2013 IL App (5th) 130094
NOTICE
Decision filed 09/23/13. The text of
NO. 5-13-0094
this decision may be changed or
corrected prior to the filing of a
IN THE
Petition for Rehearing or the
disposition of the same.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
VIRGINIA BRUNS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Marion County.
)
v. ) No. 12-L-21
)
THE CITY OF CENTRALIA, ILLINOIS, )
a Municipal Corporation, ) Honorable
) Michael D. McHaney,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE CATES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Welch and Stewart concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff, Virginia Bruns, sought damages from defendant, the City of Centralia (City),
for personal injuries sustained after tripping over a raised section of a public sidewalk. The
circuit court of Marion County granted the City's motion for summary judgment after
determining that the City owed no duty to plaintiff. Plaintiff appeals the grant of summary
judgment in favor of the City. We reverse and remand.
¶2 On March 27, 2012, plaintiff intended to enter the Centralia Eye Clinic (Clinic) (now
doing business as Eyecare Management, LLC) for a scheduled appointment. On that date,
the weather was clear, and nobody else was walking on the sidewalk in front of the Clinic.
As plaintiff approached the Clinic, she tripped over a raised section of sidewalk that was part
of the path used to access the front entrance to the Clinic. A large tree stands adjacent to the
sidewalk, and over time, its root system caused a concrete section of the sidewalk to crack
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and heave, creating an uneven pathway. At the time of plaintiff's fall, the cracked sidewalk
was raised some three inches above the adjacent concrete slabs and grass. The Clinic had
previously contacted the City to report the defective condition, and at one point, even offered
to have the tree removed at the Clinic's expense. In fact, at least a year prior to plaintiff's fall,
the Clinic had reported that another person had tripped as a result of the raised sidewalk.
Despite knowledge of the dangerous condition of the sidewalk, the City's tree committee
considered the tree to have historic significance and refused removal.
¶3 At the time of her fall, plaintiff was 80 years old and had been a patient of the Clinic
since December of 2011. She was being treated for various eye problems, including
irritation, pain in her eyes, and blurry and reduced vision. During past visits, plaintiff parked
on the street and routinely walked along the same sidewalk on her way to the entrance of the
Clinic. Each time, she had noticed the sidewalk defect and considered it to be "an accident
waiting to happen." At the time of her fall, plaintiff was not looking down at the sidewalk.
Instead, she was looking toward the Clinic door and steps where she was intending to enter.
Because her attention was fixed on the Clinic's entrance, she did not notice the crack in the
sidewalk. She stubbed her right foot on the crack and fell. In trying to catch herself, she
severely injured her shoulder and arm.
¶4 The public works foreman for the City testified that the sidewalk was a danger to
pedestrians and was hazardous at the time of plaintiff's fall. He also recognized that not all
pedestrians look down all of the time as they are walking. He also acknowledged the duty
of a city, in general, to use reasonable care to keep its sidewalks in good repair, and further
acknowledged that if the City were aware of the condition of this particular sidewalk, it was
unacceptable for the City not to have remedied the defect.
¶5 The court determined that the sidewalk defect at issue here was open and obvious as
a matter of law and that the distraction exception was inapplicable under the circumstances
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presented. Specifically, the court stated that "the mere existence of an entrance, and/or steps
leading up to it, would provide a universal distraction exception to the open and obvious
doctrine. Such an expansion of Illinois negligence law must only come from the legislature
or a higher court." Accordingly, the court entered summary judgment in favor the City.
¶6 Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, and
admissions on file, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, reveal that
there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012); see also Sollami v. Eaton, 201 Ill.
2d 1, 6, 772 N.E.2d 215, 218 (2002). Summary judgment is a drastic means of disposing of
litigation and should be allowed only when the right of the moving party is clear and free
from doubt. Harris v. Old Kent Bank, 315 Ill. App. 3d 894, 899, 735 N.E.2d 758, 762
(2000). The purpose of summary judgment is not to try a question of fact, but, rather, to
determine if one exists. Kleiber v. Freeport Farm & Fleet, Inc., 406 Ill. App. 3d 249, 255,
942 N.E.2d 640, 646 (2010). In determining whether genuine issues of material fact exist,
we view the factual record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. United
National Insurance Co. v. Faure Brothers Corp., 409 Ill. App. 3d 711, 716, 949 N.E.2d
1185, 1190 (2011). Moreover, summary judgment should not be granted if it is possible to
draw more than one reasonable inference from undisputed facts. Buchaklian v. Lake County
Family Young Men's Christian Ass'n, 314 Ill. App. 3d 195, 199, 732 N.E.2d 596, 599 (2000).
