
PER CURIAM:**
Panos Tsolainos appeals the dismissal, as time-barred, of his 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Because Tsolainos concedes that his
petition was untimely under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996 (“AEDPA”), we consider only whether the district court erred in refusing
equitable tolling in light of Tsolainos’s allegations of gross misconduct by his
counsel. We AFFIRM.
*
District Judge of the Eastern District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.
**
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
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I.
In 2000, Tsolainos was convicted in Louisiana state court of the second-
degree murder of Deborah Tsolainos and was sentenced to life in prison without
possibility of parole. The First Circuit Court of Appeals of Louisiana overruled
Tsolainos’s assignments of error, and the Louisiana Supreme Court denied his
application for a supervisory writ of review. State v. Tsolainos, 877 So. 2d 144
(La. 2004). The United States Supreme Court denied his petition for a writ of
certiorari on February 28, 2005. Tsolainos v. Louisiana, 543 U.S. 1186 (2005).
On July 5, 2006, Tsolainos filed a state habeas petition, which was denied.
The First Circuit Court of Appeals of Louisiana affirmed that decision, State v.
Tsolainos, 997 So. 2d 46 (La. Ct. App. 1 Cir. 2008), and the Louisiana Supreme
Court denied Tsolainos’s application for a supervisory writ of review on October
9, 2009. State v. Tsolainos, 19 So. 3d 6 (La. 2009).
Tsolainos’s federal habeas corpus petition was filed on October 8, 2010, in
the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. The
district court denied Tsolainos’s petition as untimely. Tsolainos v. Cain, No.
10-3387, 2011 WL 4810640 (E.D. La. Oct. 6, 2011). It based its decision on the
recommendation of the magistrate judge, who concluded that Tsolainos had not
presented facts sufficient to demonstrate entitlement to equitable tolling.
Tsolainos v. Cain, No. 10-3387, 2011 WL 4807702, at *3–6 (E.D. La. Jun. 21,
2011). We granted a Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) to determine whether
the district court erred in refusing to equitably toll the AEDPA limitation period.
The facts relating to Tsolainos’s argument for equitable tolling are as
follows. Throughout his criminal trial and direct appeal, Tsolainos was
represented by a team of attorneys, including Robert Stern and Kim Abramson
(“Kim”). After the Supreme Court denied Tsolainos’s petition for a writ of
certiorari in February 2005, Kim notified Tsolainos that she no longer was able
to work with Stern in connection with Tsolainos’s applications for state and
2
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federal post-conviction relief, but she also was not willing to work alone.
Instead, she recommended that Tsolainos hire a team of partners from Phelps
Dunbar LLP: Neil Abramson (“Neil,” her husband) and Harry Rosenberg, the
former U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Louisiana. Tsolainos terminated
Stern in June of 2005 and later engaged Phelps Dunbar, along with Kim, to file
his state and federal habeas petitions.
Although Kim was in contact with Tsolainos throughout the fall of 2005,
the contract between Tsolainos and Phelps Dunbar was not executed until
December 2005.1 A Phelps Dunbar case file was first opened in February 2006.
Rosenberg asserts the engagement letter stated that he and Neil were to be the
partners responsible for the case. Although Rosenberg was a former United
States Attorney, he did not believe that Neil had experience representing clients
in criminal proceedings or in collateral review of a criminal conviction.
Rosenberg’s first recorded billable time on the case was in May 2006.
Tsolainos states that he was informed by Kim and Neil that his best
opportunity for relief would be a federal habeas application. The attorneys were
operating under the incorrect assumption that the federal statute of limitations
would not commence until the conclusion of the state post-conviction proceeding
because they were conflating the issue of exhaustion of state remedies with the
issue of when the federal habeas “clock” begins to run. They told Tsolainos that
he could not file a federal habeas application until he exhausted the state
post-conviction process. Kim and Neil advised him not to worry about the
1
In the fall of 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans. Kim informed Tsolainos
that the state courts had granted extensions of the statutes of limitations, thus affording him
extra time to file his petition. See, e.g., Mark v. Michael, No. 08-1261, 2008 WL 4365929, at
*2 (E.D. La. Sept. 23, 2008) (“[T]he limitations period was arguably suspended, and therefore
no portion of [the limitations] period elapsed, during the period of September 1, 2005, through
November 25, 2005.”); Hampton v. Wilkinson, No. 08-1535, 2008 WL 4829716, at *2 (E.D. La.