Summary judgment should not be granted unless the moving party's right to a judgment is
"clear and free from doubt." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Buchaklian, 314 Ill. App.
3d at 199, 732 N.E.2d at 598-99. Our review of a trial court's grant of summary judgment
is de novo. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102, 607
N.E.2d 1204, 1209 (1992); Morietta v. Reese Construction Co., 347 Ill. App. 3d 1077, 1080,
808 N.E.2d 1046, 1049 (2004).
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¶7 Plaintiff argues on appeal that the City owed her a duty of reasonable care as to the
condition of its sidewalk. Everyone agrees that the crack in the sidewalk at issue here was
open and obvious as a matter of law. Plaintiff contends, however, that such a fact is only the
beginning of determining whether there existed a legal duty.
¶8 The essential elements of a cause of action based on common law negligence are the
existence of a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, breach of that duty, and an injury
proximately caused by that breach. Ward v. K mart Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 140, 554 N.E.2d
223, 226 (1990). Whether a defendant owes a plaintiff a duty of care is usually a question
of law to be decided by the court. Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 140, 554 N.E.2d at 226. In making
this determination, the court should consider the foreseeability of the injury, the likelihood
of the injury, the magnitude of the burden on the defendant of guarding against the injury,
and the consequences of placing the burden on the defendant. Clifford v. Wharton Business
Group, L.L.C., 353 Ill. App. 3d 34, 40, 817 N.E.2d 1207, 1213 (2004).
¶9 In general, a party that owns, controls, or maintains property has a duty to maintain
the premises in a reasonably safe condition. Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 141, 554 N.E.2d at 227.
Any dangerous condition, therefore, must be removed or corrected, or a warning to invitees
who might encounter the danger must be provided. Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 141-42, 554 N.E.2d
at 227. However, a property owner is generally under no obligation to guard against injury
from open and obvious dangers. Ward, 136 Ill. 2d at 142, 554 N.E.2d at 227. Open and
obvious conditions are conditions and risks which are apparent to and would be recognized
by reasonable people exercising ordinary perception, intelligence, and judgment in visiting
the area. Sandoval v. City of Chicago, 357 Ill. App. 3d 1023, 1028, 830 N.E.2d 722, 727
(2005). Property owners are not expected to foresee an injury from an open and obvious
danger (Bucheleres v. Chicago Park District, 171 Ill. 2d 435, 447-48, 665 N.E.2d 826, 832
(1996)), because property owners are entitled to the expectation that those who enter upon
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their property will exercise reasonable care for their own safety (Sandoval, 357 Ill. App. 3d
at 1028, 830 N.E.2d at 727).
¶ 10 Our courts have also recognized a "distraction" exception to the open and obvious
danger rule grounded in foreseeability. See Ward v. K mart Corp., 136 Ill. 2d 132, 554
N.E.2d 223 (1990). The exception applies when there is reason to expect that a plaintiff's
attention may be distracted from the open and obvious condition because circumstances
required him or her to focus on some other condition to the extent that he or she will forget
the hazard that has already been discovered. Clifford, 353 Ill. App. 3d at 42-43, 817 N.E.2d
at 1215. Under such circumstances, property owners owe a duty to exercise reasonable care
to protect invitees from harm in spite of the open and obvious nature of the danger. Rexroad
v. City of Springfield, 207 Ill. 2d 33, 796 N.E.2d 1040 (2003).
¶ 11 In this instance, the trial court concluded that in order to apply the distraction
exception to impose a duty upon the City, the City had to have created, contributed to, or was
responsible in some way for the distraction which diverted plaintiff's attention from the open
and obvious condition, thereby charging the City with the reasonable foreseeability that an
injury might occur. See Sandoval, 357 Ill. App. 3d at 1030, 830 N.E.2d at 729. As plaintiff
correctly contends, however, the key question is the foreseeability of the likelihood that an
individual's attention may be distracted from the open and obvious condition, not the creation
of the distraction. For instance, in Rexroad, the court reversed summary judgment in favor
of the City of Springfield when a high school manager of a football team stepped into an
unbarricaded hole. The student testified that he was distracted from the hole because of his
focus on carrying a football helmet to the player who needed it. The helmet was related to
the team, but clearly the City of Springfield did not create, contribute to, or cause the
distraction which diverted the student's attention. Rexroad, 207 Ill. 2d 33, 796 N.E.2d 1040;
see also Clifford, 353 Ill. App. 3d at 45, 817 N.E.2d at 1216-17 (proof not required that
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possessor of land created or had control over distraction, nor is proof required that hazardous
condition was created by possessor of land).