Aug. 26, 2008) (same). We credit this time to Tsolainos, but note that it does not affect our
analysis.
3
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deadline for the federal application until the state post-conviction proceedings
were completed. Tsolainos states that he “did not see any reason to needlessly
delay the filing” of his state application, and instructed Kim to file the
application “as soon as it was prepared.”
After the conclusion of the state post-conviction proceedings in October
2009, Tsolainos asserts that Kim instructed him that his federal petition “would
be ready for filing by Thanksgiving 2009, and when it was not done by
Thanksgiving[,] she promised him it would be done in another month or two.”
Tsolainos alleges that it “was nearly impossible” to reach Kim by phone during
this period and that she was not responsive to his requests to file the federal
application “as soon as possible.”
Tsolainos had an unrelated dispute with Kim and Neil in December 2009,
and on January 25, 2010, attempted to terminate their representation and
proceed only with Rosenberg. He was informed that Rosenberg was unwilling
to continue the representation without Neil and Kim. The firm sent Tsolainos
a letter asking whether he would allow all three attorneys to continue to
represent him. The letter advised Tsolainos that the “Louisiana Supreme Court
denied [his] writs for relief relating to [his] post-conviction relief on October 9,
2009,” and “that federal law includes a one year period relating to habeas corpus
relief.” Tsolainos fired all three attorneys soon after.
Around that time, Tsolainos learned that his federal limitations period had
already expired before his state application was filed.2 Tsolainos contacted his
former attorney, Stern, to take over his representation. Stern agreed that the
federal period had lapsed, and upon receipt of Tsolainos’s client file from Phelps
2
Tsolainos was informed of this outcome by the attorneys who managed a trust set up
to pay his legal bills. The trust attorneys had become concerned about the legal bills from Kim
and the Phelps Dunbar team and conducted separate research into the federal statute of
limitations.
4
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Dunbar, learned that no one had prepared even a draft of a federal habeas
petition. Through Stern and additional counsel, Tsolainos filed the instant
federal petition eight months later.
II.
We review a district court’s decision regarding equitable tolling for abuse
of discretion, although any conclusions of law underlying the district court’s
decision are reviewed de novo. Manning v. Epps, 688 F.3d 177, 182 (5th Cir.
2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 1633 (2013). The petitioner bears the burden of
proving that he is entitled to equitable tolling. Alexander v. Cockrell, 294 F.3d
626, 629 (5th Cir. 2002). A petitioner is “‘entitled to equitable tolling’ only if he
shows ‘(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some
extraordinary circumstance stood in his way’ and prevented timely filing.”
Holland v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2549, 2562 (2010) (quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo,
544 U.S. 408, 418 (2005)).
III.
AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations runs from the latest of several
start dates, including the one applicable here—“the date on which the judgment
became final by the conclusion of direct review.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A).
Tsolainos’s one-year clock began to run on February 28, 2005, when his petition
for certiorari to the Supreme Court was denied. See id.; Roberts v. Cockrell, 319
F.3d 690, 694 (5th Cir. 2003) (“[T]he ‘conclusion of direct review’ is when the
Supreme Court either rejects the petition for certiorari or rules on its merits.”
(citation omitted)). His statutory period for filing his habeas petition thus
expired one year from that date, February 28, 2006, unless that deadline was
extended by tolling.3
3
AEDPA provides that the “time during which a properly filed application for State
post-conviction . . . review . . . is pending shall not be counted” against that one-year period.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Louisiana law, in contrast, provides an incarcerated person two years
5
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Tsolainos’s federal habeas petition was not filed until October 8, 2010. All
parties agree that Tsolainos’s petition was untimely due to the
misunderstanding of his counsel regarding the correct application of AEDPA’s
limitations period. Kim and Neil (but not Stern4) erroneously believed that the
one-year period ran from the time that Tsolainos’s application for state habeas
relief was terminated. Accordingly, they did not realize that they had missed the
filing date until four years after it had passed. Tsolainos argues that the failures
of his counsel constitute the type of “extraordinary circumstances” rising above
simple negligence contemplated by the Supreme Court in Holland v. Florida,
and that he should therefore be permitted to submit his habeas petition now.
However, Holland did not hold that attorney misconduct alone could
justify equitable tolling. See Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2565. Rather, Holland
illustrates that a prisoner must diligently pursue his rights in the face of
extraordinary circumstances. The defendant in Holland filed a pro se federal
habeas petition after the AEDPA deadline had passed, alleging that during the
two years while his state habeas petition was pending before the Florida
Supreme Court, his attorney communicated with him only three times, each
time by letter. Id. at 2555. Holland’s attorney never met with him or updated
him on the status of his case, despite Holland’s multiple attempts to contact his
within which to file a petition for post-conviction relief. See LA. CODE CRIM. PROC. ART.
930.8(A) (West 2012). If a petitioner files a petition for post-conviction relief in state court
before the expiration of the one-year limitations period, the federal clock stops running until
the state post-conviction action is concluded. But the one-year clock does not reset; rather, it
resumes from where it left off. See § 2244(d)(2). Because Tsolainos’s state habeas petition was
not filed within the one-year period, it did not statutorily toll the limitation clock. See, e.g.,
Scott v. Johnson, 227 F.3d 260, 263 (5th Cir. 2000).
4
Tsolainos has never argued that Stern’s representation was incompetent, such that
he should be entitled to equitable tolling for any portion of the time during which he employed
Stern. It is unclear what Rosenberg thought regarding the statute of limitations. Rosenberg
stated that he was not consulted on or before May 2006 “on the question of when the state
[application] for post-conviction relief needed to be filed in order to ensure that the federal
habeas [application] would not be time barred.”
6
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attorney regarding the importance of timely filing his federal habeas petition.
Id. at 2555–56. Holland repeatedly contacted the state courts and the bar
association to have his counsel removed from his case. Id. Once Holland
learned—in the prison library, not from his attorney—that the Florida Supreme
Court had already decided his case and the federal filing deadline had passed,
he immediately filed his own petition. Id. at 2557. Accordingly, the Supreme
Court concluded that Holland’s attentive efforts under the circumstances
satisfied the “reasonable diligence” requirement for equitable tolling purposes.
Id. at 2565. Thus, equitable tolling “is not intended for those who sleep on their
rights.” See Mathis v. Thaler, 616 F.3d 461, 474 (5th Cir. 2010) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
Tsolainos must establish both extraordinary circumstances and diligence.5
With respect to “extraordinary circumstances,” he argues that the representation
by incompetent counsel satisfies this prong.6 Even assuming that being
5
We “invoke equitable tolling only when petitioners demonstrate that they have acted
with due diligence.” Manning, 688 F.3d at 184 (emphasis added). Thus, it is Tsolainos’s
burden to prove diligence.
Tsolainos argues that the State concedes Tsolainos’s diligence, or that it waived the
argument by failing to raise it in the district court. We disagree. The State did not
“intentional[ly] relinquish[] or abandon[] a known right.” Wood v. Milyard, 132 S. Ct. 1826,
1835 (2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Importantly, Tsolainos was the
party with the burden of proof, therefore he had the duty to prove both “extraordinary
circumstances” and diligence. See Alexander, 294 F.3d at 629. The issue of diligence is not
an affirmative defense the State needed to raise. Accordingly, the State did not waive it.