¶ 12 We believe the situation here is closer to that found in Harris v. Old Kent Bank, 315
Ill. App. 3d 894, 735 N.E.2d 758 (2000). In Harris, an elderly patron of the bank sued for
injuries sustained when she tripped and fell on a slightly raised sidewalk panel between the
bank and the parking lot. While the focus of the court's opinion was on the de minimis rule
regarding defective sidewalks, the underlying reasoning is just as applicable here. Summary
judgment in favor of the bank was reversed after noting that it was reasonable to presume
that a patron exiting the bank might be reviewing transactions, looking for car keys or his or
her car, and therefore not discover even a minimal defect. As noted in Harris, the location
of a defect is a determining factor as to whether a defect is actionable. Harris, 315 Ill. App.
3d at 901, 735 N.E.2d at 764. It is certainly reasonable to foresee that an elderly patron of
an eye clinic might have his or her attention focused on the pathway forward to the door and
steps of the clinic as opposed to the path immediately underfoot. It is also reasonable to
foresee that a patron of an eye clinic may have had certain procedures performed on his or
her eyes and, upon exiting the clinic, may not be looking downward at the sidewalk all of the
time, even though the patron may have previously noticed the defect and have knowledge of
it. Likewise, it is also reasonable to foresee that such a patron may look up while walking
toward the clinic's entrance to see how much further he or she needs to go before reaching
the steps to the clinic. The focus is on the foreseeability of the injury, and it is of no
consequence whether or not a jury will consider plaintiff contributorily negligent for looking
toward the entrance to the clinic. The factual circumstances of plaintiff's conduct are matters
within the purview of the jury, not the court.
¶ 13 A municipality is charged with the duty of ordinary care with regard to its property
to the extent that intended and permitted users will utilize municipal property in a manner
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which is reasonably foreseeable. Plaintiff was a pedestrian on a public sidewalk. Clearly the
City knew that pedestrians would be walking on the sidewalk. And, while it is true that a
municipality is not required to maintain hundreds of miles of sidewalks in good repair at all
times (see Gillock v. City of Springfield, 268 Ill. App. 3d 455, 457-58, 644 N.E.2d 831, 833-
34 (1994)), here, the City had knowledge of the dangerous situation that had developed on
the pathway to the Clinic. The City had even been alerted that at least one other person had
already tripped because of the dangerous unevenness of the sidewalk. Additionally, a
committee authorized by the City to evaluate tree removal actually reviewed the issue but
declined the Clinic's offer to remove the tree at its own expense because of the historic
significance of the tree. Clearly, other options existed, such as replacing the cracked
sidewalk or reconfiguring the walkway to accommodate the tree. Therefore, it is not a
significant burden to impose a requirement on the City that it take action to remedy a known
danger in a reasonable time frame. The fact that this condition occurred over several years
and that the City had knowledge of the danger does not allow the City to bury its head in the
sand and ignore the real danger posed by the uneven sidewalk. Moreover, it is not necessary
for a defendant to foresee the precise nature of the distraction. As Rexroad illustrates, all that
is required is the defendant's awareness that those in proximity to the open and obvious
hazard are likely to become distracted in some way and forget about the presence of the
hazard. Rexroad, 207 Ill. 2d at 46, 796 N.E.2d at 1047; Clifford, 353 Ill. App. 3d at 46, 817
N.E.2d at 1218. Whether the City breached its duty of reasonable care to plaintiff, under the
circumstances presented here, is a question of fact for the jury. Clifford, 353 Ill. App. 3d at
47, 817 N.E.2d at 1218. Accordingly, the court erred in granting summary judgment in favor
of the City.
¶ 14 For the reasons stated above, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Marion
County and remand the matter for further proceedings.
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¶ 15 Reversed and remanded.
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2013 IL App (5th) 130094
NO. 5-13-0094
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________
VIRGINIA BRUNS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Marion County.
)
v. ) No. 12-L-21
)
THE CITY OF CENTRALIA, ILLINOIS, )
a Municipal Corporation, ) Honorable
) Michael D. McHaney,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed: September 23, 2013
___________________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Judy L. Cates, J.
Honorable Thomas M. Welch, J., and
Honorable Bruce D. Stewart, J.,
Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorney Daniel R. Price, Wham & Wham, 212 East Broadway, P.O. Box 549, Centralia,
for IL 62801
Appellant
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorney Brian M. Funk, O'Halloran, Kosoff, Geitner & Cook, LLC, 650 Dundee Road,
for Suite 475, Northbrook, IL 60062
Appellee
___________________________________________________________________________________