6
Tsolainos relies on the aspects of Holland that suggest that attorney misconduct can
constitute extraordinary circumstances. In Holland, the attorney missed the filing date and
“appear[ed] to have been unaware of the date on which the limitations period expired.” 130
S. Ct. at 2564. The Court noted that the attorney’s failure to perform adequate legal research,
to communicate with his client about crucial facts such as a relevant Florida Supreme Court
decision (which triggered AEDPA’s limitations period in those circumstances), and to interact
at all with his client over the course of years, were actions that a group of legal ethics teachers
believed “violated fundamental canons of professional responsibility.” Id. at 2564–65.
7
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represented by incompetent counsel constitutes “extraordinary circumstances,”7
the time period covered by this representation still leaves over a year
unaccounted for. Starting with the February 2005 date, Tsolainos was
represented by Stern until at least June of 2005 and maybe as late as August of
that year, approximately four months (or more).8 He does not contend Stern was
incompetent or unaware of the correct method for calculating the federal habeas
limitations date. Indeed, Stern, who was state trial counsel, filed the habeas
application in federal district court and the notice of appeal in our court,
appeared on the briefing in both courts, and attended the oral argument before
this panel. Tsolainos fired Kim, Neil, and Rosenberg at the end of January
2010,9 but he did not file his federal habeas petition until October, a period of
more than eight months. Combining this time, there is a period of at least a year
7
However, because we conclude Tsolainos was not diligent, we expressly decline to
decide whether Tsolainos’s attorneys’ alleged gross negligence and failure to conduct legal
research qualifies as an “extraordinary circumstance” that “prevented” timely filing. See
Palacios v. Stephens, 723 F.3d 600, 608 n.6 (5th Cir. 2013); see also Koumjian v. Thaler, 484
F. App’x 966, 969 (5th Cir. 2012) (unpublished) (petitioner not diligent when, “even if we were
to subtract the time” of the alleged extraordinary circumstances, petitioner’s delay “would still
exceed four and a half months”); Manning, 688 F.3d at 184–90 (“assum[ing] without deciding”
that the “extraordinary circumstance” prong is satisfied, but finding lack of diligence based
on an “extended period of inactivity” where petitioner “neither encouraged his [] attorneys to
file his application for postconviction relief nor inquired about the status of his application”
for more than nineteen months); Husley v. Thaler, 421 F. App’x 386, 390–91 (5th Cir. 2011)
(unpublished) (finding petitioner not diligent); Wickware v. Thaler, 404 F. App’x 856, 861–62
(5th Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (finding petitioner not diligent where there was over fourteen
months of delay in filing his state application in the first instance and in filing his federal
application after exhaustion).
8
Tsolainos’s affidavit is unclear about the timing of Stern’s initial firing. Kim’s
affidavit stated: “Until the summer of 2005, Robert Stern and I continued to represent Mr.
Tsolainos. . . . Mr. Stern transferred his file to Phelps, Dunbar in August 2005.” Any
confusion about these dates cannot benefit Tsolainos, as he was the party with the burden of
proof.
9
Kim’s affidavit indicates that she was fired on January 25, 2010; Tsolainos’s affidavit
indicates a similar date as the date he terminated Kim and Neil, the allegedly incompetent
attorneys. Phelps Dunbar stated that same month that it refused to represent Tsolainos
without their participation.
8
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when Tsolainos was not subject to the alleged “extraordinary circumstance” of
being represented solely by incompetent counsel.
In addition to the lack of “extraordinary circumstances” for at least a year,
Tsolainos also failed to demonstrate sufficient diligence. Tsolainos’s arguments
track those in Holland, in that he maintains that he demonstrated diligence by
“requesting that his petitions be filed in a timely manner and as soon as
practicable” and by “constantly contacting his attorneys to ensure that the
proper procedures were being followed.” Alternatively, he argues that his
obligation to be diligent did not commence until he discovered that his federal
application was untimely. Tsolainos asserts that he filed his federal petition
shortly thereafter, and therefore “[n]o more diligence could be expected . . . under
the circumstances.”
Of the many considerations bearing upon the reasonable diligence
analysis, we point out three important factors: (1) Tsolainos waited nine and a
half months after the denial of his Supreme Court writ of certiorari to formally
retain post-conviction counsel; (2) after retaining Kim, Neil, and Rosenberg,
Tsolainos did not closely monitor his attorneys or oversee the preparation of his
petition; and (3) after realizing his federal petition was overdue and firing the
Phelps Dunbar team, Tsolainos waited over eight months to file his habeas
petition in federal court with new counsel.
While there is no bright-line rule suggesting that prisoners must retain
habeas counsel within a certain period of time, see Palacios, 723 F.3d at 606, we
consider this factor in light of Holland’s instructions to adhere to an equitable,
“flexibl[e],” “case-by-case” approach that draws “upon decisions made in other
similar cases for guidance.” 130 S. Ct. at 2563. We have held that state
prisoners who were aware that their state post-conviction proceedings were no
longer pending and waited to file federal habeas petitions between four and six
months after the AEDPA limitation period began to run did not exercise
9
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reasonable diligence. See Melancon v. Kaylo, 259 F.3d 401, 408 (5th Cir. 2001);
Koumjian, 484 F. App’x at 969–70. Tsolainos cannot claim diligence in his
reliance on attorneys for a period of time during which he had no reason to
believe he was actively represented by counsel. Cf. Maples v. Thomas, 132 S. Ct.
912, 924 (2012) (“Unknown to Maples, not one of [his] lawyers was in fact
serving as his attorney during the [relevant period].”). Tsolainos did not
formally engage Phelps Dunbar to file his state and federal petitions until
December 2006, nine and a half months after the denial of his writ for certiorari
in the Supreme Court. He also failed to prove that he was relying on Kim alone
(who clearly indicated to him that she would not act alone) for federal habeas
representation during this period, as well as the date on which he expressly
discharged Stern, whom he does not contend was incompetent, as counsel.
Failing to retain habeas counsel while Tsolainos’s AEDPA clock was ticking does
not exemplify “reasonable diligence.”
Finally, Tsolainos offers no justification for the unreasonable delay in
filing his federal habeas petition after discovering the Phelps Dunbar team’s
mistake regarding AEDPA’s statutory period. Indeed, after Tsolainos fired Kim
and the Phelps Dunbar attorneys in January of 2005, he did not file his federal
habeas petition through new counsel for more than eight months. Presumably
his new, adequate counsel was aware of the correct limitations period; he makes
no contrary claim. Once Tsolainos was made aware of the deficient
representation and the overdue habeas petition, he and his new attorneys failed
to file expeditiously. Compare Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2565 (“[T]he very day that
Holland discovered that his AEDPA clock had expired due to [his attorney’s]
failings, Holland prepared his own habeas petition pro se and promptly filed it
with the District Court.”), with Arita v. Cain, 500 F. App’x 352, 354 (5th Cir.
2012) (unpublished) (“[U]nlike Holland, who filed a pro se habeas petition the
‘very day’ he ‘discovered his AEDPA clock had expired,’ Arita retained new
10
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counsel . . . then waited more than a month to file in state court.” (citation
omitted)). This lack of diligence alone is determinative.10 Taken together, his
unreasonable delay in retaining habeas counsel in the first instance combined
with his new counsel’s failure to promptly file his petition, spans over seventeen
months, which easily exceeds the AEDPA one-year statutory period. Even if it
did not, his delay between firing incompetent counsel, re-hiring former counsel,
and filing his federal habeas does not represent “diligence.”
We conclude that the district court did not err in denying relief to
Tsolainos based upon ineligibility for equitable tolling under AEDPA. See
Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2562. Accordingly, his petition was filed well outside the
statutory period, and thus is untimely.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court,
dismissing Tsolainos’s habeas petition with prejudice as untimely under AEDPA.
10
Because of the lack of expeditious filing, we need not decide what would have
happened if Tsolainos had filed promptly upon discovering the correct deadline.
11